金杭丹 徐衛(wèi)國(guó) 李 華
(1.浙江省化工研究院有限公司,浙江杭州 310023)
氟是最活潑也是電負(fù)性最大的非金屬元素,其形成的C-F鍵的鍵能為485.7 kJ/mol,比C-H鍵的鍵能410.3 kJ/mol要大得多,且氟原子的體積很小,是所有元素中與氫原子最為接近的元素,范德華半徑為1.35 ?,僅為氫的1.13倍。由于這些特性,氟原子的引入能引起化合物電子效應(yīng)和理化性質(zhì)的變化,從而增加有機(jī)氟化合物的穩(wěn)定性及生理活性[1]。含氟化合物通常具有優(yōu)良的耐溫性能、化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性和表面活性等特點(diǎn)[2]。
二溴二氟甲烷(CF2Br2)在反應(yīng)中能提供一溴二氟甲基(-BrCF2)和二氟亞甲基(=CF2)基團(tuán)參與到大分子的殺蟲(chóng)劑、活性藥物中間體、除草劑等的合成中,因這些基團(tuán)具有強(qiáng)吸電子性和C-F鍵穩(wěn)定性,將其引入有機(jī)分子中是一種有效的修飾生物活性化合物的方法[3],且使這些物質(zhì)具有某些特定官能團(tuán)的作用。
二溴二氟甲烷(Dibromodifluoromethane)哈龍命名法命名為Halon1202,其分子式為CBr2F2,分子量為209.82,是無(wú)色氣體/液體,不溶于水,可溶于乙醚、丙酮、乙醇和苯。其他物理性質(zhì):密度8.7 kg/m3(氣態(tài))、2.27 g/cm3(液態(tài)),熔點(diǎn) -101.1 ℃,沸點(diǎn)22.8℃,蒸氣壓83 kPa(20℃),分配系數(shù)logP=1.99,臭氧破壞潛勢(shì) (ODP)為 0.4(CCl3F=1)。CBr2F2會(huì)消耗大氣臭氧層中的臭氧而對(duì)環(huán)境造成破壞性影響。故不能直接使用也不能將其廢液傾倒入水池,應(yīng)收集后集中處理。
將CH2F2通入液溴中,液溴保持52~58℃,產(chǎn)生的混合氣為Br2∶CH2F2=1.9∶1,在石英管中反應(yīng),熱溴化溫度為500℃,接觸時(shí)間為15 s,轉(zhuǎn)化率為85%,產(chǎn)品選擇性為93.4%。
CH2F2熱溴化時(shí),如果在Br2中混配Cl2可以大大降低反應(yīng)的溫度,在350℃即可發(fā)生反應(yīng)。
二氟二氯甲烷的催化溴化反應(yīng)中所用催化劑為活性炭負(fù)載溴化鉻或溴化鋅,如催化劑上負(fù)載40%的溴化鋅,原料為 CCl2F2、CF2Br2和 HBr,物質(zhì)的量比為1∶1∶1,反應(yīng)溫度為320℃,接觸時(shí)間為16 s,得到的粗品中 CBr2F2的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)可達(dá)到41%,CF2ClBr的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為28%,CF2Cl2的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為31%。
二氟化合物的溴氧化反應(yīng),需要O2參與,而且CF2Br2主要是作為副產(chǎn)物出現(xiàn)。
上述3種制備二溴二氟甲烷的方法中,主要采用以二氟甲烷為原料通過(guò)熱溴化方法制備。采用溴素作為溴化劑,但所需的反應(yīng)溫度較高,溫度很高時(shí)有可能導(dǎo)致部分產(chǎn)品分解、結(jié)焦,對(duì)反應(yīng)設(shè)備耐腐蝕的要求比較高。溴化方法中還包括光溴化和催化溴化,它們的特點(diǎn)是反應(yīng)溫度較低、選擇性較高,但關(guān)于二溴二氟甲烷的光制備法和催化溴化法的報(bào)道很少。
2.1.1 與烯烴和炔烴的加成反應(yīng)
1)CF2Br2與烯烴的加成反應(yīng)
