刻浩潤(rùn) 趙洪強(qiáng) 李為民
1.解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院,北京 100853;2.解放軍第三〇九醫(yī)院肝膽外科,北京 100091
Toll樣受體與急性膽管炎關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展
刻浩潤(rùn)1,2趙洪強(qiáng)1,2李為民2▲
1.解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院,北京 100853;2.解放軍第三〇九醫(yī)院肝膽外科,北京 100091
急性膽管炎(AC)是腹部外科中的常見疾患,其嚴(yán)重型(急性重癥膽管炎)具有發(fā)病兇險(xiǎn),預(yù)后不良的特點(diǎn)。膽管存在梗阻的基礎(chǔ)上并發(fā)腸道菌群易位、滋生是造成AC的最主要致病因素,而造成膽管感染的主要是革蘭氏陰性菌,如大腸埃希菌,其毒力主要體現(xiàn)在細(xì)菌外膜成分——脂多糖(LPS)上。LPS從細(xì)菌外膜釋放出來,通過誘導(dǎo)體內(nèi)單核/巨噬細(xì)胞合成并釋放多種炎癥介質(zhì)進(jìn)而參與免疫炎癥反應(yīng)。LPS主要通過Toll樣受體(TLR)來發(fā)揮致炎效應(yīng)。近年來有關(guān)TLR在AC發(fā)病過程中作用的研究得到了進(jìn)展,為理解AC的免疫病理過程提供了新的線索。
Toll樣受體;急性膽管炎;免疫病理
急性膽管炎(acute cholangitis,AC)是腹部外科常見疾患,革蘭氏陰性菌外膜成分——脂多糖(LPS)被認(rèn)為是誘導(dǎo)炎癥發(fā)生,造成疾病發(fā)生、發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素。隨著免疫學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,作為L(zhǎng)PS主要配體的Toll樣受體 (Toll like receptor,TLR)在AC發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中的作用得到關(guān)注。研究提示,TLR 在AC造成肝臟損傷的病理過程中起關(guān)鍵作用,其作用方式可能與其介導(dǎo)的LPS損毀膽管細(xì)胞緊密連接的過程有關(guān)。明確TLR在AC中的作用可為將來揭示AC的免疫病理提供新的線索。
AC是在膽管梗阻基礎(chǔ)上并發(fā)的細(xì)菌感染。感染往往不僅局限于膽管本身,還能夠播散全身,最終對(duì)其他臟器造成嚴(yán)重影響,尤其是肝臟。膽總管結(jié)石或者存在于膽管的膽囊結(jié)石是造成AC的最主要原因[1-2]。由于缺乏大宗病例流行病學(xué)調(diào)查,據(jù)估計(jì)世界范圍內(nèi)健康人群中有10%患有膽囊結(jié)石[3-4],有10%~20%的有癥狀的膽囊結(jié)石患者會(huì)并發(fā)膽總管結(jié)石[5-9],而在這類人群中有0.2%的患者可能出現(xiàn)AC的癥狀[10]。然而,上述只是從結(jié)石的角度去粗略估計(jì)AC的發(fā)生率,它并不能代表真正的發(fā)病率,因?yàn)檫€有其他誘因,例如原發(fā)性膽管結(jié)石、腫瘤和狹窄等沒有被考慮在內(nèi)。
1877年首次被描述的Charcot三聯(lián)征——腹痛、發(fā)熱、黃疸至今仍是臨床診斷AC的主要方法。大多數(shù)AC患者在應(yīng)用抗生素后癥狀會(huì)得到緩解,而最終治愈這類疾病往往還需疏通膽管阻塞[11]。盡管大部分患者在接受抗生素和膽管疏通治療后能夠痊愈,但研究顯示該疾病病死率仍高達(dá)10%[12-13]。
對(duì)于膽管形態(tài)及功能正常的健康個(gè)體來說,膽汁中是沒有細(xì)菌存在的,然而在病理情況下,細(xì)菌則可能通過壺腹(排石、乳頭括約肌切開術(shù)或支架置入術(shù)后)或門脈(菌血癥情況下細(xì)菌由肝血竇轉(zhuǎn)移至膽管)進(jìn)入膽管從而感染整個(gè)膽管系統(tǒng)[14-19]。對(duì)于健康個(gè)體來說,由于膽汁流動(dòng)所起到的沖刷作用以及膽汁中的抗菌成分(膽鹽和膽汁IgA),細(xì)菌的侵入并不一定意味著AC的發(fā)生,而這一情況如果發(fā)生在膽管存在梗阻的情況下,AC發(fā)生的概率就大大增高了,原因在于梗阻情況下的膽管影響了膽汁的流動(dòng)和IgA的產(chǎn)生,導(dǎo)致肝巨噬細(xì)胞功能以及膽管緊密連接受損,甚至引發(fā)膽管靜脈反流的發(fā)生[16,19-23]。正常的膽管內(nèi)壓力為7~14 cm H2O,而當(dāng)膽管壓力增加至>20 cm H2O時(shí)則能夠促使細(xì)菌逆行進(jìn)入循環(huán)系統(tǒng),從而造成全身反應(yīng)[14]。
