秦 超(綜述),肖玉周(審校)
(蚌埠醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院骨科,安徽 蚌埠 233000)
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單純髓核摘除術(shù)治療腰椎間盤突出癥術(shù)后療效不佳原因探討
秦超△(綜述),肖玉周※(審校)
(蚌埠醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院骨科,安徽 蚌埠 233000)
摘要:髓核摘除術(shù)作為治療腰椎間盤突出癥的傳統(tǒng)術(shù)式獲得了較高的短、長期優(yōu)良率,但臨床仍可見部分患者因療效不佳需再次手術(shù)治療。術(shù)前未仔細查體、合理影像學(xué)檢查及對特殊類型腰椎間盤突出癥、神經(jīng)根變異認識不足導(dǎo)致腰腿痛定性、“責(zé)任區(qū)”定位錯誤,術(shù)中椎間盤切除不徹底致術(shù)后再突出,減壓不當(dāng)致術(shù)后腰椎不穩(wěn)及繼發(fā)性腰椎管狹窄,側(cè)隱窩減壓不徹底,術(shù)中神經(jīng)根及脊髓損傷,術(shù)后硬膜外瘢痕粘連等因素與術(shù)后療效不佳呈正相關(guān)。
關(guān)鍵詞:腰椎間盤突出癥; 髓核摘除術(shù);神經(jīng)根
自Mixter首次報道髓核摘除術(shù)治療腰椎間盤突出癥(lumbar disc herniation,LDH)以來,文獻報道該術(shù)式可獲得85%~95%的優(yōu)良率[1]。不可否認臨床上可見少數(shù)患者髓核摘除術(shù)后術(shù)前癥狀未解除或術(shù)后仍殘存部分癥狀;或暫時緩解但短期內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)和加重;或術(shù)后出現(xiàn)新的癥狀[2]。療效不佳發(fā)生率為9.5%~25%[3]。影響療效的危險因素和原因很多,存在于術(shù)前、術(shù)中、術(shù)后各個環(huán)節(jié)?,F(xiàn)就該術(shù)式治療LDH術(shù)后療效不佳的原因進行綜述。
1術(shù)前腰腿痛定性失誤
LDH主要表現(xiàn)為腰腿痛,而腰腿痛的病因達100多種,LDH只占20%以下,如臨床醫(yī)師對各種病因缺乏了解和鑒別能力極易誤診誤治。潘靖等[4]報道16例帶狀皰疹引發(fā)腰腿痛患者,首診誤診以LDH治療后療效不佳。作為診斷LDH的重要輔助依據(jù),因其自身受到設(shè)備性能及椎間盤周圍組織等諸多因素影響,即使準(zhǔn)確率更高的磁共振成像的結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確性也只達到94%[5],存在假陽性可能。影像學(xué)顯示髓核明顯突出壓迫神經(jīng)根可無相應(yīng)的臨床癥狀、體征,即無癥狀腰椎間盤突出[6]。部分椎管內(nèi)腫瘤、梨狀肌綜合征、髖關(guān)節(jié)疾病、帶狀皰疹等疾病可引起與LDH相似的癥狀,當(dāng)前者疾病與無癥狀腰椎間盤突出同時存在時,對診斷是否為腰椎間盤突出引起腰腿痛帶來挑戰(zhàn),極易誤診誤治,術(shù)后癥狀得不到緩解。
2特殊類型LDH認識不足
LDH大多數(shù)為后外側(cè)突出型,臨床醫(yī)師特別是年輕醫(yī)師對該型診治較為熟悉,而一些少見的特殊類型LDH,部分醫(yī)師由于臨床經(jīng)驗和認識上的不足極易漏診而影響療效。
2.1極外側(cè)型LDH極外側(cè)型LDH發(fā)生率為3%~12%,常見于老年患者,臨床醫(yī)師對其認識不足和(或)過度依賴影像,而影像學(xué)本身對極外側(cè)型顯示的不足是漏診的主要原因[7]。鄧樹才等[8]對143例LDH手術(shù)失敗再手術(shù)的患者病因進行回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),其中5例因術(shù)前CT影像未顯示椎間孔平面,磁共振成像檢查未行冠狀面掃描,而矢狀面掃描層面稀疏,致使術(shù)前1例L3/4,3例L4/5,1例L5/S1極外側(cè)型LDH遺漏致再手術(shù)。
2.2游離型LDH游離型LDH由于游離髓核組織大小、性質(zhì)的不同,在椎管內(nèi)移位后停留的位置、時間長短、與神經(jīng)根及硬膜囊的關(guān)系不同,使臨床表現(xiàn)多樣、復(fù)雜,造成手術(shù)難度比單純椎間盤突出大得多。術(shù)中未徹底取出或漏診等是導(dǎo)致許多患者術(shù)后療效不佳需再次手術(shù)的主要原因。張輝等[9]對收治的32例游離型LDH首次手術(shù)失敗再手術(shù)患者病因分析發(fā)現(xiàn),5例因游離髓核組織移位較明顯,初次開窗髓核摘除時未完全取盡游離髓核組織致術(shù)后腰腿疼痛等癥狀復(fù)發(fā);2例因只憑術(shù)前下腰椎CT結(jié)果進行診斷,忽略合并有脫出髓核組織向上游離導(dǎo)致漏診;12例因髓核脫出游離至側(cè)隱窩內(nèi),初次手術(shù)時未探查側(cè)隱窩造成術(shù)后仍殘留較嚴重的腰腿痛。
