唐斌等
[摘要] 目的 研究在急性冠脈綜合征(ACS)中血漿蛋白Z(PZ)與頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度(IMT)的臨床意義及其相關(guān)性。方法 篩選60例急性冠脈綜合征患者(按照Gensini積分分為A、B、C三組),15例正常對(duì)照組受試者。采取靜脈血以ELISA方法檢查PZ濃度,彩色B超進(jìn)行頸動(dòng)脈IMT檢查。 結(jié)果 與對(duì)照組相比,ACS 組PZ顯著下降(P<0.05),頸動(dòng)脈IMT上升(P<0.05)。在ACS組內(nèi),隨著Gensini評(píng)分增高, PZ水平隨Gensini積分的上升而下降,且組內(nèi)間每?jī)杉?jí)之間均有顯著性差異(P<0.05);而頸動(dòng)脈IMT 則增加,組內(nèi)每?jī)杉?jí)之間均有顯著性差異(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 ACS的嚴(yán)重度可能與PZ水平與呈負(fù)相關(guān),而與頸動(dòng)脈IMT呈正相關(guān),表示PZ水平下降可能是ACS的一個(gè)獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,IMT厚度增加可能加重ACS斑塊的不穩(wěn)定性,檢測(cè)其水平可能有助于評(píng)估急性冠脈綜合征的嚴(yán)重度。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 急性冠脈綜合征;血漿蛋白Z;頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R587.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2014)33-0039-03
[Abstract] Objective To study the clinical significance and correlation of plasma protein Z and carotid artery intima-media thickness in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Methods Sixty acute coronary syndrome patients (according to the Gensini score were divided into A、B、C group), and 15 normal control subjects were recruited for this study. PZ levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, carotid IMTs were measured by B ultrasound measurement. Results Compared with the control group, PZ levels of ACS group significantly decreased (P<0.05),carotid artery IMTs significantly increased(P<0.05). In the ACS group, with the score of Gensini increased,PZ level decreased with the rising of Gensini score,and there were significant differences between each two groups(P<0.05);Carotid artery IMT increased with the rising of Gensini score,and there were significant differences between each two groups(P<0.05). Conclusion The ACS severity is negatively correlated with PZ level, but positively correlated with carotid IMT,which shown that the reduction of PZ levels may be an independent risk factor of ACS, increased IMT may increase ACS plaque instability. Combined detection of PZ and carotid artery IMT may have an important valve in severity of the acute coronary syndrome.
[Key words] Acute coronary syndrome;Plasma protein Z;Carotid artery intima-media thickness
急性冠脈綜合征是對(duì)人類(lèi)生命安全及健康造成嚴(yán)重危險(xiǎn)的一種常見(jiàn)冠心病急危征,國(guó)內(nèi)外研究表明其發(fā)生與冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的不穩(wěn)定明顯相關(guān)。近年來(lái)研究顯示PZ在ACS發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用日益受到重視[1]。Selhub J等[2]研究表明頸動(dòng)脈IMT可能與ACS的嚴(yán)重度之間存在明顯相關(guān)性,可能是冠狀動(dòng)脈發(fā)生粥樣硬化的早期表現(xiàn)之一。本文現(xiàn)擬就ACS與PZ、頸動(dòng)脈IMT的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行研究,并且討論其臨床意義。
1 資料與方法
1.1 臨床資料
病例篩選:UA診斷參照2000年中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)建議的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3],AMI診斷參照2001年中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)AMI診斷和治療指南[4];CAG陽(yáng)性:CAG采用Judkins法,多角度行左、右CAG,至少一支主要血管狹窄程度≥50%為陽(yáng)性,ACS患者組內(nèi)依照Gensini評(píng)分系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行級(jí)別區(qū)分,按積分計(jì)算分為A(G≤30)、B (30
1.2 方法
1.2.1 PZ測(cè)定 ACS組病例在急性起病期2 h內(nèi)采取外周靜脈血,正常對(duì)照組于第2日早晨空腹采取外周靜脈血;留取20 mL分別緩慢注入10 mL于肝素抗凝離心管、5 mL加入含乙二胺四乙酸二鈉的塑料試管及5 mL于普通管中,搖勻后進(jìn)行離心4 min,轉(zhuǎn)速3 000 r/min留取上層清液,-80℃冰箱儲(chǔ)存待測(cè)。所有標(biāo)本收集后一批次檢測(cè),以此盡可能避免批間誤差和測(cè)量誤差。PZ檢測(cè):實(shí)驗(yàn)前取出冰凍標(biāo)本行快速?gòu)?fù)融,所有樣本按照試劑盒與儀器使用說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。
