楊懷珍+馮中偉+董迎
摘要:本文以“收益共享-批發(fā)價(jià)格契約”為基礎(chǔ),研究如何對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈上游段集中控制型VMI&TPL模式進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào)。由于“收益共享-批發(fā)價(jià)格契約”對(duì)協(xié)調(diào)供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)ВL(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)型“收益共享-批發(fā)價(jià)格契約”不能保證企業(yè)成員的期望收益實(shí)現(xiàn)Pareto最優(yōu),本文提出“基于不對(duì)稱的NASH談判的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)型‘收益共享-批發(fā)價(jià)格契約”,該契約能夠同時(shí)保證VMI&TPL供應(yīng)鏈整體的期望收益和各成員企業(yè)的期望收益實(shí)現(xiàn)Pareto最優(yōu)。
關(guān)鍵詞:供應(yīng)鏈;供應(yīng)商管理庫存;第三方物流;“收益共享-批發(fā)價(jià)格”契約;不對(duì)稱NASH談判
中圖分類號(hào):F274文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
收稿日期:2014-03-24
作者簡(jiǎn)介:楊懷珍(1972-),女,廣西桂林人,桂林電子科技大學(xué)商學(xué)院教授,研究生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:物流與供應(yīng)鏈管理、電子商務(wù)。
基金項(xiàng)目:教育部人文社會(huì)科學(xué)研究規(guī)劃基金項(xiàng)目,項(xiàng)目編號(hào):11YJA630174;廣西高等學(xué)校人文社會(huì)科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目,項(xiàng)目編號(hào):SK13YB038。
一、引言
自20世紀(jì)80年代沃爾瑪和寶潔實(shí)施VMI(Vendor-Managed Inventory, VMI)成功后,VMI便得到國(guó)內(nèi)外企業(yè)(如Dell、K-mart、聯(lián)想、華為等)的青睞。雖然實(shí)施VMI具有提高制造商的生產(chǎn)和配送效率[1]、降低需求不確定性[2]、削弱牛鞭效應(yīng)[3]等優(yōu)勢(shì),但供應(yīng)商物流能力的不足將直接影響到VMI的實(shí)施效果。而TPL (Third Part Logistics, TPL)因其專業(yè)性的優(yōu)勢(shì),解決了供應(yīng)商物流能力不足的問題。因此,許多供應(yīng)商開始與TPL合作,如Dell與聯(lián)想均選擇伯靈頓為其實(shí)施VMI。TPL參與以制造商為核心的VMI供應(yīng)鏈可以分為兩種模式:一是由供應(yīng)商、TPL與制造商組成的供應(yīng)鏈上游段VMI&TPL模式;另一種是由制造商、TPL以及分銷商組成的供應(yīng)鏈下游段VMI&TPL模式。如何建立合適的利益分配機(jī)制是成功實(shí)施供應(yīng)鏈上游段VMI&TPL模式的關(guān)鍵。
目前,關(guān)于VMI利益協(xié)調(diào)的研究主要圍繞收益共享契約和價(jià)格契約進(jìn)行的。收益共享方面,對(duì)于單供應(yīng)商、單零售商組成的供應(yīng)鏈,在Stackelberg模型中,Gerchak和Khmelnitsky[4](2004)研究了供應(yīng)商處于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位,供應(yīng)商和零售商通過收益共享形式分配利潤(rùn)的情形;而Wang Yunzeng等[5](2004)研究了當(dāng)零售商處在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位的時(shí)候,假設(shè)外部需求是價(jià)格的函數(shù),基于收益共享契約的VMI系統(tǒng)績(jī)效;同樣,劉鵬飛等[6](2008)基于收益共享契約,也對(duì)零售商處于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位的由一個(gè)供應(yīng)商和一個(gè)零售商組成的兩級(jí)VMI供應(yīng)鏈進(jìn)行了研究;相似的,趙道致和呂昕[7](2012)研究了由一個(gè)批發(fā)商和一個(gè)生產(chǎn)商組成的供應(yīng)鏈,在批發(fā)商占優(yōu)、產(chǎn)出與需求都隨機(jī)的情況下,基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共享,建立了VMI供應(yīng)鏈模型??