鄭 韻,董 全,2,*
(1.西南大學(xué)食品科學(xué)學(xué)院,重慶400715;2.西南大學(xué)國家食品科學(xué)與工程實驗教學(xué)示范中心,重慶400715)
花色苷是一類屬于天然植物次級代謝產(chǎn)物的酚類化合物,它賦予果蔬誘人的色彩??v觀各方面的研究報道,花色苷具有抗氧化、防治癌癥、保護(hù)心血管、降血糖、降血脂、保護(hù)大腦和神經(jīng)、抗衰老等多種生物活性[1]。在人體內(nèi),花色苷通過腸粘膜吸收進(jìn)入血液,再經(jīng)血液循環(huán)到達(dá)身體各個部位作用于不同的靶器官,同時花色苷也能作為一種外用制劑保護(hù)身體免受損傷[2]。高度的安全性和多樣的生物活性使其在天然色素研究領(lǐng)域成為炙手可熱的一員,也因此有可能成為天然藥物的直接來源。但口服花色苷的生理活性一直備受質(zhì)疑[3],故本文在近幾年研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上,針對花色苷在體內(nèi)的藥理作用,對其作用機理進(jìn)行綜述,并提出其在未來研究中的發(fā)展方向。
心血管疾?。╟ardiovascular disease,CVD)[4]是心臟和血管病變引起的一類循環(huán)系統(tǒng)疾病。相關(guān)的體內(nèi)研究報告顯示,花色苷具有降血脂、抗高血壓、降低膽固醇、抗炎、抗血小板聚集、抑制低密度脂蛋白(LDL)氧化、抗氧化應(yīng)激、調(diào)節(jié)信號通路等[5-7]多種與CVD相關(guān)的藥理活性。
在多項體內(nèi)實驗中,花色苷能夠明顯提高高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)含量[8],同時抑制甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)的升高[9]。Yang等[5]認(rèn)為,花色苷可能是在抗氧化活性基礎(chǔ)上抑制脂質(zhì)過氧化物的形成,并且通過抑制高血脂癥[10]減緩動脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)進(jìn)程進(jìn)而發(fā)揮保護(hù)心血管的作用?;ㄉ疹惢衔锿ㄟ^清除自由基和抗氧化作用,能對自由基誘發(fā)的生物大分子損傷起到保護(hù)作用,維持細(xì)胞膜的流動性和蛋白質(zhì)的構(gòu)型構(gòu)象,具有明顯抑制高血脂等CVD的功效[9]。其分子機理在于它抑制了體內(nèi)自由基產(chǎn)生的3個途徑:其一,與O2-·反應(yīng)阻止自由基的引發(fā);第二,與金屬離子鰲合阻止·OH生成;第三,與過氧游離基(ROO·)反應(yīng)削弱脂質(zhì)過氧化進(jìn)程[11-12]。有研究者[13]對此表達(dá)了不同的觀點,從另一角度闡述了不同的作用機理,提出花色苷能夠改善脂質(zhì)和糖類代謝異常似乎與酚類物質(zhì)的代謝產(chǎn)物能夠刺激腸道內(nèi)酶活性有關(guān)。而在一些人體臨床實驗中[14-15],攝入花色苷后HDL-C升高同時LDL-C降低,可能是由于花色苷抑制了膽固醇酯轉(zhuǎn)移蛋白(cholesterol ester transfer protein,CETP)活性。而CETP在最近的研究中被認(rèn)為是治療AS等CVD的新方向[16],由此推測這可能是花色苷對抗CVD的又一有效機制。
花色苷能夠減少體內(nèi)與炎癥相關(guān)的標(biāo)記物質(zhì),如C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1(MCP-1)等[17],這就表明它可以減少CVD相關(guān)炎癥的發(fā)生?;ㄉ毡徽J(rèn)為能夠產(chǎn)生有效的心血管保護(hù)效應(yīng),一部分原因就來自于它的抗炎活性,這是目前較為明確的一種作用機制,但大部分相關(guān)內(nèi)容建立在體外實驗[18-19]基礎(chǔ)上,所以花色苷基于抗炎作用對CVD起到保護(hù)功效的作用機制還需進(jìn)行大量的體內(nèi)實驗研究。
最近有研究顯示單磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)的激活對心血管疾病產(chǎn)生積極的調(diào)節(jié)作用[20],一些新型藥物即是通過激活A(yù)MPK發(fā)揮治療CVD的作用[21]?;ㄉ沼锌赡軕{借激活A(yù)MPK的機制[22]成為治療CVD的天然藥物來源。
糖尿?。╠iabetes mellitus)的發(fā)病機制十分復(fù)雜,同時伴隨著一系列高風(fēng)險并發(fā)癥。近年來的研究已經(jīng)證明花色苷具有多種抗糖尿病活性,其中主要包括降低血糖、糖尿和糖基化血紅蛋白值(glycated hemoglobin,HbA1c),防止自由基產(chǎn)生,增加胰島素分泌,改善胰島素抵抗等[23-24]。