1.2.2 IMT測(cè)定 彩超機(jī):日本東芝公司6000型,頻率7.5 MHz。受試者采取平臥頭后仰位,頭部充分放松偏向?qū)?cè),由經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的超聲醫(yī)師專(zhuān)人測(cè)量。反復(fù)測(cè)定3次雙側(cè)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈及其分叉部、頸總動(dòng)脈,觀察內(nèi)膜中層厚度,計(jì)算平均值[5]。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用SPSS 12.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示;組間比較行方差分析,齊則采用t檢驗(yàn),Pearson 積差相關(guān);不齊則采用秩和檢驗(yàn),Spearman 秩相關(guān)。兩兩比較采用Bonferroni方法。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
3 討論
眾多國(guó)內(nèi)外資料報(bào)道PZ是主要由肝臟合成分泌的一種維生素K依賴(lài)的單鏈糖蛋白,研究表明在Ca2+的參與下,PZ可在磷脂表面與FXa形成復(fù)合物并作為ZPI 的輔助因子在磷脂表面結(jié)合快速抑制FXa的活性[6],可提升ZPI活性近1000 倍,間接發(fā)揮抗凝作用[7]。Fedi等[8]報(bào)道,通過(guò)比較研究223例ACS患者和265例健康對(duì)照組發(fā)現(xiàn),ACS患者PZ水平明顯降低(P<0.01),發(fā)現(xiàn)PZ水平低于565 ng/mL時(shí)與ACS明顯相關(guān),據(jù)此得出結(jié)論認(rèn)為PZ缺乏是ACS的獨(dú)立發(fā)生因素。Sofi F等[10]研究也認(rèn)為PZ缺乏是ACS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,其在2006年報(bào)道一隨訪研究,其關(guān)于對(duì)ACS患者進(jìn)行為期1年P(guān)Z水平的隨訪,結(jié)果顯示隨訪1年后血漿PZ水平在比入院時(shí)明顯下降,且發(fā)現(xiàn)入院時(shí)血漿PZ水平<609.3 ng/mL,其發(fā)生主要不良心臟事件(Major adverse cardiacevents;MACE)為19.5%,但是在未發(fā)生MACE的患者中比例為7.9%,研究結(jié)果顯示入院時(shí)1年后不良心臟事件與入院時(shí)低PZ水平存在明顯相關(guān)性,另外從急性期到恢復(fù)期PZ水平逐漸下降。國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者潘學(xué)誼等[10]通過(guò)研究比較40例AMI患者與60名健康對(duì)照者的PZ水平(1071.44±180.52 μg/L VS 2257.97±479.76 μg/L),發(fā)現(xiàn)相似的現(xiàn)象,AMI組PZ水平明顯降低(P<0.01)。Greten J[11]等運(yùn)用免疫組化方法對(duì)18例動(dòng)脈血栓性疾病患者進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果顯示其大血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞及粥樣斑塊中均有PZ沉積,與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的是在正常對(duì)照組的血管內(nèi)皮下結(jié)構(gòu)及微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中沒(méi)有找到PZ沉積的證據(jù),據(jù)此Greten J認(rèn)為PZ可能與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化損傷及斑塊的不穩(wěn)定性存在一定關(guān)系。本研究結(jié)果顯示:與正常對(duì)照組比較,ACS 組PZ水平顯著下降(P<0.05),并且隨著Gensini積分增加,其PZ水平下降且每?jī)杉?jí)間均有顯著性差異(P<0.05),表明ACS風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與PZ水平關(guān)聯(lián),這與國(guó)內(nèi)外前期相關(guān)研究結(jié)果一致。
近年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外研究報(bào)道,在冠狀動(dòng)脈和頸動(dòng)脈二者發(fā)生動(dòng)脈硬化的進(jìn)程中存在某種內(nèi)在的共同機(jī)制,二者的發(fā)生顯著相關(guān)性[12,13],頸動(dòng)脈病變及其內(nèi)膜中層厚度為預(yù)測(cè)冠心病或其他血管栓塞性疾病存在及嚴(yán)重性的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)性指標(biāo),另外由于具有眾多優(yōu)點(diǎn),頸動(dòng)脈超聲是目前用于評(píng)估冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣病變程度的常用手段之一[14]。趙平等[15]對(duì)122例臨床患者進(jìn)行超聲檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢測(cè)可以早期預(yù)測(cè)冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,更可方便及時(shí)地檢測(cè)出頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化病變。然而關(guān)于頸動(dòng)脈IMT預(yù)測(cè)評(píng)估ACS的嚴(yán)重度的報(bào)道比較少見(jiàn)。因此我們開(kāi)展了這一研究,我們經(jīng)彩超測(cè)量了60例ACS患者的頸動(dòng)脈IMT,并與正常對(duì)照組比較發(fā)現(xiàn),ACS 組頸動(dòng)脈IMT上升,且隨著Gensini積分增加,頸動(dòng)脈IMT增加,組內(nèi)每?jī)杉?jí)之間均有顯著性差異(P<0.05)。且頸動(dòng)脈IMT與ACS患者Gensini積分呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系(P<0.01)。
綜上所述,PZ水平降低預(yù)示ACS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性增加,乃ACS發(fā)生發(fā)展的一個(gè)獨(dú)立的危險(xiǎn)因素。頸動(dòng)脈IMT增加預(yù)示ACS的嚴(yán)重性增加,為ACS的一個(gè)早期預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo),聯(lián)合檢測(cè)PZ水平及頸動(dòng)脈IMT值將有助于預(yù)示和判斷ACS。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Almawi WY,Al-Shaikh FS,Melemedjian OK,et al. Protein Z,an anticoagulant protein with expanding role in reproductive biology[J]. Reproduction,2013,146(2):R73-80.