梢钥闯?,以上文獻(xiàn)的研究都沒有考慮TPL參與時(shí)供應(yīng)鏈的協(xié)調(diào),而劉陽等[8](2012)研究了單供應(yīng)商、單TPL和單零售商組成的集中控制型VMI&TPL供應(yīng)鏈,得出基于不對(duì)稱Nash協(xié)商的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)型RS契約能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)集中控制型VMI&TPL供應(yīng)鏈完美協(xié)調(diào)的結(jié)論。價(jià)格契約方面,唐桂鳳等[9](2005)研究了由1個(gè)供應(yīng)商和1個(gè)零售商組成的供應(yīng)鏈,在隨機(jī)需求且允許缺貨的情況下,提出了協(xié)議價(jià)格分配機(jī)制;鐘磊鋼等[10](2006)針對(duì)單零售商和單供應(yīng)商,在確定需求下考慮有初始庫存和庫存短缺的情況,研究一種暢銷商品的價(jià)格折扣契約協(xié)調(diào)供應(yīng)鏈。對(duì)于1個(gè)供應(yīng)商和多個(gè)零售商的情況,Bernstein等[11](2006)認(rèn)為VMI模式下通過價(jià)格折扣就可實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈完全協(xié)調(diào);Yu Gang等[12](2006)建立了Stackelberg博弈,分析了兩者的定價(jià)策略。上述文獻(xiàn)研究的都是供應(yīng)鏈下游段,而對(duì)于供應(yīng)鏈上游段,李雷和楊懷珍[13](2012)依據(jù)Stackelberg博弈以及納什均衡理論,分別討論了供應(yīng)商占優(yōu)、制造商占優(yōu)以及地位平等等三種情況下的基于價(jià)格契約的利益分配機(jī)制。
通過文獻(xiàn)綜述,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)利益協(xié)調(diào)的研究主要集中于供應(yīng)鏈下游段VMI模式,對(duì)于供應(yīng)鏈上游段的相關(guān)研究則很有限,而對(duì)于由供應(yīng)商、TPL和制造商組成的供應(yīng)鏈上游段VMI&TPL模式的利益協(xié)調(diào)的研究就更少。就實(shí)際情況而言,在供應(yīng)鏈上游段由TPL為供應(yīng)商向制造商運(yùn)送零部件的現(xiàn)象很常見,在這種情形下,存在著許多待解決的問題,尤其是各成員企業(yè)通力合作后,對(duì)所得利潤(rùn)如何進(jìn)行合理的分配成為該模式實(shí)施成功的關(guān)鍵。本文在隨機(jī)需求下,研究由n個(gè)供應(yīng)商、單TPL和單制造商組成的供應(yīng)鏈上游段VMI&TPL模式的利益分配。
二、參數(shù)與假設(shè)
由n種零部件組裝而成的產(chǎn)成品。每個(gè)零部件供應(yīng)商僅提供一種零部件。供應(yīng)商擁有決策權(quán),TPL僅負(fù)責(zé)各零部件的物流處理過程。假設(shè):(1)市場(chǎng)對(duì)制造商產(chǎn)成品的需求為D,D為非負(fù)、連續(xù)的隨機(jī)變量,并服從[0,m]的均勻分布,分布函數(shù)為F(x),概率密度函數(shù)為f(x);(2)假設(shè)一個(gè)銷售周期過后,未銷售出去的產(chǎn)成品無回收價(jià)值;(3)沒有滿足市場(chǎng)需求的產(chǎn)成品無缺貨成本;(4)不考慮TPL參與供應(yīng)鏈上游段VMI&TPL模式帶來的交易成本和間接收益;(5)參與該供應(yīng)鏈上游段VMI&TPL模式的各企業(yè)成員都是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中性的;(6)該供應(yīng)鏈上的各種信心是對(duì)稱的;(7)對(duì)各參與成員企業(yè)而言,整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈的收益是可觀察和驗(yàn)證的;(8)一個(gè)供應(yīng)商僅供應(yīng)一種零部件,并且供應(yīng)商之間不會(huì)形成“價(jià)格聯(lián)盟”;(9)供應(yīng)鏈上僅存在微弱的牛鞭效應(yīng),可以忽略。
相關(guān)參數(shù)的定義如下:P為制造商向市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)單位產(chǎn)成品的價(jià)格;Cm為制造商制造單位產(chǎn)成品的成本;Ci為供應(yīng)商i生產(chǎn)零部件i的生產(chǎn)成本;Cti為TPL處理單位零部件i所需的物流成本;αi為匹配系數(shù),即每個(gè)產(chǎn)成品需零部件i的數(shù)量為αi。endprint
當(dāng)零部件i的庫存量滿足Q單位的產(chǎn)成品的需要時(shí),不妨令S(Q)為制造商的期望銷售數(shù)量,則有
