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不同消化時(shí)間下膠原酶對(duì)人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分離的影響

2015-01-15 05:30郝世凱蘇相相洪敬欣
關(guān)鍵詞:間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞膠原酶分離

郝世凱 蘇相相 洪敬欣

【摘 要】 目的:比較膠原酶的不同消化時(shí)間,觀察所獲得的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的數(shù)量,確定最為理想的消化時(shí)間。方法:分別采用3h、5h、7h的消化時(shí)間分離臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞;通過傳代進(jìn)行純化和擴(kuò)增培養(yǎng),繪制生長(zhǎng)曲線;用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)其表面標(biāo)志。結(jié)果:分離出的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞貼壁后為梭形,呈平行排列生長(zhǎng)或漩渦狀生長(zhǎng),并且消化時(shí)間為5h時(shí)收獲到的細(xì)胞數(shù)量最多;流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,獲得的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞均表達(dá)CD73、CD105、HLA-ABC,不表達(dá)CD34、CD45、HLA-DR。結(jié)論:膠原酶消化法從人臍帶中分離培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞具有間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)特性,并且消化5h收獲得的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞數(shù)量最多,生長(zhǎng)狀況最好。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 膠原酶;臍帶;間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞;分離;消化時(shí)間

【中圖分類號(hào)】R3292 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼】 A 【文章編號(hào)】1007-8517(2014)24-0036-05

The impact of different collagenase digestion time on UCMSCs separation

HAO Shi-kai,SU Xiang-xiang,HONG Jing-xin

UNION STEMCELL&GENE ENGINEERING CO.LTD,Tianjin 300384,China

Abstract:Objective Comparing the quantity of MSCs acquired from umbilical cord that digested by collagenase II in different hours, ascertain an ideal digesting time and culture and appraise the cells acquired.Methods MSCs were isolated from human umbilical cord through collagenase digestion respectively in 3h, 5h, 7h, then passaged to purify and culture, drew the growth curve.Their surface markers and cells cycle were detected by flow cytometry.Results MSCs isolated from umbilical cord adhered with a spindle-shape, they parallel along their longitudinal axis or grew in whirl manner. After 5hours digestion, we got the biggest quantity with best growth status, and successfully built the method for MSCs culture and increasing. Detected by flow cytometry, all of adherent cells express CD73、CD105、HLA-ABC,none of them express CD34、CD45、HLA-DR.Conclusion Cells isolated from umbilical cord by digestion have the biological characteristics of MSCs. And 5 hours is the best time for digestion to acquire the most and best MSCs.

Keywords:Collagenase; Umbilical cord; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Isolate; Digestion time

間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)是一種多潛能干細(xì)胞,具有自我更新、高度增殖和多向分化的潛能,在人體生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)育過程中存在于多種組織中。目前,MSCs主要來源于人骨髓,但成人骨髓中MSCs容易被病毒感染,且強(qiáng)的免疫原性等因素限制了其臨床應(yīng)用[1]。此外骨髓來源的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞還存在以下問題:隨著年齡的老化,干細(xì)胞數(shù)目顯著降低,增殖分化能力大幅度衰退;制備過程不容易質(zhì)控;移植給異體可能引起免疫反應(yīng);取材時(shí)對(duì)患者有損傷,患者有骨髓疾病時(shí)不能采集,即使是健康供者,亦不能抽取太多的骨髓。這都限制了骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞臨床應(yīng)用,使得尋找骨髓以外其他可替代的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞來源成為一個(gè)重要的問題[2]。

最近,在人的臍帶中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞,因其來源豐富、易于獲得、不存在倫理問題,有望成為組織工程理想的種子細(xì)胞[3]。對(duì)UCMSC(臍帶干細(xì)胞)進(jìn)行的體內(nèi)研究結(jié)果很令人鼓舞,將其移植到重度肌肉損傷的小鼠模型中,供體細(xì)胞的蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)譜具有骨骼肌分化的特征,并能增強(qiáng)肌肉再生[4]。將UCMSC移植入小鼠缺血的大腦中能改善受體的神經(jīng)功能,有證據(jù)表明供體細(xì)胞分化為神經(jīng)元、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞。這同體外培養(yǎng)時(shí)所體現(xiàn)的多潛能相一致,并且移植能促進(jìn)血管形成和增加缺血損傷部位的血流,該研究表明移植UCMSC可以發(fā)揮多種臨床功效[5]。