控制血糖是目前治療糖尿病的最常見手段,藥物治療的作用方式主要是降低血糖或抑制糖吸收。Rojo等[25]研究馬奇果(Aristotelia chilensis)花色苷防治糖尿病時提出,攝入花色苷后胰島素的分泌增加,使骨骼肌和肝臟中胰島素介導(dǎo)的葡萄糖代謝得以改善,這與某些口服降糖藥通過刺激胰腺β細(xì)胞釋放胰島素進(jìn)而發(fā)揮療效相類似[26-27],但也不能排除存在其他的作用方式。另據(jù)報道[21-22],花色苷能激活A(yù)MPK進(jìn)而調(diào)整白色脂肪組織(white adipose tissue,WAT)和骨骼肌中葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白4(Glut4)含量[28]、干預(yù)葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運和脂類代謝[29],顯著抑制肝糖原異生和葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運,可改善高血糖癥狀和胰島素的敏感性,而一些治療Ⅱ型糖尿病的藥物正是通過激活A(yù)MPK發(fā)揮藥效的[30]。
并發(fā)癥是糖尿病致死的重要因素[31],高血糖介導(dǎo)的氧化應(yīng)激在糖尿病并發(fā)癥中起著至關(guān)重要的作用[32],因此改善氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài)是預(yù)防糖尿病相關(guān)病變的重要手段。相關(guān)研究表明[33],花色苷(cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside)通過干預(yù)依賴PKA-CREB信號通路誘導(dǎo)下的谷氨酸-半胱氨酸連接酶催化亞基(glutamatecysteine ligase catalyticsubunit,GCLC)基因的表達(dá),使糖尿病瘦素受體缺陷型(db/db)小鼠肝臟內(nèi)的谷胱甘肽(GSH)[34]合成增加,同時由脂質(zhì)過氧化、中性脂肪粒浸潤和肝脂肪變性引起的氧化應(yīng)激均有所緩解,說明花色苷通過一種新的抗氧化防御機制抑制過剩的ROS生成,同時具有激活GSH合成的效果,因此有助于預(yù)防高血糖引起的肝氧化損壞。雖然胰島素是控制血糖最有效的藥物,但目前有大量的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),它或許是糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(diabetic retionopathy,DR)的高危險因素[35],因此迫切需要開發(fā)胰島素替代藥物或相關(guān)的輔助治療藥物,所以無毒副作用的花色苷在此領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用值得深入探討。
癌癥已成為威脅人類健康最可怕的殺手[36]。花色苷作為一種天然活性物質(zhì),無疑成為天然抗癌活性物質(zhì)的開發(fā)熱點。它的抗癌活性也在動物實驗中得到驗證[37-38],只是在人體內(nèi)的具體作用機制尚不十分明確。
一些流行病學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了花色苷對人類胃腸道癌癥風(fēng)險有預(yù)防作用。向氧化偶氮甲烷(AOM)誘導(dǎo)的結(jié)腸癌模型大鼠的膳食中添加花色苷后,DNA損傷減少[43],AOM誘導(dǎo)的畸變隱窩灶有所緩解[39],可能與抑制細(xì)胞增殖和COX-2基因的表達(dá)有關(guān)。在腸道癌Apcmin模型小鼠的研究中,花色苷提取物能顯著減少腸道癌腫瘤數(shù)量[40],并發(fā)現(xiàn)花色苷調(diào)節(jié)PI3和MAP激酶信號通路,從而影響Akt和ERK蛋白質(zhì)的表達(dá)[41]。黑加侖皮(Ribes nigrum L.)中的花色苷[41]對二乙基亞硝胺(DENA)和苯巴比妥(PB)誘導(dǎo)的肝癌大鼠具有明顯的化學(xué)預(yù)防作用,Bishayee等在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),向?qū)嶒灤笫笊攀持刑砑踊ㄉ蘸蟾伟┐笫蟮募?xì)胞調(diào)亡加速,檢測到在翻譯水平上Bax的表達(dá)上調(diào)同時下調(diào)了Bcl-2的表達(dá)。綜合來看,花色苷主要是通過抑制酶活力、調(diào)節(jié)信號途徑等方式,阻斷致癌作用的啟動、抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞分化和增殖、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡、減少DNA損傷、抑制DNA加合物形成、抗血管生成等[42-45]對癌癥起到化學(xué)預(yù)防的作用。但這些理論多是在體外細(xì)胞水平的基礎(chǔ)上提出的[46-47],它們在體內(nèi)的有效性還需通過大量的實驗進(jìn)行驗證。同時,與動物體內(nèi)實驗不同,人體流行病學(xué)研究未充分顯示出花色苷的抗癌活性[48-49],由此看來花色苷對人類癌癥是否具有治療效果還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
