趙柏雄 田衍平 蔡其燕 李紅麗*
(1第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)學(xué)員旅四營(yíng),2組織學(xué)與胚胎學(xué)教研室、發(fā)育生物學(xué)教研室,重慶400038)
少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(Oligodendrocytes,OLs)的發(fā)育具有明顯的階段性,其中晚期少突膠質(zhì)前體細(xì)胞對(duì)缺血缺氧損傷非常敏感[1],極易發(fā)生損傷乃至凋亡阻礙髓鞘的發(fā)育成熟,這也被認(rèn)為是新生兒腦白質(zhì)軟化癥發(fā)生的主要病理基礎(chǔ)[2,3]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)缺血缺氧損傷會(huì)導(dǎo)致氯離子(chloride,Cl-)通道的過(guò)度開(kāi)放,影響細(xì)胞的各種生理活動(dòng)[4]。電壓門控Cl-通道2型(ClC2)主要參與發(fā)育中細(xì)胞的容積和滲透壓調(diào)節(jié),尤其在細(xì)胞損傷早期常與凋亡性細(xì)胞皺縮(AVD)密切相關(guān),對(duì)早期凋亡有重要影響[5]。研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)在缺血再灌注損傷的心肌細(xì)胞中Cl-通道將大幅度增加開(kāi)放[6];4,4-二異硫氰基芪-2,2'-二磺酸(4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid,DIDS)可以減輕 Cl-通道的過(guò)度開(kāi)放,抑制心肌細(xì)胞被誘導(dǎo)的AVD,將啟動(dòng)凋亡的細(xì)胞從細(xì)胞凋亡中拯救回來(lái)[7,8],表明阻斷Cl-通道可以保護(hù)缺血再灌注損傷后的心肌細(xì)胞。因此DIDS也被認(rèn)為是潛在的缺血缺氧保護(hù)劑而受到廣泛關(guān)注,開(kāi)始在全身展開(kāi)廣泛研究,有報(bào)道稱在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)元中得到了相似的結(jié)論[9],但在腦白質(zhì)區(qū)OLs中作用如何,尚未得到確認(rèn)。DIDS的缺血缺氧損傷保護(hù)機(jī)制極有可能是參與了細(xì)胞抗氧化系統(tǒng)的平衡調(diào)控。OLs中存在著一套比心肌細(xì)胞更完善的抗氧化系統(tǒng),可以防御缺血缺氧帶來(lái)的損傷,但氧自由基清除能力的下降、炎性因子的毒性作用[10]以及代謝途徑的改變等都會(huì)阻礙抗氧化系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育并破壞原有抗氧化系統(tǒng)的平衡從而導(dǎo)致OL受損、凋亡。本文旨在探討Cl-通道在缺血缺氧導(dǎo)致的OLs損傷中的作用,明確DIDS對(duì)OLs缺血缺氧性損傷的保護(hù)效應(yīng),并尋找合適的給藥時(shí)間。
清潔級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)健康3-5日齡新生Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠30只(雌雄不限),體重(body weight,BW)為7±2g,第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供。慢性腦缺血缺氧模型采用改良Levine法建立,新生3-5日齡SD大鼠常規(guī)手術(shù)消毒頸部皮膚,行頸部正中切口約5-8mm,游離雙側(cè)頸總動(dòng)脈并結(jié)扎,縫合皮膚后送入新生大鼠缺氧缸,置于8%低氧濃度和36-37℃環(huán)境溫度下2h后取出,送回母鼠身邊繼續(xù)哺乳。按實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)間點(diǎn)取材。
共分為5組:假手術(shù)組、缺血缺氧損傷組、缺血缺氧后1h應(yīng)用DIDS治療組、缺血缺氧后6h應(yīng)用DIDS治療組、預(yù)用DIDS 2h后缺血缺氧損傷組。DIDS(sigma公司)采用腹腔注射法,用量為5mg/kg體重。
