丁志良+鄧佳南
摘 要 膝骨關節(jié)炎是導致老年人膝關節(jié)功能障礙的主要原因之一,本文綜述近20年膝骨關節(jié)炎的流行病學及危險因素,希望能對國內膝骨關節(jié)炎研究提供新的思路。
關鍵詞 膝骨關節(jié)炎 危險因素
中圖分類號:R684.3 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1006-1533(2014)18-0032-03
Progress of research on risk factors of knee osteoarthritis
DING Zhiliang1 DENG Jianan1
(1. Fenglin Community Health Service Center of Xuhui District, Shanghai 200030 China)
Abstract: The knee osteoarthritis is one of the causes of knee dysfunction in elderly peoples.The epidemiological studies on knee osteoarthritis in recent 20 years and the risk factors are reriewed to provide some new ideas for the future study.
KEY WORDS knee osteoarthritis; risk factors; review
膝骨性關節(jié)炎(knee osteoarthritis, KOA)是多因素共同作用的慢性關節(jié)病。其特征為關節(jié)軟骨組織的退行性變,關節(jié)邊緣骨贅形成和軟骨下骨質反應性改變。臨床表現(xiàn)主要為膝關節(jié)疼痛,活動功能受限,嚴重者出現(xiàn)膝關節(jié)內、外翻畸形和行走困難。KOA已成為最常見和最重要的關節(jié)疾病之一[1-2],國外報道1/3的老年人存在膝關節(jié)疼痛,且嚴重影響生活[3]。20年前,美國老年人因KOA失去勞動能力的危險性高于其他疾病[4]。隨著社會老齡化進程,國內KOA患者數(shù)正逐步增加。由于KOA的發(fā)病因素復雜多樣,使其預防工作十分嚴峻。因此,了解相關危險因素對KOA的防治具有重要意義。
年齡和性別
年齡一直是公認的KOA發(fā)病最主要危險因素之一。Vignon等[5]的尸解研究表明,老年股骨細胞密度明顯下降,從20歲至90歲,股骨頭細胞數(shù)量下降約40%。軟骨細胞的丟失可能由于軟骨細胞死亡或細胞失去有效復制的結果。Kempson等[6]的研究認為,淺層關節(jié)軟骨抗張強度在3O-40歲時達到高峰,此后隨年齡增長而顯著下降,深層關節(jié)軟骨抗張強度也隨年齡增長持續(xù)下降。據(jù)Hurley等 [7]調查發(fā)現(xiàn),50歲人體骨骼肌數(shù)量將以l0%/10年的速度遞減,60至70歲時每年下降將近l5%;以后肌力將每年下降30%。年齡的增長不僅對人體骨與軟骨組織的影響巨大,而且也影響膝關節(jié)的本體感覺[8],導致功能下降。Hurley等[9]的研究表明,膝關節(jié)功能障礙和本體感覺減退之間存在顯著相關性。此外,作為KOA最主要癥狀之一的疼痛,還隨著年齡增長,表現(xiàn)出更多局限性或彌散性[10]。
研究表明,女性KOA的患病率明顯高于男性。膝關節(jié)疼痛作為KOA的主要癥狀也表現(xiàn)出顯著的性別差異[11]。國外對全膝置換術后患者的大樣本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),較嚴重術后痛多發(fā)生于女性,高于男性36%[12]。由于男性和女性膝關節(jié)解剖學、運動學的不同 ,以及激素影響的差異,使得女性更容易患KOA[13]。
肥胖
肥胖是KOA的公認危險因素。有充分證據(jù)表明,肥胖增加患KOA的風險[14-17]。肥胖不僅增加膝關節(jié)的載荷,而且其導致的激素和代謝紊亂在KOA的發(fā)生發(fā)展中,起重要的促進作用[18-19]。對全膝置換術患者的最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖的KOA患者更容易發(fā)生各類并發(fā)癥,建議需要手術的KOA患者接受術前減肥課程的教育[20]。
股四頭肌肌力下降
股四頭肌的肌力與老年人的下肢功能密切相關。在KOA發(fā)病的重要因素中,主要有肌肉力量、膝關節(jié)痛、體質量指數(shù)。肌肉力量在嚴重的KOA患者中起很重要作用[21]。在KOA患者中,始終存在股四頭肌肌力下降。研究表明,股四頭肌肌力強能降低KOA發(fā)生的風險。而且,股四頭肌肌力強能減少膝關節(jié)狹窄的發(fā)生率[22],減少軟骨與骨質的流失,降低關節(jié)炎的發(fā)病率,增加關節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性[23]。
職業(yè)危險因素
研究表明,工作中經(jīng)常采取下蹲姿勢與重體力職業(yè)對KOA的發(fā)生發(fā)展都起促進作用[24-27]。對德國健康保險數(shù)據(jù)庫2 620萬名員工的分析發(fā)現(xiàn), 增加膝關節(jié)負擔的職業(yè)容易導致KOA的發(fā)生[28]。雖然職業(yè)與KOA的相關研究一直是爭論的焦點,但尚無有說服力的證據(jù)表明職業(yè)對KOA的影響。然而,因職業(yè)導致的個體差異和生活習慣的不同,如肥胖、業(yè)余時間的生活習慣、吸煙等,在KOA的整個病程中起重要作用[29]。
劇烈運動和關節(jié)損傷
毋庸置疑,體育鍛煉對健康有積極影響。在KOA的所有治療方法中,功能鍛煉是最被推崇的非藥理方法[30]。雖然資料表明,適度的運動并不增加中老年人患KOA的風險,然而劇烈運動卻會引起關節(jié)損傷。膝關節(jié)損傷是KOA的重要危險因素[31]。而且研究證明,前交叉韌帶的損傷會增加KOA的發(fā)病風險[32]。過去,國外對KOA與運動的相關性研究存在諸多矛盾結果。部分研究表明,運動導致較高的KOA或髖骨關節(jié)炎的風險, 而另一些則顯示兩者無相關性。但最新的研究證實,低強度和中強度的功能鍛煉能明顯改善功能和膝關節(jié)疼痛,從而增加KOA患者的生活質量[33]。
綜上所述,KOA的危險因素很多。除了上述因素外,還有營養(yǎng)因素(Vit D缺少)、基因缺陷(ADAM12和白細胞介素-1受體拮抗劑基因的改變)[34-35]、滑膜炎等眾多機械性與生物性因素。國外對骨關節(jié)病治療的十年以上研究認為,KOA僅有有效緩解的方案,但無法從根本上阻止其發(fā)展。因此,預防KOA的發(fā)生成為目前國內外研究的重點和熱點。對KOA危險因素的進一步探究,有助于預防KOA的發(fā)生。國外研究證明,中、低強度的功能鍛煉能有效增強下肢肌力,增加關節(jié)功能,緩解疼痛,改善患者的生活質量。這些研究對我國預防KOA的發(fā)生發(fā)展具有指導意義。在社區(qū)選擇何種體育鍛煉進行KOA的預防,將成為今后研究的方向之一。endprint
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(收稿日期:2013-10-29)endprint