造成AC最常見的病原體為革蘭氏陰性菌,如大腸埃希菌。嚴(yán)重的AC有可能進(jìn)一步發(fā)展成為膿毒血癥、系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征,甚至多器官功能障礙。研究認(rèn)為,誘導(dǎo)AC致命病理過程的最主要因素在于機(jī)體免疫細(xì)胞對(duì)細(xì)菌的非適應(yīng)性反應(yīng),而TLR是機(jī)體識(shí)別細(xì)菌毒力成分的主要受體家族之一,被認(rèn)為在AC發(fā)病過程中起關(guān)鍵作用。
對(duì)TLR的研究最早從果蠅開始。此后,研究不斷深入,迄今人們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了9種果蠅TLR(dTLR)和10種人TLR(hTLR),分別被命名為TRLl~10[24]。hTLR是與果蠅Toll蛋白具有同源性的表達(dá)于細(xì)胞膜上與免疫系統(tǒng)識(shí)別微生物有關(guān)的一類受體家族,能夠識(shí)別特定類型微生物的保守的分子成分,即病原體相關(guān)分子模式(pathogen-associatedmolecular patterns,PAMPs)。
人類的TLR蛋白屬于Ⅰ型跨膜蛋白,由胞外區(qū)、跨膜段和胞內(nèi)區(qū)3部分組成,其胞外區(qū)由18~31個(gè)富含亮氨酸的重復(fù)序列和半胱氨酸結(jié)構(gòu)(半胱氨酸殘基形成鏈內(nèi)二硫鍵襻)所組成,這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以加強(qiáng)蛋白質(zhì)之間的黏附,與病原體及其產(chǎn)物的特異性識(shí)別有關(guān)。胞內(nèi)段大約為200個(gè)氨基酸大小與人白介素-1受體(interleukin-1 receptor,IL-1R)胞質(zhì)區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)相似,稱為Toll樣受體/白介素-l同源結(jié)構(gòu)域(Toll/IL-1-receptor Homo-logous Region,TIR),是TLR和IL-1R向下游傳導(dǎo)信號(hào)的核心元件[25]。
TLR在淋巴組織和非淋巴組織均有表達(dá),但不同的TLR在不同的組織和細(xì)胞表達(dá)量有所不同。大多數(shù)TLR配體都?xì)w類于PAMPs,如細(xì)菌DNA中未甲基化的CpG基序和肽聚糖、革蘭氏陰性菌的LPS、革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌的磷壁酸(lipoteichoic acid,LTA)、RNA病毒的dsRNA,許多微生物和寄生蟲表面的以Man、ManNAc、GlcNAe、Fuc等為末端糖基的糖結(jié)構(gòu),支原體、螺旋體的膜脂蛋白、分枝桿菌的糖脂肽、脂阿拉伯甘露糖、酵母菌的甘露聚糖以及病毒的雙鏈DNA[26]。眾多研究結(jié)果表明,TLR對(duì)配體的識(shí)別需要其他蛋白的協(xié)同作用。CD14是一個(gè)在TLR的功能中起關(guān)鍵作用的蛋白質(zhì)分子。它主要有兩個(gè)作用:①接受血漿中的LPS結(jié)合蛋白(LPS-binding protein,LBP)呈遞的、由細(xì)菌表面脫落下來的LPS,形成的膜表面的LPS/CD14/ LBP復(fù)合物可活化LPS應(yīng)答細(xì)胞;②作為活化信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)的中介,因CD14缺乏胞內(nèi)域,為使活化信號(hào)得以在胞內(nèi)繼續(xù)傳遞,需要和由另一個(gè)協(xié)同受體MD2與TLR4所形成的TLR4-MD2復(fù)合物相聯(lián)系。MD2是一種可溶性蛋白分子,通過與TLR4的胞外域結(jié)合,活化LPS介導(dǎo)的NF-κB途徑,且為L(zhǎng)PS依賴的絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)活化所必需[27]。TLR主要通過髓樣分化因子88依賴性和非髓樣分化因子88依賴兩條途徑最終引發(fā)致炎基因表達(dá)[28-29]。
3.1 TLR參與AC致肝臟損傷的病理過程