(一)“收益共享-批發(fā)價(jià)格”契約
綜上所述,“收益共享-批發(fā)價(jià)格”契約不能對(duì)分散協(xié)調(diào)型VMI&TPL模式的供應(yīng)鏈進(jìn)行有效協(xié)調(diào)。這有兩方面的原因:其一,“收益共享-批發(fā)價(jià)格”契約僅僅利用單一的收益共享系數(shù)和批發(fā)價(jià)格來對(duì)該供應(yīng)鏈進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào),但在協(xié)調(diào)過程中,并未改變供應(yīng)鏈各參與企業(yè)成員的成本結(jié)構(gòu)和各自的收益構(gòu)成;其二,理性的制造商和TPL不可能接受滿足公式λsiP=CiP-Cm-∑ni=1Ctiαi∑ni=1Ciαi+γtiαi的契約參數(shù),使他們喪失全部的利潤(rùn)。因此,需要對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的收益共享契約進(jìn)行修正,改變供應(yīng)鏈各成員企業(yè)的成本結(jié)構(gòu)以及收益構(gòu)成。
(二)基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)“收益共享-批發(fā)價(jià)格”契約
由結(jié)論2不難看出,雖然上述條件能夠滿足協(xié)調(diào)條件,但是相應(yīng)的契約參數(shù)則可能不止一個(gè),而是有多個(gè)不同的組合,從而導(dǎo)致了VMI供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)找娴姆峙浣Y(jié)果不是唯一的。占據(jù)優(yōu)勢(shì)地位的供應(yīng)鏈成員為了使自身的收益達(dá)到最大,常常把契約參數(shù)設(shè)定在使供應(yīng)鏈其他成員僅能得到自身的成本收益的點(diǎn)。由此可見,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)下的收益共享契約,在一定條件下,雖然能夠使整條供應(yīng)鏈的收益實(shí)現(xiàn)Pareto最優(yōu),但是卻不能保證供應(yīng)鏈各成員企業(yè)的收益實(shí)現(xiàn)Pareto最優(yōu)。因此,若是供應(yīng)鏈各成員企業(yè)能夠積極參與該契約的實(shí)施,那么設(shè)定合理的契約參數(shù)就成為必要,以實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈的總收益在各成員企業(yè)之間合理的分配。
(三)基于不對(duì)稱的NASH協(xié)商的相關(guān)契約參數(shù)的確定
基于供應(yīng)鏈的協(xié)調(diào)來確定相關(guān)的契約參數(shù),其實(shí)就是為了解決供應(yīng)鏈的收益如何在供應(yīng)鏈成員企業(yè)之間進(jìn)行合理分配的問題。本部分基于Harsanyi等提出的不對(duì)稱的NASH談判模型與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)型收益共享契約,進(jìn)一步確定協(xié)調(diào)該供應(yīng)鏈的相關(guān)參數(shù)。契約參數(shù)的確定,可以根據(jù)下面給出的協(xié)調(diào)模型直接求出。建立NASH談判優(yōu)化模型:
供應(yīng)鏈各成員企業(yè)的期望收益由兩部分組成:保留收益與合作剩余的部分。另外,還可以看到,TPL、供應(yīng)商i以及制造商對(duì)應(yīng)于零部件i的最終收益與各自的談判起點(diǎn)和談判實(shí)力有著密切關(guān)系。因此,只要能夠確定相應(yīng)的談判起點(diǎn)和談判實(shí)力對(duì)應(yīng)的分配因子,基于不對(duì)稱NASH談判的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)型“收益共享-批發(fā)價(jià)格”契約就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)該供應(yīng)鏈的完美協(xié)調(diào)。不僅能夠保證供應(yīng)鏈上游層面VMI&TPL模式整體的期望收益能夠達(dá)到Pareto最優(yōu),而且,還可以實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈上游層面VMI&TPL模式各參與企業(yè)的期望收益的Pareto最優(yōu)。
四、算例分析
五、結(jié)論