CF2Br2與烯烴和炔烴加成的基本條件是由輻射[7]、金屬[8-11]、硼[12]、過(guò)氧化氫[13-14]引發(fā)反應(yīng),得到相應(yīng)的加合物。反應(yīng)中與CF2Br2加成的烯烴化合物可以是任意比例參與加成反應(yīng),通常烯烴化合物與CF2Br2的投料物質(zhì)的量比是10~0.1∶1,優(yōu)選條件是 1∶1[15],CF2Br2與烯胺發(fā)生水解反應(yīng)(沒(méi)有任何引發(fā)劑),生成了 α -CBrF2酮[16]。
2)CF2Br2與炔烴的加成反應(yīng)
傳統(tǒng)中將CF2Br2加成到雙鍵或三鍵化合物上的方法仍在廣泛使用[17-19]。Yoshida 等人[20]報(bào)道稱,當(dāng)錫介導(dǎo)的自由基CF2Br2加成到C60單元上時(shí),鈰鹽和過(guò)硫酸銨可用于引發(fā)各種炔烴反應(yīng)[21]。
2.1.2 與親核試劑反應(yīng)
CF2Br2與親核試劑反應(yīng),如CF2Br2與碳負(fù)離子[(EtO2C)2CR]-[22]、RC≡C-[23]、[PhCH=NC(Me)CO2Me]-[24]反應(yīng)得到了具有 -CBrF2基團(tuán)的相應(yīng)化合物。CF2Br2與膦或亞磷酸酯的反應(yīng)能提供一溴二氟甲基磷鹽和一溴二氟甲基磷酸鹽[25-26]。CF2Br2還能與硫和氧親核試劑反應(yīng),得到二氟溴甲基硫化物[27-29]和醚[30]。吡唑與 CF2Br2和 NaH 反應(yīng)得到N'-一溴二氟甲基吡唑[31]。
2.1.3 制備二氟卡賓
CF2Br2是二氟卡賓的前驅(qū)體。其應(yīng)用范圍有合成 β - 受體阻滯劑[32]、二氟甲基丙烯酸甲酯[33]、氟代環(huán)丙烷[34]、二溴二氟亞甲基酰亞胺手性烯醇化物[35],最終反應(yīng)顯示的是繼續(xù)進(jìn)行所示的卡賓機(jī)制,而不是通過(guò)直接位移。
二氟卡賓也可以由CF2Br2與鐵四羰基二價(jià)陰離子反應(yīng)生成[36],但這些卡賓配合物不穩(wěn)定,通常為自凝結(jié)狀態(tài)。
2.2.1 制備6,6-二氟-5-甲基-5-己烯酸芐酯[37]
制備殺蟲(chóng)劑和殺螨劑的鹵代鏈烯烴,將三(二甲基氨基)膦逐滴加到含有二溴二氟甲烷的二甘醇二甲醚溶液中,再加入5-氧代己酸芐酯得到目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物6,6-二氟-5-甲基-5-己烯酸芐酯,產(chǎn)率為86%,其沸點(diǎn)為145~152℃/1.8 kPa,Rf=0.50(己烷/乙酸乙酯=8/2)=1.4760。
此殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)廣泛范圍幼小的節(jié)肢動(dòng)物都具有活性,因此不僅能用來(lái)防治植物害蟲(chóng),也能用來(lái)消滅人體和家畜的寄生蟲(chóng),特別是能用來(lái)消滅對(duì)其他物質(zhì)具有抵抗力的寄生蟲(chóng)。殺蟲(chóng)劑可使用的濃度為0.0005% ~5%,優(yōu)選0.001% ~1%(以每100 mL組合物中活性組分的克數(shù)計(jì)算)。包括動(dòng)物體外寄生蟲(chóng)在內(nèi)的能用此殺蟲(chóng)劑消滅的昆蟲(chóng)有:鱗翅目,例如棉鈴蟲(chóng)和大粉蝶;雙翅目,例如家蠅、地中海實(shí)蠅和絲光綠蠅等。
2.2.2 制備3-腈基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-(2,2-二氟乙烯基)吡唑
將3-腈基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-甲酰基吡唑、二溴二氟甲烷和二氯甲烷置于不銹鋼反應(yīng)器中加熱、攪拌。將反應(yīng)混合物蒸發(fā)并將殘余物在硅膠上用二氯甲烷 ∶己烷洗脫進(jìn)行柱色譜純化。合并并蒸發(fā)適當(dāng)?shù)酿s份得到產(chǎn)物3-腈基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-(2,2-二氟乙烯基)吡唑,為白色固體,熔點(diǎn)為75 ~77 ℃[38]。
2.2.3 維蒂希反應(yīng)中的應(yīng)用