分別于缺血缺氧手術(shù)后1d、3d、7d時(shí)處死大鼠,取腦白質(zhì)組織,分別制成細(xì)胞懸液,提取蛋白、提取總RNA,以及固定組織標(biāo)本進(jìn)行石蠟包埋,切片厚20μm。
按總RNA提取試劑盒的說(shuō)明,采用一步法提取RNA,用分光光度計(jì)檢測(cè),并經(jīng)1.0%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳70V,1h鑒定,28s、18s條帶清晰可見(jiàn),無(wú)明顯降解,將樣品置于-80℃冰箱保存。按照試劑盒操作說(shuō)明合成cDNA第一鏈,然后進(jìn)行PCR 30個(gè)循環(huán)(94℃30s,54℃退火30s,72℃45s,72℃延伸5min)。PCR反應(yīng)結(jié)束后,以1.0%的瓊脂糖進(jìn)行DNA凝膠電泳:90V,30min。在紫外燈下觀察電泳條帶并照相。以Gel-Doc1000凝膠成像系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行灰度掃描,檢測(cè)電泳條帶光密度值,以β-actin作內(nèi)參校正,以實(shí)現(xiàn)結(jié)果的半定量分析。其中引物序列如下:ClC2 引 物 上 游 序 列:5′-AGA CAA TCC CTA CAC CCT TCA A-3′,下游序 列:5′-TGT CGG TAG AAC ACC TTG TCA C-3′;TNF-α引物上游序列:5′-TGT GCC TCA GCC TCT TCT CAT-3′,下游序列:5′-ACC ACC AGT TGG TTG TCT TTG A-3′;iNOS 引 物 上 游 序 列:5′-TTG GAG CGA GTT GTG GAT TGT-3′,下游序列:5′-CGT TGT ACT CTG AGG GCT GAC A-3′;βactin引物上游序列:5′-GAG ACC TTC AAC ACC CCA GCC-3′,下游序列:5′-TCG GGG GAT CGG AAC CGC TCA-3′。
將所取腦白質(zhì)組織研磨成勻漿,測(cè)定樣品中蛋白濃度后,用十二烷基硫酸鈉緩沖液與蛋白樣品等體積混合,置于水浴鍋中恒溫變性。將變性處理過(guò)的蛋白樣品加入濃縮膠中,每孔加蛋白20μg進(jìn)行電泳,電壓90V。蛋白進(jìn)入分離膠后,將電壓調(diào)至120V。電泳結(jié)束后,將分離膠上的蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜上。轉(zhuǎn)膜條件:恒定電流150mA,轉(zhuǎn)移90 min。轉(zhuǎn)膜結(jié)束后將膜放入封閉液中封閉。封閉結(jié)束后膜上蛋白分別依次與ClC2及caspase-3一抗、二抗結(jié)合,一抗結(jié)合過(guò)夜,二抗結(jié)合1h。二抗結(jié)合結(jié)束后,在膜上加ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光底物,反應(yīng)5min后于暗室內(nèi)將膠片置于轉(zhuǎn)移膜上曝光,顯影、定影后以凝膠成像系統(tǒng)分析結(jié)果。
切片經(jīng)0.01mol/L PBS充分洗滌后置于3%H2O2去離子水孵育5-10min阻斷內(nèi)源性過(guò)氧化酶,滴加抗體[兔來(lái)源ClC2(1:1000)],4℃冰箱過(guò)夜,PBS液沖洗,2min 3次。滴加二抗[抗兔IgG(1∶200)] ,室溫孵育20-30min,PBS液沖洗,2 min 3次。DAB顯色,梯度乙醇脫水,二甲苯透明,中性樹(shù)膠封片,光鏡觀察。熒光染色技術(shù)中滴加抗體為[兔來(lái)源 ClC2 (1:1000)、鼠來(lái)源caspase-3(1:500)],熒光二抗為[抗兔IgG (1∶200)、抗鼠IgG(1∶200)],Dako封片后熒光顯微鏡下觀察。
取1ml蛋白提取液,依據(jù)活性氧檢測(cè)試劑盒說(shuō)明加入DCFH-DA 1μl,37℃避光孵育30min,加入1μl Rosup陽(yáng)性對(duì)照刺激細(xì)胞,25min后以525nm激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)于分光光度計(jì)下讀數(shù)。
分離的細(xì)胞約1x106,離心沉淀后用0.3ml含10%小牛血清的PBS懸浮,移入1.5ml EP管中,加入0.7ml無(wú)水乙醇,置-20℃下固定細(xì)胞24h以上,3000rpm離心細(xì)胞30s,吸棄上清,用1ml PBS重懸細(xì)胞,再離心洗滌細(xì)胞一次,吸棄上清,沉淀細(xì)胞用100μl 1mg/ml RNase A 懸浮,37℃30min,再加入400μl 50μg/ml PI,置暗處10min后上機(jī)檢測(cè)。