神經(jīng)退行性疾病(Neurodegenerative diseases, ND)是一類急性或慢性的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病。近年來,花色苷類成分作為天然草本植物的藥物來源,對其表現(xiàn)出廣泛的藥效范圍[50-51]。
神經(jīng)炎癥是ND重要的病理特征之一[52],花色苷具有抑制ND中過度的炎癥反應(yīng)以及前炎癥因子的過度表達(dá)的作用。早有研究[53]顯示花色苷通過阻斷c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)和p53信號途徑減少大鼠腦缺血損傷和與年齡相關(guān)的神經(jīng)功能缺損。Jeong等[54]從黑大豆種皮中分離出的花色苷能夠顯著抑制炎性介質(zhì)如NO和PGE2,以及促炎細(xì)胞因子,包括腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)和白細(xì)胞介素1β(IL-1β)。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)均說明,花色苷在治療伴隨有小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活化的炎癥和神經(jīng)退化癥具有很大的潛力。
氧化應(yīng)激導(dǎo)致ROS和自由基水平過高,也是引起ND的重要因素。最近的研究[55-56]顯示花色苷幫助清除大腦內(nèi)過剩的自由基,通過抗氧化作用有效改善氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下實驗對象的認(rèn)知功能。Sasaki等[57]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),紫甘薯花色苷通過調(diào)節(jié)與神經(jīng)可塑性相關(guān)和與能量代謝相關(guān)的蛋白質(zhì)的表達(dá),增強了保護(hù)神經(jīng)的抗氧化效力,最終發(fā)揮改善SAMP8小鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的作用,并且這個結(jié)論在另一項抑制回避實驗[58]中得到了驗證。
此外,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激(Endoplasmic reticulum,ER)引起的ND是近年來研究的熱點內(nèi)容[59]。花色苷具有雌激素活性,可通過加強雌激素受體α(estrogen receptorα,ERα)介導(dǎo)的線粒體生物合成信號,抑制小鼠海馬體內(nèi)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激通路,削弱軟骨藻酸引起的認(rèn)知缺陷[60]?;ㄉ赵诖祟I(lǐng)域的研究鮮見報道,具有很大的發(fā)揮空間。
花色苷類化合物不僅是優(yōu)質(zhì)的天然色素物質(zhì),其廣泛的藥理活性也備受關(guān)注。近年來,隨著人們對食品安全性和保健性的重視,花色苷對人體的健康益處不斷被挖掘出來,在防治多種疾病方面呈現(xiàn)出活躍的生物活性。與藥物治療不同,花色苷使疾病的生理指標(biāo)維持在應(yīng)有的正常水平上,而不只是針對單獨的生理指標(biāo)使其無限制的降低,這種優(yōu)勢使花色苷的藥理作用比化學(xué)藥物治療更具意義。盡管如此,花色苷類物質(zhì)在人體內(nèi)的吸收代謝與生物活性的綜合研究還很欠缺,并且花色苷類化合物種類繁多,其結(jié)構(gòu)和生物活性也存在差異,因此應(yīng)用于臨床治療仍為時尚早。人體是一個復(fù)雜的生化反應(yīng)器,綜合考量花色苷進(jìn)入人體后的復(fù)雜變化以及各個環(huán)節(jié)的聯(lián)系,對花色苷的藥理活性是具有實際指導(dǎo)意義的。因此,結(jié)合不同來源、不同結(jié)構(gòu)的花色苷類物質(zhì),針對其在人體內(nèi)的代謝、吸收和有效成分作為整體進(jìn)行研究,將成為此領(lǐng)域的研究重點。
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