本文研究了由n個(gè)供應(yīng)商、單TPL和單制造商組成的分散協(xié)調(diào)型VMI&TPL供應(yīng)鏈。在需求隨機(jī)的情況下,基于“收益共享-批發(fā)價(jià)格”的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)型“收益共享-批發(fā)價(jià)格”契約雖然能保證供應(yīng)鏈整體收益達(dá)到Pareto最優(yōu),但卻不能使各企業(yè)成員的期望收益實(shí)現(xiàn)Pareto最優(yōu);而基于不對(duì)稱Nash談判的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)型“收益共享-批發(fā)價(jià)格”契約能夠通過協(xié)調(diào)模型,得到滿足相應(yīng)協(xié)調(diào)條件的契約參數(shù),這些契約參數(shù)可以同時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈整體和成員的Pareto最優(yōu)。
本文是在信息對(duì)稱且需求隨機(jī)的情況下研究供應(yīng)鏈的協(xié)調(diào),如果供應(yīng)鏈的信息不對(duì)稱,那么協(xié)調(diào)起來將更加困難。因此,在信息不對(duì)稱且需求隨機(jī)的情況下,供應(yīng)鏈上游段分散協(xié)調(diào)型“VMI&TPL”模式如何協(xié)調(diào),應(yīng)是進(jìn)一步的研究方向。
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[9]唐桂鳳,鄭稱德.基于采購價(jià)格的VMI協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制研究[J].科技進(jìn)步與對(duì)策,2005,22(12):5-7.
[10]鐘磊鋼,胡勇,張翠華.一類供應(yīng)商管理庫存供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)研究策略[J].中國(guó)管理科學(xué),2006,14(6):92-97.
[11]Bernstein F, Chen F & Federgruen A. Coordinating supply chains with simple pricing schemes: the role of vendor-managed inventories[J]. Management Science,2006,52(10):1483-1492.
[12]Yugang Y, Liang L, Huang G Q. Leader-follower game in vendor-managed inventory system with limited production capacity considering wholesale and retail prices[J]. International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications, 2006, 9(4): 335-350.
[13]李雷,楊懷珍.確定需求時(shí)上游層面VMI利益分配機(jī)制研究[J].控制與決策,2012,27(3):441-445.
Profit Distribution Mechanism of Upstream Segment for Distributed-coordinating
VMI &TPL Supply Chain
YANG Huai-zhen, FENG Zhong-wei, DONG Ying
(School of Business, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004,China)
Abstract:On the basis of revenue sharing (RS)-wholesale price contract, the coordination is studied about upstream segment for the distributed-coordinating VMI&TPL supply chain. Because of the contract fails to coordinate the supply chain. The revenue sharing (RS)-wholesale price contract with risk-sharing is put forward. However, the contract cannot ensure the profit implementation attain to optimal Pareto about the member enterprises of supply chain. Finally, the contract is further extended to the revenue sharing (RS)-wholesale price contract of risk-sharing based on asymmetric Nash negotiation,which can not only ensure the profit of the whole supply chain to achieve optimal Pareto, but also can achieve the optimal Pareto of revenue about every enterprise in the supply chain.