將冰凍切片裱在已包被的載玻片上,37℃烤片2h,LFB染液,37℃孵育過(guò)夜,95%乙醇洗去多余染液,蒸餾水漂洗,0.05%Li2CO3溶液分色10s,70%乙醇繼續(xù)分色1min,蒸餾水反復(fù)漂洗,直至灰質(zhì)與白質(zhì)有鮮明對(duì)比,80%、95%、100%乙醇梯度脫水各10min,二甲苯透明15min,中性樹(shù)膠封片。
采用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料均進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn)。多組樣本均數(shù)比較進(jìn)行方差齊性檢驗(yàn),組間比較采用單因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),方差齊性者兩兩比較采用LSD法,方差不齊者進(jìn)行Dunnet’t檢驗(yàn);均以P<0.05為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P>0.05為無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1.缺血缺氧損傷對(duì)ClC2mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)的影響
缺血缺氧損傷1d后,ClC2mRNA表達(dá)較假手術(shù)組明顯增強(qiáng)(P<0.01),且在3d,7d后 ClC2 mRNA表達(dá)仍呈上升趨勢(shì)(見(jiàn)圖1)。缺血缺氧1h和6h后使用DIDS治療組,ClC2mRNA表達(dá)均較缺血缺氧組明顯降低,其中術(shù)后1h應(yīng)用DIDS組降低最為顯著(P<0.01)。術(shù)后3d,預(yù)用DIDS 2h后缺血缺氧損傷組ClC2mRNA表達(dá)與單純?nèi)毖毖鯎p傷組未見(jiàn)變化,而術(shù)后1h應(yīng)用DIDS對(duì)ClC2表達(dá)影響較大(P<0.01)(見(jiàn)圖2)。
Western blot檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),缺血缺氧組較假手術(shù)組ClC2蛋白表達(dá)顯著增加(P<0.01),術(shù)后1h應(yīng)用DIDS可以明顯抑制ClC2蛋白的表達(dá)(P<0.05)(見(jiàn)圖3)。
圖1 缺血缺氧術(shù)后腦白質(zhì)中ClC2mRNA表達(dá)變化1.sham operation group;2.hypoxic-ischemic damage group-1d;3.hypoxic-ischemic damage group-3d;4.hypoxicischemic damage group-7d;Note:compared with sham operation group,**P<0.01 Fig.1ClC-2mRNA expression changes in cerebral white matter after hypoxic-ischemic injury.
1.假手術(shù)組;2.缺血缺氧組1d;3.缺血缺氧組3d;4.缺血缺氧組7d;
圖2 缺血缺氧處理及應(yīng)用DIDS后ClC2mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量1.sham-operation group.2.ischemic and hypoxia group.3.a(chǎn)dministration of DIDS at 1hafter injury.4.a(chǎn)dministration of DIDS at 6hafter injury.5.a(chǎn)dministration of DIDS at 2hbefore injury.Note:compared with sham operation group,*P<0.05,**P<0.01Fig.2ClC-2mRNA relative expression changes in cerebral white matter before and after hypoxic-ischemic injury.