CF2Br2在維蒂希反應(yīng)(Wittig reaction)中是引入=CF2基團(tuán)到有機(jī)分子中的前驅(qū)體。存在CF2Br2與六甲基亞磷酰三胺或三苯基膦的條件下,醛和酮可以被轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的1,1-二氟烯烴[39-41]。此外,存在膦或金屬(鋅或鎘)的條件下,鏻鹽[R3PCF2Br]+Br-與醛和酮反應(yīng)也得到了相應(yīng)的1,1- 二氟烯烴[42-43]。
1997年,蔡米氏阿爾布佐夫報(bào)告了霍納爾-沃茲沃斯-埃蒙斯過(guò)程(Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons process)的變化[44],亞磷酸三乙酯與CF2Br2反應(yīng)得到二乙基(二氟溴甲基)膦酸二乙酯。在鋅的作用下,可以用各種酰氯酰化,得到二乙基-2-氧代-1,1-二氟磷酸鹽,后與格氏試劑反應(yīng)得到1,1-二氟烯烴。
2.3.1 CF2Br2在蘭堡-巴克倫反應(yīng)中的應(yīng)用
近年來(lái),CF2Br2最顯著的用途之一是在蘭堡-巴克倫反應(yīng)(Ramberg–B?cklund Reaction)中被用作鹵化劑[45-47]。邁耶首次于1974年報(bào)道了烯烴的合成[48],但1994年陳等人[49]就對(duì)其在蘭堡–巴克倫反應(yīng)中的應(yīng)用發(fā)表了詳細(xì)的研究,自此被用于合成各種各樣的復(fù)雜體系[50-52]。蘭堡-巴克倫反應(yīng)中經(jīng)常用到CF2Br2試劑,主要是因?yàn)榭梢栽谑覝鼗虻陀谑覝氐臈l件下進(jìn)行反應(yīng),且沸點(diǎn)較低,在反應(yīng)結(jié)束時(shí)可以較容易地除去試劑。此外,減少了初始砜類物質(zhì)的過(guò)鹵化作用,且在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)邁耶斯條件(CCl4/KOH)下的持續(xù)性問(wèn)題和低反應(yīng)性的二氟卡賓說(shuō)明沒(méi)有多余的卡賓在烯烴產(chǎn)品上發(fā)生反應(yīng)。
2.3.2 合成烯二炔和多烯中的應(yīng)用
曹等使用此改性蘭堡-巴克倫反應(yīng)與CF2Br2合成了一系列的共軛烯二炔[53-54]、己三炔和辛四烯[55-56]。
2.3.3 合成外烯糖和C-連接二糖中的應(yīng)用
近年來(lái),Taylor[57-58]和 Franck[59]的研究小組利用CF2Br2作為鹵化劑,使其在蘭堡-巴克倫反應(yīng)中有了新的應(yīng)用,報(bào)道了使用二氧化硫苷試劑合成外烯糖的研究[60]。
Taylor還報(bào)告了CF2Br2在合成C-連接的氨基酸[61]和二糖中的應(yīng)用[62],F(xiàn)ranck 也用這種方法合成了抗生素阿托霉B的一個(gè)片段。
2.3.4 制備三氟甲基化合物CF3Cu
由CF2Br2制備 CF3Cu是比較容易的,處理CF2Br2和DMF中的Zn或Cd可形成CF3ZnX或CF3CdX。CuX和CF3ZnX或CF3CdX復(fù)分解得到CF3Cu試劑、芳基和乙烯基碘、烯丙基氯[63]和活化的芳基氯[64]。
隨著有機(jī)氟化學(xué)的興起和發(fā)展,二溴二氟甲烷作為多類型反應(yīng)的試劑原料在醫(yī)藥、農(nóng)藥等領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越廣泛,藥物性能上相對(duì)具有用量少、高效、低毒、代謝能力強(qiáng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn),因此吸引了更多學(xué)者進(jìn)行研究,預(yù)示著在今后的生產(chǎn)生活中將有更廣泛的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。
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