嚴(yán)重型AC意味著在膽管炎的基礎(chǔ)上并發(fā)了其他器官的損傷,而肝臟往往是最常見的受損器官之一。在利用大鼠構(gòu)建的AC模型中,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),TLR4在AC致肝臟損傷過程中起關(guān)鍵作用。Yu等[30]在大鼠AC模型中,首先利用病理檢測(cè)的方法確認(rèn)了離“病原地”最近的肝臟組織的損傷情況。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),受損的肝臟細(xì)胞內(nèi)TLR4和NF-κB的表達(dá)較對(duì)照組相比呈顯著升高趨勢(shì),且無(wú)論在基因還是在蛋白水平,TLR4在大鼠AC模型構(gòu)建1 h后即開始升高。在術(shù)后6 h觀測(cè)到表達(dá)的高峰。進(jìn)而還發(fā)現(xiàn),TLR4表達(dá)的變化水平與肝臟細(xì)胞NF-κB和血清中TNF-α變化水平保持一致,因而,研究者認(rèn)為在大鼠AC模型中,肝臟細(xì)胞TLR4高表達(dá)與其損傷密切相關(guān),TLR4通過激活NF-κB和釋放促因子如TNF-α來發(fā)揮其致病效應(yīng)。
如前所述,MD-2在TLR和LPS之間起橋接作用,在TLR介導(dǎo)LPS信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)過程中起關(guān)鍵作用。2004年,Ohta等[31]利用RT-PCR技術(shù)擴(kuò)增出了一種MD-2的剪接體——MD-2B。研究顯示,MD-2B能夠以劑量依賴性阻斷TLR4/MD-2/LPS介導(dǎo)的NF-κB信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)過程。進(jìn)而,Miao等[32]在AC大鼠模型中觀察到了MD-2、MD2B在疾病過程中的作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肝臟TLR4和MD-2mRNA表達(dá)水平在AC大鼠模型建立的6、12、24、48、72 h間逐漸上調(diào),而MD-2B mRNA水平則呈下降趨勢(shì)。在對(duì)AC大鼠應(yīng)用TLR4抑制劑后,TLR4、MD-2 mRNA表達(dá)與AC對(duì)照組相比顯著下降,而MD-2B則表達(dá)上調(diào)。MD-2BmRNA表達(dá)水平與MD-2、TLR4mRNA水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)。筆者認(rèn)為,在大鼠AC模型中,MD-2在TLR4介導(dǎo)的肝臟損傷中起重要作用,而MD-2B則作為負(fù)向調(diào)控蛋白而存在。
3.2 TLR介導(dǎo)了LPS損毀膽管細(xì)胞緊密連接的過程
正常的膽管上皮細(xì)胞構(gòu)成一道屏障,防止膽汁逆流進(jìn)入肝臟實(shí)質(zhì)。膽管上皮細(xì)胞間的緊密連接是構(gòu)成這一屏障的重要結(jié)構(gòu)。病理情況下,緊密連接的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能受到影響,造成膽汁成分逆流,進(jìn)而引發(fā)肝臟甚至系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng)[33]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LPS具有毀損緊密連接的作用,而這一作用是通過TLR4介導(dǎo)的。緊密連接由多種特殊蛋白分子組合而成,如閉鎖蛋白(Occludin),緊密連接蛋白(Zonula occludens,ZO),閉合蛋白(Claudins)以及連接黏附分子(junctional adhesionmolecule)等[34]。緊密連接蛋白分子與周圍肌動(dòng)球蛋白環(huán)相互作用。此外,一系列胞內(nèi)信號(hào)分子,如c-Src、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶、ERK、PKCζ以及PP2A在緊密連接富集[35-36]。大量證據(jù)顯示,緊密連接以及細(xì)胞旁通透性受諸如胞內(nèi)鈣離子、環(huán)磷酸腺苷、GTP酶轉(zhuǎn)換蛋白、蛋白激酶等多種信號(hào)分子的調(diào)控[37-38]。Sheth等[39]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LPS能夠以時(shí)間和劑量依賴的特性去影響膽管單層細(xì)胞模型的屏障功能和細(xì)胞旁通透性。LPS能夠誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞間連接處的緊密連接蛋白,閉鎖蛋白等的再分布,減少ZO-1的表達(dá)水平。