圖3 缺血缺氧處理及應(yīng)用DIDS后ClC2蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量1.sham-operation group.2.ischemic and hypoxia group.3.a(chǎn)dministration of DIDS at 1hafter injury.Note:compared with sham operation group,**P<0.01;compared with ischemic and hypoxia group,#P<0.05 Fig.3ClC-2protein relative expression changes after hypoxic-ischemic injury.
活性氧濃度在缺血缺氧組術(shù)后1d較假手術(shù)組顯著升高(P<0.01),且術(shù)后1h應(yīng)用DIDS后活性氧濃度大幅回落(P<0.05),術(shù)后6h應(yīng)用DIDS組也有不同程度的活性氧濃度降低(P<0.05)。術(shù)后3d檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,缺血缺氧組比假手術(shù)組仍增高(P<0.01);術(shù)后1h應(yīng)用DIDS組較缺血缺氧組則呈明顯降低(P<0.05)。術(shù)后7d檢測(cè)僅缺血缺氧組較假手術(shù)組升高,有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差別意義(P<0.05),其余各組未見(jiàn)差異(見(jiàn)圖4)。
細(xì)胞炎性因子iNOS、TNF-α的mRNA檢測(cè)顯示:在術(shù)后3d,缺血缺氧組明顯高于假手術(shù)組(P<0.01),術(shù)后1h應(yīng)用DIDS、術(shù)后6h應(yīng)用DIDS以及提前2h預(yù)用DIDS均能夠使iNOS、TNF-αmRNA表達(dá)降低,其中以術(shù)后1h應(yīng)用DIDS組作用最為明顯(見(jiàn)圖5)。與缺血缺氧組相比#P<0.05,##P<0.01。
圖4 各組術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)內(nèi)腦白質(zhì)活性氧濃度檢測(cè)1.sham-operation group.2.ischemic and hypoxia group.3.a(chǎn)dministration of DIDS at 1hafter injury.4.a(chǎn)dministration of DIDS at 6hafter injury.5.a(chǎn)dministration of DIDS at 2hbefore injury.Note:compared with sham operation group,*P<0.05,**P<0.01;compared with ischemic and hypoxia group,#P<0.05,##P<0.01Fig.4The changes of active oxygen in cerebral white matter of each group at different time points after hypoxic-ischemic injury.
圖5 各組術(shù)后3d腦白質(zhì)中炎性因子mRNA表達(dá)量1.sham-operation group.2.ischemic and hypoxia group.3.a(chǎn)dministration of DIDS at 1hafter injury.4.a(chǎn)dministration of DIDS at 6hafter injury.5.a(chǎn)dministration of DIDS at 2hbefore injury.Note:compared with sham operation group,*P<0.05,**P<0.01;compared with ischemic and hypoxia group,#P<0.05,##P<0.01Fig.5The changes of inflammatory factor mRNA expression by RT-PCR in cerebral white matter of each group after 3days of hypoxic-ischemic injury.
在術(shù)后3d,正常大鼠腦白質(zhì)盧卡斯快藍(lán)染色應(yīng)呈明顯的藍(lán)色均染,與白質(zhì)外組織界限清晰。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示缺血缺氧組染色淺淡,平均光密度值較假手術(shù)組有明顯下降,藍(lán)染區(qū)域明顯縮小。術(shù)后1h應(yīng)用DIDS組平均光密度值,較缺血缺氧組有較大回升,但仍低于假手術(shù)組(見(jiàn)圖6)。
圖6 盧卡斯快藍(lán)染色檢測(cè)缺血缺氧對(duì)大鼠髓鞘發(fā)育的影響A、B.sham-operation group;C、D.ischemic and hypoxia group;E、F.a(chǎn)dministration of DIDS at 1hafter injury;1.shamoperation group;2.ischemic and hypoxia group;3.a(chǎn)dministration of DIDS at 1hafter injuryNote:compared with sham operation group,**P<0.01;compared with ischemic and hypoxia group,#P<0.05Fig.6The changes of myelin development by myelin specific staining after hypoxic-ischemic injury.