目前,國(guó)際干細(xì)胞治療學(xué)會(huì)提出了鑒定人來源間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的3條最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]:①在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)培養(yǎng)條件下,間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞具備對(duì)塑料底壁的貼附性;②間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞群體表達(dá)CD105、CD73及CD90,而不表達(dá)造血細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物CD45和CD34;③經(jīng)體外誘導(dǎo),間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞能向成骨細(xì)胞、脂肪細(xì)胞及軟骨細(xì)胞等分化。這僅僅是間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的體外鑒定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),一些研究者一直尋求間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的體內(nèi)鑒定[7]標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞在組織中的比例極低,因此,如何獲取高純度的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞相當(dāng)重要。目前最常用的分離間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的方法有貼壁培養(yǎng)法、膠原酶法、胰酶-膠原酶法,一些實(shí)驗(yàn)研究者通過組織塊培養(yǎng)法收獲的原代細(xì)胞產(chǎn)量比對(duì)應(yīng)的酶消化法要多且成功率高,降低了培養(yǎng)的成本和難度,避免了培養(yǎng)中異種蛋白的混入,進(jìn)而降低其臨床排斥反應(yīng)[8]。

本研究從足月胎兒臍帶中分離出MSCs,通過比較不同消化時(shí)間對(duì)所收獲間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的影響,并觀察和研究其形態(tài)學(xué)、生長(zhǎng)特性、細(xì)胞周期及免疫表型。

1 材料和方法

11 主要儀器和試劑 離心機(jī)(Beckman Coulter X-15R),75T培養(yǎng)瓶(Corning Incorporated),倒置顯微鏡(OLYMPUS CKX41),孵箱(Thermo CO2孵箱3111),流式細(xì)胞儀(BD FACS Calibur),DMEM/F12、膠原酶Ⅱ、025%胰酶(GIBCO),PE標(biāo)記的CD34、CD45、CD73、CD105、FITC標(biāo)記的HLA-ABC、HLA-DR(BD Parmingen)。具體見表1。

12 人臍帶MSCs的分離、培養(yǎng)及擴(kuò)增 無菌采集健康胎兒臍帶15根,各取15cm隨機(jī)分為15組,再將每組臍帶平均分為3等份,用加有雙抗的生理鹽水充分清洗,去除臍靜脈及動(dòng)脈內(nèi)的殘留血液,將其剪碎成1mm3的組織塊,移至質(zhì)量體積分?jǐn)?shù)為10%的膠原酶Ⅱ中,37℃分別消化3h、5h、7h,200目濾網(wǎng)過濾,收集含細(xì)胞的濾液,4℃、2000r/min離心5min,棄上清,保留沉淀,用DMEM/F12將細(xì)胞輕輕吹打成單細(xì)胞懸液,充分洗滌,4℃、300r/min離心5min,棄上清,保留細(xì)胞沉淀,用體積分?jǐn)?shù)為12%FBS的DMEM/F12重懸,制成單細(xì)胞懸液,胎盼藍(lán)計(jì)數(shù)法計(jì)活細(xì)胞數(shù)后,接種于25T培養(yǎng)瓶中,置于37℃、體積分?jǐn)?shù)5% CO2的飽和濕度孵箱內(nèi)培養(yǎng)。5~6d后首次全量換液,去除未貼壁細(xì)胞,以后每隔3~4d換液1次。倒置顯微鏡下觀察細(xì)胞達(dá)85%以上融合后,用質(zhì)量體積分?jǐn)?shù)為025%的胰酶消化細(xì)胞,倒置顯微鏡下控制消化時(shí)間,按1∶[KG-*3/5]3的比例傳代,繼續(xù)擴(kuò)增培養(yǎng)。