[2] Selhub J,Angelo A. Relationship between homocyateine and thrombotic disease[J]. Am J Med Sei,2008,316(2):129-135.
[3] 中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)心血管病學(xué)分會(huì)《中華心血管病雜志》編輯委員會(huì). 不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛診斷和治療建議[J]. 中華心血管病雜志,2000,28(6):409-412.
[4] 中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)心血管病學(xué)分會(huì)《中華心血管病雜志》編輯委員會(huì),《中國(guó)循環(huán)雜志》編輯委員會(huì),急性心肌梗死診斷和治療指南[J]. 中華心血管病雜志,2001,29(12):710-725.
[5] 李英,王娜,王海濱,等. 不同危險(xiǎn)分層急性冠脈綜合征患者頸動(dòng)脈血管病變程度研究[J]. 河北醫(yī)藥,2014,36(18):2803-2805.
[6] Huang X,Yan Y,Tu Y,et al. Structural basis for catalytic activation of protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) by protein Z[J]. Blood,2012,120(8):1726-1733.
[7] Choi Q,Kim JE,Hyun J,et al. Contributions of procoagulants and anticoagulants to the international normalized ratio and thrombin generation assay in patients treated with warfarin: potential role of protein Z as a powerful determinant of coagulation assays[J]. Thromb Res,2013,132(1):e70-75.
[8] Fedi S,Sofi F,Brogi D,et al. Low protein Z plasma levels are independently associated with acute coronary syndromes[J]. Thromb Haemost,2003,90(6):1173-1178.
[9] Sofi F,Cesari F,Marcucci R,et al. Protein Z levels and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes[J].Clin Chem Lab Med,2006,44(9):1098-1102.
[10] 潘學(xué)誼,丁彩屏,鐘亮伊,等. 蛋白質(zhì)Z檢測(cè)在心腦血管疾病中的臨床意義[J]. 中華血液學(xué)雜志,2004,11(25):671-674.
[11] Greten J,Kreis I,Liliemiek B,et al. Localisation of protein Z in vascular lesions of patients with atherosclerosis[J].Vasa,1998,27(3):144-148.
[12] 朱英,鄧又斌,劉婭妮,等. 超聲造影對(duì)頸動(dòng)脈斑塊新生血管密度與冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病相關(guān)性的評(píng)價(jià)[J]. 中華醫(yī)學(xué)超聲雜志(電子版),2014,10(9):741-745.
[13] Ahmadvazir S,Zacharias K,Shah BN,et al. Role of simultaneous carotid ultrasound in patients undergoing stress echocardiography for assessment of chest pain with no previous history of coronary artery disease[J]. Am Heart J,2014,168(2):229-236.
[14] Ikeda N,Araki T,Sugi K,et al.Ankle-brachial index and its link to automated carotid ultrasound measurement of intima-media thickness variability in 500 Japanese coronary artery disease patients[J]. Curr Atheroscler Rep,2014, 16(3):393.
[15] 趙平,常培葉,劉喜,等. 頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查預(yù)測(cè)冠狀動(dòng)脈硬化的價(jià)值[J]. 心血管康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2013,22(1):71-73.