免疫熒光染色中紅色熒光標(biāo)記caspase-3,分布于胞漿,綠色熒光標(biāo)記ClC2,分布于胞核與胞漿,雙標(biāo)記細(xì)胞呈黃色。結(jié)果顯示術(shù)后3d缺血缺氧組胼胝體等區(qū)caspase-3及ClC2特異性標(biāo)記陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞比例均較假手術(shù)組顯著升高(P<0.01),提示凋亡細(xì)胞增加且與ClC2相關(guān)。術(shù)后1h應(yīng)用DIDS能夠減輕缺血缺氧所帶來(lái)的細(xì)胞凋亡途徑的激活,效果顯著(P<0.01)(見(jiàn)圖7)。
A、B、C.假手術(shù)組;D、E、F.缺血缺氧組;G、H、I.術(shù)后1h用DIDS組;1.假手術(shù)組;2.缺血缺氧組;3.術(shù)后1h用DIDS組注:與假手術(shù)組相比 **P<0.01;與缺血缺氧組相比 #P<0.05,##P<0.01。圖7 免疫組織化學(xué)熒光檢測(cè)缺血缺氧對(duì)胼胝體caspase-3及ClC2蛋白表達(dá)的影響A、B、C.sham-operation group;D、E、F.ischemic and hypoxia group;G、H、I.a(chǎn)dministration of DIDS at 1hafter injury;1.sham-operation group;2.ischemic and hypoxia group;3.a(chǎn)dministration of DIDS at 1hafter injuryNote:compared with sham operation group,**P<0.01;compared with ischemic and hypoxia group,#P<0.05,##P<0.01Fig.7The changes of the number of double labeled by caspase-3and CLC2positive cells after hypoxic-ischemic injury.
Cl-通道是哺乳動(dòng)物體內(nèi)能夠轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)Cl-及少數(shù)其他陰離子的通道蛋白,通常被認(rèn)為是陰離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的代表,參與各種復(fù)雜的生理代謝過(guò)程[11]。最新的研究表明Cl-通道阻斷劑在保護(hù)心肌細(xì)胞缺血再灌注損傷中有重要作用,但未得到全身各器官組織細(xì)胞的廣泛驗(yàn)證,尤其是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。缺血缺氧這一常見(jiàn)的病理?yè)p傷會(huì)帶來(lái)諸如細(xì)胞凋亡等極其嚴(yán)重的后果。OLs在未成熟期作為缺血缺氧敏感性細(xì)胞,盡管其自身存在一套抗氧化系統(tǒng),但胞膜含有豐富的脂質(zhì)、胞內(nèi)含有豐富的鐵和較少的抗氧化酶等因素均決定了其容易受到氧化應(yīng)激損傷的特點(diǎn)[12]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示缺血缺氧后腦白質(zhì)區(qū)ClC2表達(dá)增強(qiáng),凋亡細(xì)胞比例大幅上升,阻礙髓鞘正常發(fā)育。及時(shí)應(yīng)用DIDS后,能夠大幅緩解缺血缺氧帶來(lái)的各項(xiàng)生理改變。證明Cl-通道阻斷劑在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)OLs中也有明顯的缺血缺氧保護(hù)作用。
抗氧化系統(tǒng)的失衡最明顯的表現(xiàn)就是細(xì)胞內(nèi)氧化性物質(zhì)濃度的升高,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)缺血缺氧損傷后腦白質(zhì)區(qū)細(xì)胞中活性氧濃度大幅升高。高濃度的活性氧對(duì)OLs來(lái)說(shuō)有明顯的細(xì)胞毒性作用,將導(dǎo)致線粒體膜通透性轉(zhuǎn)換孔過(guò)度開(kāi)放,使胞膜通透性增加,引起促凋亡蛋白如細(xì)胞色素C或凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子的釋放,細(xì)胞色素C通過(guò)觸發(fā)Caspase級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)引起繼發(fā)性核酸內(nèi)切酶的活化來(lái)觸發(fā)凋亡[13,14]。且在活體細(xì)胞中活性氧的主要目標(biāo)之一就是線粒體,這將導(dǎo)致線粒體的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的損傷[15]。