13 細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)活性測(cè)定 取第三代間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞,用025%胰酶消化后,以2×104/ml,接種于24孔板內(nèi),每隔24h消化3個(gè)孔,收集細(xì)胞,并用臺(tái)盼藍(lán)計(jì)數(shù)法計(jì)數(shù),繪制生長(zhǎng)曲線。

14 人臍帶MSCs的免疫表型鑒定 取第三代細(xì)胞,以025%胰酶消化后,用含12%FBS的DMEM/F12終止消化,4℃、250r/min離心5min,去上清,制成2ml懸液,分為每管10μl。陰性對(duì)照管分別加入IgG-FITC、IgG-PE,其他管分別加入CD73-PE、CD105-PE、HLA-ABC-FITC,CD34-PE、CD45-PE、HLA-DR-FITC,室溫避光孵育30min,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)。

15 主要觀察指標(biāo) ①不同消化時(shí)間收獲人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞數(shù)量。②人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞生物學(xué)特性。

16 設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施、評(píng)估者 設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施為第一作者,評(píng)估為第二作者,均經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)培訓(xùn),未使用盲法評(píng)估。

2 結(jié)果

21 不同消化時(shí)間膠原酶Ⅱ?qū)θ四殠чg充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分離的影響 參考王娟等[9]在人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞體外分離、純化及鑒定中的方法,通過比較臍帶的不同消化時(shí)間發(fā)現(xiàn),所有標(biāo)本中消化時(shí)間為3h 時(shí),未獲得間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞;消化時(shí)長(zhǎng)為7h時(shí),僅有少量細(xì)胞貼壁,但培養(yǎng)后無細(xì)胞融合;消化時(shí)長(zhǎng)為5h時(shí),倒置顯微鏡下觀察有大量活性細(xì)胞存在,且具有較強(qiáng)的增殖能力,見表2。

22 人臍帶MSCs分離、擴(kuò)增及形態(tài)觀察 本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過對(duì)消化時(shí)長(zhǎng)為5h的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),細(xì)胞多于24h內(nèi)開始貼壁,培養(yǎng)7d后,大部分細(xì)胞貼壁,細(xì)胞呈梭形、多角形,14d后細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)較快,于14~21d即可達(dá)到85%融合。傳代后細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)速度明顯加快,4~5d可傳代一次,傳代后細(xì)胞純度提高,形態(tài)為較為均一的梭形,以平行排列生長(zhǎng)或旋渦狀生長(zhǎng)。(圖1)

23 人臍帶MSCs的生長(zhǎng)活性測(cè)定 取第3代細(xì)胞繪制生長(zhǎng)曲線,從曲線上可以看出傳代后的細(xì)胞第1~2d處于滯留期,增殖不明顯。第3~5d進(jìn)入對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期,細(xì)胞增殖加速,第6~7d進(jìn)入平臺(tái)期(圖2)。

24 人臍帶MSCs的免疫表型分析 經(jīng)流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè),通過膠原酶消化法所獲得的細(xì)胞均表達(dá)CD73、CD105、HLA-ABC,不表達(dá)CD34、CD45、HLA-DR,由此說明,從臍帶分離出來的貼壁細(xì)胞即為間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(圖3)。

3 討論

臍帶內(nèi)含兩條動(dòng)脈和一條靜脈,血管的周圍環(huán)繞著半透明的基質(zhì),稱為華通膠。以往資料顯示,可從臍帶靜脈內(nèi)皮、內(nèi)皮下層、華通膠以及血管周圍組織等分離得到MSCs[10-14]。間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(MSCs)具有自我復(fù)制、多向分化和免疫調(diào)控能力,在組織工程、基因工程和造血干細(xì)胞移植領(lǐng)域具有較好的應(yīng)用前景。