(收稿日期:2014-09-26)
[6] Huang X,Yan Y,Tu Y,et al. Structural basis for catalytic activation of protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) by protein Z[J]. Blood,2012,120(8):1726-1733.
[7] Choi Q,Kim JE,Hyun J,et al. Contributions of procoagulants and anticoagulants to the international normalized ratio and thrombin generation assay in patients treated with warfarin: potential role of protein Z as a powerful determinant of coagulation assays[J]. Thromb Res,2013,132(1):e70-75.
[8] Fedi S,Sofi F,Brogi D,et al. Low protein Z plasma levels are independently associated with acute coronary syndromes[J]. Thromb Haemost,2003,90(6):1173-1178.
[9] Sofi F,Cesari F,Marcucci R,et al. Protein Z levels and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes[J].Clin Chem Lab Med,2006,44(9):1098-1102.
[10] 潘學(xué)誼,丁彩屏,鐘亮伊,等. 蛋白質(zhì)Z檢測(cè)在心腦血管疾病中的臨床意義[J]. 中華血液學(xué)雜志,2004,11(25):671-674.
[11] Greten J,Kreis I,Liliemiek B,et al. Localisation of protein Z in vascular lesions of patients with atherosclerosis[J].Vasa,1998,27(3):144-148.
[12] 朱英,鄧又斌,劉婭妮,等. 超聲造影對(duì)頸動(dòng)脈斑塊新生血管密度與冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病相關(guān)性的評(píng)價(jià)[J]. 中華醫(yī)學(xué)超聲雜志(電子版),2014,10(9):741-745.
[13] Ahmadvazir S,Zacharias K,Shah BN,et al. Role of simultaneous carotid ultrasound in patients undergoing stress echocardiography for assessment of chest pain with no previous history of coronary artery disease[J]. Am Heart J,2014,168(2):229-236.
[14] Ikeda N,Araki T,Sugi K,et al.Ankle-brachial index and its link to automated carotid ultrasound measurement of intima-media thickness variability in 500 Japanese coronary artery disease patients[J]. Curr Atheroscler Rep,2014, 16(3):393.
[15] 趙平,常培葉,劉喜,等. 頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查預(yù)測(cè)冠狀動(dòng)脈硬化的價(jià)值[J]. 心血管康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2013,22(1):71-73.
(收稿日期:2014-09-26)
[6] Huang X,Yan Y,Tu Y,et al. Structural basis for catalytic activation of protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) by protein Z[J]. Blood,2012,120(8):1726-1733.
[7] Choi Q,Kim JE,Hyun J,et al. Contributions of procoagulants and anticoagulants to the international normalized ratio and thrombin generation assay in patients treated with warfarin: potential role of protein Z as a powerful determinant of coagulation assays[J]. Thromb Res,2013,132(1):e70-75.
[8] Fedi S,Sofi F,Brogi D,et al. Low protein Z plasma levels are independently associated with acute coronary syndromes[J]. Thromb Haemost,2003,90(6):1173-1178.
[9] Sofi F,Cesari F,Marcucci R,et al. Protein Z levels and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes[J].Clin Chem Lab Med,2006,44(9):1098-1102.
[10] 潘學(xué)誼,丁彩屏,鐘亮伊,等. 蛋白質(zhì)Z檢測(cè)在心腦血管疾病中的臨床意義[J]. 中華血液學(xué)雜志,2004,11(25):671-674.
[11] Greten J,Kreis I,Liliemiek B,et al. Localisation of protein Z in vascular lesions of patients with atherosclerosis[J].Vasa,1998,27(3):144-148.
[12] 朱英,鄧又斌,劉婭妮,等. 超聲造影對(duì)頸動(dòng)脈斑塊新生血管密度與冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病相關(guān)性的評(píng)價(jià)[J]. 中華醫(yī)學(xué)超聲雜志(電子版),2014,10(9):741-745.
[13] Ahmadvazir S,Zacharias K,Shah BN,et al. Role of simultaneous carotid ultrasound in patients undergoing stress echocardiography for assessment of chest pain with no previous history of coronary artery disease[J]. Am Heart J,2014,168(2):229-236.
[14] Ikeda N,Araki T,Sugi K,et al.Ankle-brachial index and its link to automated carotid ultrasound measurement of intima-media thickness variability in 500 Japanese coronary artery disease patients[J]. Curr Atheroscler Rep,2014, 16(3):393.
[15] 趙平,常培葉,劉喜,等. 頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查預(yù)測(cè)冠狀動(dòng)脈硬化的價(jià)值[J]. 心血管康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2013,22(1):71-73.
(收稿日期:2014-09-26)