李志量 王光平 佘曉東 李筱芳 王寶璽 馮素英
抗Ⅶ型膠原抗體ELISA輔助確診一例獲得性大皰性表皮松解癥及文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)
李志量 王光平 佘曉東 李筱芳 王寶璽 馮素英
目的報道抗Ⅶ型膠原抗體酶聯(lián)免疫吸附實驗(ELISA)輔助確診1例獲得性大皰性表皮松解癥(EBA)。同時復(fù)習(xí)文獻(xiàn),分析在大樣本中該方法診斷EBA的敏感性和特異性。方法對1例臨床表現(xiàn)、組織學(xué)特點(diǎn)、免疫學(xué)特點(diǎn)符合EBA的患者,應(yīng)用抗Ⅶ型膠原抗體ELISA試劑盒檢測其血清中Ⅶ型膠原抗體滴度;以4例健康人、5例大皰性類天皰瘡和3例尋常型天皰瘡患者為對照。查閱既往關(guān)于ELISA法診斷EBA的文獻(xiàn),總結(jié)各研究中患者入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、包被的抗原、敏感性、特異性,并與其他血清學(xué)方法對比。結(jié)果ELISA法檢測該患者血清中抗Ⅶ型膠原抗體滴度為136 U/ml,對照組均為陰性。既往文獻(xiàn)中,敏感性和特異性有區(qū)別,但總體而言,ELISA法診斷EBA的準(zhǔn)確性高于免疫印跡。結(jié)論ELISA法診斷EBA簡單快捷,具有較高準(zhǔn)確性。
表皮松解,大皰性,獲得性;酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定
獲得性大皰性表皮松解癥(epidermolysis bullosa acquisita,EBA)是一種以血清中出現(xiàn)Ⅶ型膠原抗體為特點(diǎn)的自身免疫性水皰病。該病通過臨床表現(xiàn)、組織學(xué)及直接免疫熒光檢查很難與其他表皮下水皰病鑒別。目前國內(nèi)確診該病主要依賴鹽裂正常皮膚為底物的間接免疫熒光檢查(salt-split indirect immunofluorescence,SSIIF)和免疫印跡檢查。即使SSIIF在真皮側(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)抗體沉積,仍無法將EBA與P200類天皰瘡及部分瘢痕性類天皰瘡鑒別。免疫印跡檢查操作繁瑣,限制了其在臨床的應(yīng)用。我們在國內(nèi)首次用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附實驗(ELISA)確診了1例EBA患者。
患者男,31歲,半年前無明顯誘因于雙脛前出現(xiàn)散在紅斑,伴有瘙癢,隨后出現(xiàn)黃豆至蠶豆大水皰,皰壁緊張,不易破,水皰逐漸累及至整個下肢、上肢、軀干,當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院診斷為大皰性類天皰瘡,給與甲潑尼龍60 mg/d口服,皮損控制后逐漸減量。減至35 mg/d時大皰再次泛發(fā)全身,來我院就診。發(fā)病以來精神、睡眠尚可,大小便無明顯異常。家庭中無類似疾病患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)乙肝表面抗原攜帶2個月。
體檢:一般情況可,生命體征正常。全身淺表淋巴結(jié)未觸及腫大。心肺腹部檢查未見特殊。皮膚科情況:頭皮、頸部、軀干、四肢密集分布米粒至雞蛋大小紅斑,前胸、后背散在蠶豆大糜爛面,結(jié)褐色痂(圖1)。雙手前臂可見粟丘疹。
皮損組織病理學(xué)檢查:表皮下水皰形成,皰內(nèi)可見纖維蛋白樣物質(zhì)及少許嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞,真皮淺層血管周圍可見淋巴細(xì)胞及少許嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞為主的炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(圖2)。直接免疫熒光示IgG、C3基底膜帶線狀沉積。
實驗室及輔助檢查:血尿糞常規(guī)正常;肝腎功能、電解質(zhì)正常;免疫球蛋白及補(bǔ)體均正常,可提取核抗原及抗核抗體均陰性,乳酸脫氫酶、血細(xì)胞沉降率及C反應(yīng)蛋白均正常,結(jié)核菌素純蛋白衍生物實驗陰性;乙肝表面抗原、e抗原、核心抗體陽性。腫瘤標(biāo)記物檢查均陰性,心電圖正常;腹部B超檢查示肝脂肪浸潤。SSIIF檢查示患者血清IgG抗體在真皮側(cè)沉積(圖3);Ⅶ型膠原抗體ELISA(日本MBL,Nagoya公司)檢測患者血清中抗體滴度為136 U/ml(參考值<6 U/ml)。同時用該試劑盒檢測4例健康人、5例大皰性類天皰瘡患者、3例尋常型天皰瘡患者血清,結(jié)果均為陰性。
診斷:獲得性大皰性表皮松解癥。
治療:考慮到該患者乙肝病毒處于活動期,為避免長期應(yīng)用糖皮質(zhì)激素引起病毒的進(jìn)一步增殖,除給予甲潑尼龍40 mg/d靜脈滴注外,還應(yīng)用靜脈注射免疫球蛋白(IVIg)2 g/kg分5天靜脈泵入,口服四環(huán)素0.25 g日3次,煙酰胺0.9 g日3次,半個月后皮疹控制,甲潑尼龍逐漸減量。電話隨訪4個月,皮疹未復(fù)發(fā)。
Ⅶ型膠原是位于致密板和致密板下帶錨絲的主要成分。EBA患者血清中自身抗體針對的抗原表位主要位于Ⅶ型膠原的NC1域內(nèi)[1]。針對NC1最末端227個氨基酸的軟骨基質(zhì)蛋白的血清抗體被證實具有致病性[2]。部分EBA患者血清中也可以檢測到針對 NC2 域[3]和中間膠原區(qū)[4]的自身抗體,這類抗體的致病性及與EBA臨床表現(xiàn)的關(guān)系尚待研究。
通過臨床表現(xiàn)和組織病理學(xué)檢查往往難以把EBA與大皰性類天皰瘡、瘢痕性類天皰瘡、線狀I(lǐng)gA大皰性皮病、P200類天皰瘡等其他表皮下水皰病鑒別開來,因此血清學(xué)檢查有不可替代的作用。常用的血清學(xué)檢測方法主要有三種:間接免疫熒光(IIF)、免疫印跡和ELISA。IIF僅能將線狀I(lǐng)gA大皰性皮病與其他表皮下大皰病鑒別,即使進(jìn)一步行SSIIF檢查也僅能確診大皰性類天皰瘡,其他表皮下水皰病均表現(xiàn)為真皮側(cè)抗體沉積。進(jìn)一步行免疫印跡檢查,理論上EBA患者血清抗體可以與真皮蛋白抗原在相對分子質(zhì)量290 000處結(jié)合,但部分EBA血清中抗Ⅶ型膠原抗體是與Ⅶ型膠原NC1域的構(gòu)象表位結(jié)合,在免疫印跡過程中這種構(gòu)象表位受到破壞,會出現(xiàn)假陰性。