Key words:supply chain; vendor managed inventory; third-party logistics; revenue sharing (RS)-wholesale price contract; asymmetric Nash negotiation
(責(zé)任編輯:張曦)endprint
[9]唐桂鳳,鄭稱德.基于采購價(jià)格的VMI協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制研究[J].科技進(jìn)步與對(duì)策,2005,22(12):5-7.
[10]鐘磊鋼,胡勇,張翠華.一類供應(yīng)商管理庫存供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)研究策略[J].中國(guó)管理科學(xué),2006,14(6):92-97.
[11]Bernstein F, Chen F & Federgruen A. Coordinating supply chains with simple pricing schemes: the role of vendor-managed inventories[J]. Management Science,2006,52(10):1483-1492.
[12]Yugang Y, Liang L, Huang G Q. Leader-follower game in vendor-managed inventory system with limited production capacity considering wholesale and retail prices[J]. International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications, 2006, 9(4): 335-350.
[13]李雷,楊懷珍.確定需求時(shí)上游層面VMI利益分配機(jī)制研究[J].控制與決策,2012,27(3):441-445.
Profit Distribution Mechanism of Upstream Segment for Distributed-coordinating
VMI &TPL Supply Chain
YANG Huai-zhen, FENG Zhong-wei, DONG Ying
(School of Business, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004,China)
Abstract:On the basis of revenue sharing (RS)-wholesale price contract, the coordination is studied about upstream segment for the distributed-coordinating VMI&TPL supply chain. Because of the contract fails to coordinate the supply chain. The revenue sharing (RS)-wholesale price contract with risk-sharing is put forward. However, the contract cannot ensure the profit implementation attain to optimal Pareto about the member enterprises of supply chain. Finally, the contract is further extended to the revenue sharing (RS)-wholesale price contract of risk-sharing based on asymmetric Nash negotiation,which can not only ensure the profit of the whole supply chain to achieve optimal Pareto, but also can achieve the optimal Pareto of revenue about every enterprise in the supply chain.
Key words:supply chain; vendor managed inventory; third-party logistics; revenue sharing (RS)-wholesale price contract; asymmetric Nash negotiation
(責(zé)任編輯:張曦)endprint
[9]唐桂鳳,鄭稱德.基于采購價(jià)格的VMI協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制研究[J].科技進(jìn)步與對(duì)策,2005,22(12):5-7.
[10]鐘磊鋼,胡勇,張翠華.一類供應(yīng)商管理庫存供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)研究策略[J].中國(guó)管理科學(xué),2006,14(6):92-97.
[11]Bernstein F, Chen F & Federgruen A. Coordinating supply chains with simple pricing schemes: the role of vendor-managed inventories[J]. Management Science,2006,52(10):1483-1492.
[12]Yugang Y, Liang L, Huang G Q. Leader-follower game in vendor-managed inventory system with limited production capacity considering wholesale and retail prices[J]. International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications, 2006, 9(4): 335-350.
[13]李雷,楊懷珍.確定需求時(shí)上游層面VMI利益分配機(jī)制研究[J].控制與決策,2012,27(3):441-445.
Profit Distribution Mechanism of Upstream Segment for Distributed-coordinating
VMI &TPL Supply Chain
YANG Huai-zhen, FENG Zhong-wei, DONG Ying
(School of Business, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004,China)
Abstract:On the basis of revenue sharing (RS)-wholesale price contract, the coordination is studied about upstream segment for the distributed-coordinating VMI&TPL supply chain. Because of the contract fails to coordinate the supply chain. The revenue sharing (RS)-wholesale price contract with risk-sharing is put forward. However, the contract cannot ensure the profit implementation attain to optimal Pareto about the member enterprises of supply chain. Finally, the contract is further extended to the revenue sharing (RS)-wholesale price contract of risk-sharing based on asymmetric Nash negotiation,which can not only ensure the profit of the whole supply chain to achieve optimal Pareto, but also can achieve the optimal Pareto of revenue about every enterprise in the supply chain.
Key words:supply chain; vendor managed inventory; third-party logistics; revenue sharing (RS)-wholesale price contract; asymmetric Nash negotiation
(責(zé)任編輯:張曦)endprint