骨髓是目前MSCs的主要來源[15],本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示臍帶來源的MSC與骨髓MSC的形態(tài)特點(diǎn)相似,并有更強(qiáng)的增殖能力[16]。此外,研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)臍帶來源的MSC與骨髓來源的MSC表面抗原表達(dá)相近,表明該細(xì)胞體系中富含MSC。然而由于其細(xì)胞數(shù)量和增殖分化能力隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而顯著下降,移植物不便在體外預(yù)先定制,異體移植中的倫理爭(zhēng)議以及病毒傳染等問題也限制了其臨床應(yīng)用[17-18]。

有實(shí)驗(yàn)證明在不同的誘導(dǎo)條件下,MSCs不僅可分化為成骨細(xì)胞、脂肪細(xì)胞、軟骨細(xì)胞和肌肉細(xì)胞等中胚層細(xì)胞,而且還可以跨胚層分化為外胚層的神經(jīng)元、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞及內(nèi)胚層的肝細(xì)胞等[19-23]。MSCs還對(duì)造血干細(xì)胞具有擴(kuò)增作用,移植MSCs可以促進(jìn)造血干細(xì)胞的植入[24-25]。

MSCs的分離方法有:①貼壁篩選法:依據(jù)MSCs易貼附在塑料培養(yǎng)物上生長(zhǎng)的特性將其與非貼壁細(xì)胞分離;有學(xué)者直接使用貼壁篩選法,但標(biāo)本中的大量紅細(xì)胞占據(jù)了MSCs所需的貼壁空間,影響MSCs的獲得率[26];②酶消化法:用膠原酶對(duì)臍帶組織進(jìn)行消化,所獲得的細(xì)胞進(jìn)行貼壁培養(yǎng)、擴(kuò)增;③單細(xì)胞克隆的方法[27]分離MSCs:實(shí)驗(yàn)條件要求高,所需標(biāo)本量大。目前已經(jīng)有學(xué)者[28]采用了將密度梯度離心法與貼壁相結(jié)合的方式進(jìn)行分離,并獲得了很好的效果。本研究采用膠原酶Ⅱ消化法,通過比較不同的消化時(shí)間,從足月胎兒臍帶中分離、擴(kuò)增出MSCs,并發(fā)現(xiàn)5h為最佳消化時(shí)間。從形態(tài)學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),體外培養(yǎng)MSCs,傳3~4代后細(xì)胞形態(tài)均一,貼壁后呈平行排列生長(zhǎng)或旋渦狀生長(zhǎng)。通過研究MSCs生長(zhǎng)曲線圖發(fā)現(xiàn),貼壁培養(yǎng)3~5d細(xì)胞處于對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期,細(xì)胞增殖速度快。對(duì)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)周期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),80%以上的細(xì)胞處于G0/G1期,S期占43%,G2期占102%,這說明大部分細(xì)胞處于靜止?fàn)顟B(tài),但仍保留自我更新和增殖能力,這符合干細(xì)胞的特性。流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),MSCs均表達(dá)CD73、CD105和HLA-ABC,不表達(dá)CD34、CD45和免疫相關(guān)表型HLA-DR,HLA-DR是引起免疫排斥反應(yīng)的主要因素,說明臍帶MSCs可能是免疫原性相對(duì)較弱的一類細(xì)胞,這和骨髓源的MSCs具有相似的形態(tài)和免疫表型[29],與國(guó)際定義的MSCs標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相一致[30]。有報(bào)道稱,骨髓MSCs高表達(dá)CD106[31],推測(cè)低表達(dá)CD106有可能是外周來源MSCs與骨髓來源MSCs的鑒別點(diǎn)之一。

總之,本實(shí)驗(yàn)從人臍帶中消化分離得到大量的MSCs,且最佳消化時(shí)間為5h,體外易于培養(yǎng)擴(kuò)增,增殖能力強(qiáng),臍帶MSCs病毒感染機(jī)會(huì)小,對(duì)供者和患者無不良影響,因此有望成為組織工程研究的種子細(xì)胞和臨床應(yīng)用良好的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞來源。

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[20]Mark L. Weiss,Deryl L. Troyer.Stem cells in the umbilical cord[J].Stem Cell Rev,2006,2(2):155-162.