此外,有實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),DIDS的缺血缺氧損傷保護(hù)作用是通過(guò)降低炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)實(shí)現(xiàn)的[16]。感染或炎癥作用于OLs也可產(chǎn)生一系列改變,導(dǎo)致毒性產(chǎn)物的分泌,尤其氧化/抗氧化狀態(tài)及活化OLs釋放細(xì)胞因子IL-1、TNF-α、INF-γ,均可打破 OLs抗氧化系統(tǒng)的平衡[17]。INF-γ對(duì)OLs前體有直接的損傷作用,而OL前體細(xì)胞膜上恰恰表達(dá)有INF-γ的受體,并且TNF-α可輔助INF-γ對(duì)OLs前體細(xì)胞的損傷作用[18]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)缺血缺氧后腦白質(zhì)細(xì)胞中 TNF-α、iNOS mRNA表達(dá)明顯升高,證明炎性因子在缺血缺氧損傷中有重要作用。
凋亡是抗氧化系統(tǒng)失衡的一個(gè)嚴(yán)重后果之一,也是可以觀察到的氧化損傷的較為直觀的指標(biāo)之一。氧化損傷后的OLs主要病理改變?yōu)榈蛲觯?9]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示缺血缺氧將導(dǎo)致腦白質(zhì)區(qū)OLs凋亡比例大幅升高,影響髓鞘的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。近期,Y.Okada等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)阻斷 Cl-通道可抑制早期凋亡的激活從而抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,也可保護(hù)缺血缺氧損傷后的心肌細(xì)胞。凋亡這一現(xiàn)象在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育期間以及許多神經(jīng)退行性疾病如腦中風(fēng)、腦創(chuàng)傷、Alzhehaer’s病、Parkinson’s病、Huntington’s病等的病理性神經(jīng)細(xì)胞死亡中都有重要作用[21]。且Pamenter ME等[22]認(rèn)為DIDS能夠保護(hù)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的包膜完整性,提高細(xì)胞存活率,研究人員在一氧化氮誘導(dǎo)的大鼠海馬神經(jīng)元凋亡實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)Cl-通道參與了在體腦缺血以及離體缺氧/復(fù)氧誘導(dǎo)的海馬神經(jīng)元的凋亡,提示其在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)細(xì)胞缺血缺氧性凋亡過(guò)程中也有重要作用。Blanz J等[23]敲除小鼠ClC2基因,可以觀察到隨著小鼠年齡的增長(zhǎng),在髓鞘形成階段,腦和脊髓白質(zhì)出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重的進(jìn)行性海綿狀空泡變性。提示Cl-通道對(duì)于OLs的發(fā)育及正常功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)具有重要作用。
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,缺血缺氧將會(huì)誘導(dǎo)發(fā)生新生大鼠腦白質(zhì)區(qū)炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)OLs的凋亡壞死,影響髓鞘正常發(fā)育。及時(shí)在缺血缺氧損傷后1h應(yīng)用DIDS,細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧、炎性因子等濃度將大幅下降,明顯低于缺血缺氧組,可以起到顯著的缺血缺氧損傷保護(hù)作用,且在分子、蛋白和細(xì)胞水平均得到驗(yàn)證。缺血缺氧損傷后6h應(yīng)用DIDS后的細(xì)胞保護(hù)作用將有所下降,但仍然有一定作用。提前2h應(yīng)用DIDS與缺血缺氧組各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。進(jìn)一步表明DIDS是通過(guò)阻斷缺血缺氧后Cl-通道的開(kāi)放而發(fā)揮其作用的,但是是否存在其他作用機(jī)制仍有待更深入的研究。
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