1997年,Chen等[5]首次以真核表達(dá)的具有完整空間構(gòu)象的Ⅶ型膠原NC1段為底物對EBA患者血清進(jìn)行ELISA檢測,發(fā)現(xiàn)該方法具有極高的敏感性和特異性,可以檢測到IIF和免疫印跡均陰性的患者血清中的抗體。隨后多種包被不同抗原底物的ELISA檢測方法以及商品化的Ⅶ型膠原抗體檢測試劑盒都證實了該方法的可靠性[2,6-13];由于既往研究選擇的入組患者和包被抗原底物的不同,ELISA檢測的敏感性和特異性有一定差異,但總體而言該方法的準(zhǔn)確性要優(yōu)于免疫印跡(表1)。我們在本文中所用的商品化試劑盒除包被了NC1段外,也包被了NC2段,理論上可以進(jìn)一步提高敏感性。也有研究表明,ELISA法檢測到的抗體滴度與病情活動具有相關(guān)性,可用于臨床指導(dǎo)治療[5-7,9,11,13-15]。
圖1 患者背部散在紅斑,部分皮疹結(jié)痂、破潰
圖2 皮損組織病理檢查見表皮下皰,真皮淺層見炎細(xì)胞浸潤(HE×40)
圖3 鹽裂正常皮膚為底物的間接免疫熒光檢查示,患者血清IgG抗體沉積在鹽裂皮膚真皮側(cè)(×40)
表1 既往應(yīng)用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附實驗(ELISA)診斷獲得性大皰性表皮松解癥(EBA)的敏感度、特異度及與其他血清學(xué)方法的比較
ELISA法簡便、快捷和無創(chuàng)的特點(diǎn)對EBA的診斷具有較高的應(yīng)用價值。我們報道的這例患者,在沒有進(jìn)行免疫印跡檢測的前提下,直接用ELISA方法確診,說明該方法對EBA具有診斷價值。特別在現(xiàn)有技術(shù)條件下,大多數(shù)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)無法常規(guī)開展SSIIF和免疫印跡這些步驟繁瑣、技術(shù)要求高的檢測方法,將Ⅶ型抗體檢測試劑盒與BP180 NC16A抗體檢測試劑盒結(jié)合起來,可以有效提高表皮下水皰病的診斷準(zhǔn)確率。
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Detection of anti-type Ⅶ collagen antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the auxiliary diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita:a case report and literature review
Li Zhiliang,Wang Guangping,She Xiaodong,Li Xiaofang,Wang Baoxi,F(xiàn)eng Suying.Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs,Hospital of Dermatology,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College,Nanjing 210042,China
s:Wang Baoxi,Email:wangbx@ncstdlc.org;Feng Suying,Email:fengsuying2010@aliyun.com
Objective To evaluate the performance of anti-type Ⅶ collagen antibody detection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)in the auxiliary diagnosis of a case of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita(EBA),and to analyze its sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of EBA in large-scale studies by review of relevant literature.Methods Serum samples were collected from a patient with typical clinical,histological and immunological manifestations of EBA,4 healthy human controls,5 patients with bullous pemphigoid and 3 patients with pemphigus vulgaris.ELISA was performed to determine the serum levels of anti-typeⅦcollagen antibodies.Literature regarding the diagnosis of EBA using ELISA was reviewed with a summary of inclusion criteria for patient enrollment,coating antigens,sensitivity and specificity.A comparison was carried out between ELISA and the other serological methods.Results Anti-typeⅦcollagen antibodies were detected by ELISA in the serum of the patient with EBA(136 U/ml),but not in the other serum samples.The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA in the diagnosis of EBA differed in different studies,but in general,the accuracy of ELISA was higher than that of immunoblotting.Conclusion ELISA is a simple and convenient tool for the diagnosis of EBA with high accuracy.
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita;Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4030.2014.08.004
衛(wèi)生公益性行業(yè)科研專項經(jīng)費(fèi)(201002016)
210042南京,中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院皮膚病醫(yī)院,江蘇省皮膚病與性病學(xué)重點(diǎn)實驗室
王寶璽,Email:wangbx@ncstdlc.org;馮素英,Email:fengsuying2010@aliyun.com
2013-12-26)
(本文編輯:顏艷)