[21]盧兆桐,李福泉.臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分離培養(yǎng)及其定向分化研究[J].中華實(shí)驗(yàn)外科雜志,2012,29(8):1630.

[22]哈承志,王大偉. 臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞在骨組織工程中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展[J]. 中國(guó)組織工程研究,2012,16(1):158-162.

[23]扈江偉,張顥,徐曼,等. 臍帶全層源間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分離培養(yǎng)及向成軟骨細(xì)胞分化的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J].創(chuàng)傷外科雜志,2012,14(6):531-534.

[24]Wang HS,Hung SC,Peng ST,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells in the Whartons jelly of the human umbilical cord[J].Stem Cells,2004,22(7):1330-1337.

[25]SASAKI E,HANAZAWA K,KURITA R,et al.Establishment of novel embryonic stem cell lines derived from the common marmoset (Callithrixjacehus) [J].Stem Cells,2005,23(9):1304.

[26]Erices A,Conget P,Minguell J J.Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood[J].Br J Haematol,2000,109(1):235-242.

[27]Mohyeddin Bonab MA,Alimoghaddam K A,Goliaei Z A,et al.Which factors can affect cord blood variables[J].Transfusion,2004,44(5):690-693.

[28]XU Qian,ZHAO Lian-san,WANG Li-chun,et al.Exploration of Isolation and Culture of Human Umibilical Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells[J].West China Hospital,2005,20(2):285-287.

[29]In,t Ankera P S,Noortb W A,Kruisselbrinkb A B,et al.Nonexpanded Primary Lung and Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Cells Promote the Engraftment of Umbilical Cord Bloodderived CD34+ Cells in NOD/SCID Mice[J].Experimental Hematology,2003,31:881-889.

[30]Dominici M,Le Blanc K,Mueller I,et,al.Minimal criteriafor defining multipotent mesenchymal cells.The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement[J].Cytotherapy,2006,8(4):315-317.

[31]呂璐璐,宋永平,魏旭東,等.人臍帶和骨髓源間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞生物學(xué)特征的對(duì)比研究[J].中國(guó)實(shí)驗(yàn)血液學(xué)雜志,2008,16(1):140-146.

[18]蔣潔,譚燦,肖玲,等.臍帶沃頓膠間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的分離培養(yǎng)及其誘導(dǎo)分化[J]. 中國(guó)組織工程研究與臨床康復(fù),2010,14(10),1734-1738.

[19]FU Y S,CHENG Y C,LIN M Y,et a1.Conversion of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in Wharton,s jelly to dopaminergic neurons in vitro:potential therapeutic application for Parkinsonism[J].Stem Cells,2006,24(1):115-124.

[20]Mark L. Weiss,Deryl L. Troyer.Stem cells in the umbilical cord[J].Stem Cell Rev,2006,2(2):155-162.

[21]盧兆桐,李福泉.臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分離培養(yǎng)及其定向分化研究[J].中華實(shí)驗(yàn)外科雜志,2012,29(8):1630.

[22]哈承志,王大偉. 臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞在骨組織工程中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展[J]. 中國(guó)組織工程研究,2012,16(1):158-162.

[23]扈江偉,張顥,徐曼,等. 臍帶全層源間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分離培養(yǎng)及向成軟骨細(xì)胞分化的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J].創(chuàng)傷外科雜志,2012,14(6):531-534.

[24]Wang HS,Hung SC,Peng ST,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells in the Whartons jelly of the human umbilical cord[J].Stem Cells,2004,22(7):1330-1337.

[25]SASAKI E,HANAZAWA K,KURITA R,et al.Establishment of novel embryonic stem cell lines derived from the common marmoset (Callithrixjacehus) [J].Stem Cells,2005,23(9):1304.

[26]Erices A,Conget P,Minguell J J.Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood[J].Br J Haematol,2000,109(1):235-242.

