李滿江 王智勇 張志強
(山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院骨關(guān)節(jié)科,太原030001)
血清降鈣素原在診斷關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后早期感染的臨床意義
李滿江 王智勇 張志強
(山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院骨關(guān)節(jié)科,太原030001)
隨著關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)在臨床中不斷開展,其治療效果也越來越獲得肯定,但是仍然存在較多可引起關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)失敗的因素。感染作為手術(shù)失敗的災(zāi)難性因素之一越來越受到重視。關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后感染的患者常常需要長期抗生素治療或二期翻修手術(shù)等,感染控制不佳時甚至需要進行關(guān)節(jié)融合或截肢術(shù)[1],在診治過程中給患者及臨床醫(yī)師帶來很大壓力。因此,如何盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后早期感染具有重要的意義[2]。
Tsukayama等[3]將關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的感染分為4個時期:①術(shù)中培養(yǎng)為陽性:為引起無菌性松動的首要原因,但僅在術(shù)中培養(yǎng)為陽性,其余實驗室指標(biāo)為陰性,在術(shù)中發(fā)生率極低;②術(shù)后的早期感染:于初次關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后4周內(nèi)發(fā)生,分為切口淺表感染和深部的感染;③晚期的慢性感染:此感染期臨床癥狀不典型,往往發(fā)生在初次關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后4周以后,是導(dǎo)致反復(fù)疼痛及功能受限的最主要原因;④急性的血緣性感染:此期的表現(xiàn)為患肢關(guān)節(jié)紅腫及熱痛甚至產(chǎn)生大量的滲液,往往發(fā)生在初次關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的48 h之內(nèi)。大量的臨床研究表明:只要及時有效地采取治療措施,人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后早期階段的感染的控制率可高達到88%[4],在一定程度上假體是可以保留的 。而 另一 些研 究認(rèn) 為感 染的 控制 率僅 有27%[5]。導(dǎo)致這么大的差異原因可能是:一,不同的手術(shù)醫(yī)師具有不同的清創(chuàng)技術(shù);二,在早期感染診斷方面沒有一致的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這也可能為最主要的原因[6]。由于培養(yǎng)周期長且培養(yǎng)陽性率低,細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)并沒有被納入診斷關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后早期感染的一個指標(biāo)。雖然Kim等[7]提出關(guān)節(jié)液白細(xì)胞計數(shù)、C反應(yīng)蛋白、紅細(xì)胞沉降率等相關(guān)實驗室指標(biāo)對診斷關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后早期感染的陽性率有一定程度的提高,但由于關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后無菌性炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征的存在[8],使得檢測感染的血清學(xué)指標(biāo)如C反應(yīng)蛋白、紅細(xì)胞沉降率等也常常升高,因此單獨依靠這些指標(biāo)區(qū)分早期術(shù)后感染和假體松動仍然困難[9]。Glehr等[10]同樣提出:雖然紅細(xì)胞沉降率、關(guān)節(jié)液白細(xì)胞計數(shù)及C反應(yīng)蛋白在診斷關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后早期感染有所幫助,但這些指標(biāo)易受到肥胖、免疫疾病、胰島素抵抗、吸煙等因素的影響。甚至早在1988年就存在一部分學(xué)者質(zhì)疑關(guān)節(jié)液細(xì)胞計數(shù)、紅細(xì)胞沉降率和C反應(yīng)蛋白的診斷率,從他們的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn):因無菌性松動而行的翻修手術(shù)中這幾項實驗室指標(biāo)水平也有所升高,但并不能表明存在感染[11],而低度感染中紅細(xì)胞沉降率和血液白細(xì)胞計數(shù)有時保持在正常水平[12],與此同時,Li等[13]的臨床研究證實在感染的關(guān)節(jié)中關(guān)節(jié)液白細(xì)胞計數(shù)很難能達到診斷感染指標(biāo)的臨界值。這些傳統(tǒng)的指標(biāo)對于診斷人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后早期感染還存在明顯不足,單單依靠傳統(tǒng)指標(biāo)可能會導(dǎo)致不必要甚至不合適的手術(shù)(如不合時宜的取出假體或取出骨水泥)[14]。因此,尋找更為可靠的實驗室指標(biāo)對診斷關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后早期感染是非常必要和急切的。