在酪氨酸激酶抑制劑的作用下上述效應(yīng)顯著減輕,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其效應(yīng)體現(xiàn)在抑制了LPS誘導(dǎo)閉鎖蛋白去磷酸化作用,進(jìn)而通過siRNA技術(shù)沉默c-Src、TLR4或LBP的表達(dá)均能減弱LPS誘導(dǎo)的緊密連接功能下降的現(xiàn)象。ML-7是一種肌球蛋白輕鏈激酶抑制劑,也被證實(shí)能夠減弱LPS誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞旁通透性的增加的現(xiàn)象。筆者認(rèn)為,LPS的存在能夠顯著影響緊密連接的功能,而這一效應(yīng)是通過c-Src、TLR4、LBP和肌球蛋白輕鏈激酶依賴的機(jī)制誘導(dǎo)的。
綜上所述,目前研究已明確揭示TLR在AC炎癥的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中扮演了重要角色。TLR是機(jī)體啟動(dòng)天然免疫系統(tǒng)從而應(yīng)對(duì)感染的重要成分,明確其在AC中的作用可為將來揭示AC的免疫病理提供新的線索。將來圍繞天然和獲得性細(xì)胞免疫系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行研究,我們將獲得更多的有關(guān)AC免疫機(jī)制的知識(shí)和規(guī)律,進(jìn)而為研究調(diào)控AC免疫,防治重癥AC發(fā)生提供線索和方向。
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Research Progress of the relationshiP between Toll like recePtor and acute cholangitis
LIU Hao-run1,2ZHAO Hong-qiang1,2LIWei-min2▲
1.Medical College of PLA,Beijing 100853,China;2.Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,the 309thHospital of PLA,Beijing 100091,China
Acute cholangitis(AC)is a common disease of abdominal surgery with features of dangerous and poor prognosis for its severe type(acute severe cholangitis).Themain factor causing AC is believed to be the intestinal flora shift and breeding on the basis of biliary obstruction.Biliary tract infection ismainly caused by Gram negative bacteria,such as Escherichia coli,and its toxicity ismainly reflected in the bacterial outermembrane component(lipopolysaccharide,LPS).LPS released form bacterial outermembrane participates in immune and inflammatory reaction through inducing the synthesis and releasing various inflammatory mediators of mononuclear macrophage in vivo monocytes/ macrophages.LPSmainly through Toll like receptor (TLR)to play the inflammatory effect.In recent years,research on the effect of TLR in the pathogenesis of AC had gain developmentwhich provides us new clue for the understanding of the immune pathological process of AC.
Toll like receptors;Acute cholangitis;Immune pathogenesis
R575.6+1
A
1674-4721(2015)02(c)-0013-04
2014-12-03本文編輯:許俊琴)
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