[27]Mohyeddin Bonab MA,Alimoghaddam K A,Goliaei Z A,et al.Which factors can affect cord blood variables[J].Transfusion,2004,44(5):690-693.

[28]XU Qian,ZHAO Lian-san,WANG Li-chun,et al.Exploration of Isolation and Culture of Human Umibilical Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells[J].West China Hospital,2005,20(2):285-287.

[29]In,t Ankera P S,Noortb W A,Kruisselbrinkb A B,et al.Nonexpanded Primary Lung and Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Cells Promote the Engraftment of Umbilical Cord Bloodderived CD34+ Cells in NOD/SCID Mice[J].Experimental Hematology,2003,31:881-889.

[30]Dominici M,Le Blanc K,Mueller I,et,al.Minimal criteriafor defining multipotent mesenchymal cells.The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement[J].Cytotherapy,2006,8(4):315-317.

[31]呂璐璐,宋永平,魏旭東,等.人臍帶和骨髓源間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞生物學(xué)特征的對(duì)比研究[J].中國(guó)實(shí)驗(yàn)血液學(xué)雜志,2008,16(1):140-146.

[18]蔣潔,譚燦,肖玲,等.臍帶沃頓膠間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的分離培養(yǎng)及其誘導(dǎo)分化[J]. 中國(guó)組織工程研究與臨床康復(fù),2010,14(10),1734-1738.

[19]FU Y S,CHENG Y C,LIN M Y,et a1.Conversion of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in Wharton,s jelly to dopaminergic neurons in vitro:potential therapeutic application for Parkinsonism[J].Stem Cells,2006,24(1):115-124.

[20]Mark L. Weiss,Deryl L. Troyer.Stem cells in the umbilical cord[J].Stem Cell Rev,2006,2(2):155-162.

[21]盧兆桐,李福泉.臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分離培養(yǎng)及其定向分化研究[J].中華實(shí)驗(yàn)外科雜志,2012,29(8):1630.

[22]哈承志,王大偉. 臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞在骨組織工程中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展[J]. 中國(guó)組織工程研究,2012,16(1):158-162.

[23]扈江偉,張顥,徐曼,等. 臍帶全層源間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分離培養(yǎng)及向成軟骨細(xì)胞分化的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J].創(chuàng)傷外科雜志,2012,14(6):531-534.

[24]Wang HS,Hung SC,Peng ST,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells in the Whartons jelly of the human umbilical cord[J].Stem Cells,2004,22(7):1330-1337.

[25]SASAKI E,HANAZAWA K,KURITA R,et al.Establishment of novel embryonic stem cell lines derived from the common marmoset (Callithrixjacehus) [J].Stem Cells,2005,23(9):1304.

[26]Erices A,Conget P,Minguell J J.Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood[J].Br J Haematol,2000,109(1):235-242.

[27]Mohyeddin Bonab MA,Alimoghaddam K A,Goliaei Z A,et al.Which factors can affect cord blood variables[J].Transfusion,2004,44(5):690-693.

[28]XU Qian,ZHAO Lian-san,WANG Li-chun,et al.Exploration of Isolation and Culture of Human Umibilical Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells[J].West China Hospital,2005,20(2):285-287.

[29]In,t Ankera P S,Noortb W A,Kruisselbrinkb A B,et al.Nonexpanded Primary Lung and Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Cells Promote the Engraftment of Umbilical Cord Bloodderived CD34+ Cells in NOD/SCID Mice[J].Experimental Hematology,2003,31:881-889.

[30]Dominici M,Le Blanc K,Mueller I,et,al.Minimal criteriafor defining multipotent mesenchymal cells.The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement[J].Cytotherapy,2006,8(4):315-317.

[31]呂璐璐,宋永平,魏旭東,等.人臍帶和骨髓源間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞生物學(xué)特征的對(duì)比研究[J].中國(guó)實(shí)驗(yàn)血液學(xué)雜志,2008,16(1):140-146.

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