降鈣素原(PCT)作為降鈣素的前體,由116個氨基酸構(gòu)成,在生理狀態(tài)下由甲狀腺C細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,經(jīng)過人體新陳代謝后最終產(chǎn)物為成熟的降鈣素、氨基降鈣素原和鈣抑肽。一般情況下,正常人的血清中降鈣素原水平很低[15],當(dāng)存在細(xì)菌感染時,TNF和IL-6的刺激作用使血清降鈣素原成倍增加[16]。許多學(xué)者已證實通過對血清降鈣素原的檢測能提高細(xì)菌感染和膿毒血癥的診斷率,尤其在鑒別細(xì)菌性感染還是病毒性感染時更有意義[17-19]。Bouaicha[16]對31例行初次關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的患者(女12例,男19例,平均年齡67歲)進行研究,結(jié)果顯示PCT在術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)迅速升高 ,一 般 情況 下 ,于 術(shù) 后第2天 達到 峰 值0.28 μg/L(95%可信區(qū)間:0.12~0.45);在未發(fā)生感染時,從手術(shù)結(jié)束到檢測水平回落到正常,PCT所需平均時間小于5 d。而C反應(yīng)蛋白所需平均時間小于21 d,紅細(xì)胞沉降率所需平均時間小于42 d[20],因此PCT比C反應(yīng)蛋白和紅細(xì)胞沉降率能更早期反映關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后感染情況。Bottner等[21]對78例關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后感染患者(男47例,女17例)進行研究證實:初次行人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的患者中,當(dāng)術(shù)后早期血清C反應(yīng)蛋白、紅細(xì)胞沉降率、IL-6水平都升高情況下,進一步檢測血清降鈣素原對于診斷關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后早期感染是有幫助作用的。Glehr等[13]通過分析84例行翻修手術(shù)的患者血清相關(guān)生物學(xué)指標(biāo)證實:當(dāng)不能確定是否存在關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后感染時,與傳統(tǒng)的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物如血沉、C反應(yīng)蛋白及白細(xì)胞計數(shù)相比,血清降鈣素原對關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后感染的診斷更有價值。當(dāng)發(fā)生關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后早期感染時,降鈣素原波動范圍較大,不同臨界值時,其 敏 感 性和特異性變化較 大 。 當(dāng)以0.055 ng/ml作為臨界值時,生物標(biāo)記的敏感性是81%,特異性是54%;當(dāng)以0.75 ng/ml作為臨界值時,生物標(biāo)記物的敏感性為48%,特異性為100%。Hugle等[22]通過對關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后感染患者進行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)降鈣素原臨界值為0.1 ng/ml時,其敏感性為89%,而特異性僅為35%。最終,Hugle等建議0.25 ng/ml為最佳臨界值,此時敏感性為90%,特異性為80%。然而對于上述觀點存在 不 同的看法,Worthington等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)對 于鑒別由局部感染因素還是非感染因素引起的關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后假體松動,檢測血清降鈣素是沒有價值的。有研究同樣發(fā)現(xiàn),降鈣素原對于診斷諸如關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的局部感染作用不大,而在診斷全身性及系統(tǒng)性感染或膿毒血癥時有重要意義[24,25]。此外,Hunziker等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn),相對于其他微生物學(xué)指標(biāo),降鈣素原更加有助于鑒別矯形外科手術(shù)后是感染因素還是非感染性因素引起的發(fā)熱。另有一些學(xué)者證實:與血清C反應(yīng)蛋白、血沉、白細(xì)胞計數(shù)相比,血清降鈣素原在診斷早期心臟手術(shù)后感染、消化道手術(shù)后感染具有更高的準(zhǔn)確性[27-30]。
迄今,還不存在一種單一的能確診關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后感染的實驗室檢測指標(biāo),但是,如果關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后血清降鈣素原持續(xù)升高,就應(yīng)該考慮到關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后感染的可能性,并結(jié)合其他化驗結(jié)果、癥狀及體征及進行診斷,盡早采取治療措施。降鈣素原的優(yōu)越性在于:在非感染情況下,術(shù)后很短時間內(nèi)血清中降鈣素原水平便回到正常,不受其他免疫因素影響。此外,還可根據(jù)血清中降鈣素原在一定時間內(nèi)的濃度變化來評估術(shù)后抗菌治療的效果。因此,血清降鈣素原對于關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后早期感染的診斷是一種有效的補充,可以作為指標(biāo)之一在臨床中推廣應(yīng)用。
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*通信作者:張志強,E-mail:13393430930@163.com