2.3硬膜囊、根袖內(nèi)突出型LDH極少數(shù)突出髓核可進入硬膜囊內(nèi)稱之為囊內(nèi)型LDH或突入神經(jīng)根鞘內(nèi)稱之為根內(nèi)型LDH,其發(fā)生率占LDH的0.26%~0.30%[10]。當(dāng)手術(shù)醫(yī)師術(shù)中取出髓核較少或無明顯突出髓核時未考慮根內(nèi)型及囊內(nèi)型LDH并探查硬膜囊、根袖將造成漏診。Turgut[11]報道1例術(shù)后療效不佳的腰腿痛患者,術(shù)前影像學(xué)未提示準(zhǔn)確的致痛病因,術(shù)中探查L5、S1硬膜囊及神經(jīng)根時才發(fā)現(xiàn)突入左側(cè)S1神經(jīng)根鞘內(nèi)的髓核,摘除后癥狀消失。
3術(shù)前定位錯誤
CT及磁共振成像無法顯示神經(jīng)根的三維空間走行,突出髓核的致炎性、神經(jīng)根內(nèi)壓力與表面張力等因素。因此,LDH患者腰腿痛程度與影像學(xué)所示突出髓核的類型、空間占位大小以及神經(jīng)根受壓程度并非完全一致[12]。文獻報道,連體腰骶神經(jīng)根發(fā)生率為2%~17%,并以L5和S1神經(jīng)根最常見[13]。當(dāng)LDH合并神經(jīng)根畸形變異,2個或多個脊神經(jīng)根走行于同一椎間孔,而相應(yīng)椎管內(nèi)神經(jīng)根缺失時,使突出髓核與受累神經(jīng)根的常規(guī)對應(yīng)關(guān)系改變,致使臨床表現(xiàn)呈多樣性和多變性。文獻對腰骶神經(jīng)根受累時對應(yīng)下肢疼痛分布區(qū)域的描述并不完全一致,Ohnmeiss等[14]通過對187例患者測量顯示患肢S1、L5、L4神經(jīng)根疼痛圖定位的準(zhǔn)確度分別為75%、63%和71.4%。上述3種因素客觀上使術(shù)前獲得準(zhǔn)確定位面臨挑戰(zhàn),有時即使進行仔細的術(shù)前查體、影像學(xué)輔助,誤診誤治仍不可避免。
4合并癥未診治
退行性腰椎滑脫、椎管狹窄、腰椎不穩(wěn)均可引起腰腿痛,LDH可與其中一種或多種并存共同引起相似的臨床癥狀。趙福江等[15]指出初次手術(shù)時減壓不徹底是再手術(shù)的一個重要原因,2例初次手術(shù)療效不佳患者均因術(shù)前未診斷側(cè)隱窩狹窄,手術(shù)減壓不徹底所致。5%左右的LDH患者合并有腰椎不穩(wěn),術(shù)前僅單一診斷LDH,未拍攝腰椎動力位片而遺漏腰椎不穩(wěn),只行髓核摘除術(shù)將殘留不穩(wěn)癥狀,影響療效[16]。
5術(shù)中定位錯誤
部分醫(yī)師診治時摒棄X線片,過度依賴CT、磁共振成像,對移行椎及下腰椎變異缺乏認識,再者受手術(shù)室條件限制或手術(shù)醫(yī)師追求速度等原因采用術(shù)中骨性標(biāo)志定位,當(dāng)患者存在骨性解剖變異和(或)多間隙同側(cè)突出時易定位錯誤,“責(zé)任間隙”未處理導(dǎo)致術(shù)后癥狀無緩解。Iwasaki等[17]統(tǒng)計發(fā)現(xiàn),2.1%~2.7%的病例手術(shù)節(jié)段與術(shù)前定位不符,是造成手術(shù)失敗不可忽視的原因。
6醫(yī)源性神經(jīng)根和脊髓損傷
對“責(zé)任區(qū)”進行減壓術(shù)時盲目粗暴操作,可造成不必要的神經(jīng)損傷。原本因慢性壓迫而受損的神經(jīng)組織,因術(shù)中被反復(fù)的激惹、牽拉、擠壓,導(dǎo)致術(shù)后更嚴重的粘連,使術(shù)前癥狀改善不明顯甚至加重。靳安民等[18]報道85例療效不佳患者因術(shù)中神經(jīng)根或馬尾神經(jīng)損傷致術(shù)后下肢麻木、無力,甚至大、小便失禁。術(shù)中在神經(jīng)根顯露不清的情況下盲目操作或椎間盤與神經(jīng)根嚴重粘連,分離或摘除椎間盤時可造成神經(jīng)根損傷。胥少汀和郭世紱[19]強調(diào)病變神經(jīng)的微創(chuàng)比刀口的微創(chuàng)更重要,不應(yīng)通過脫水劑和類固醇治療來彌補手術(shù)過程對神經(jīng)的傷害。
7術(shù)后髓核再突出
髓核再突出是癥狀復(fù)發(fā)常見原因,Shimia等[20]回顧文獻發(fā)現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)率占5%~15%,是引起術(shù)后疼痛、再手術(shù)的主要原因。由于初次手術(shù)髓核摘除后改變了局部應(yīng)力,纖維環(huán)切口造成局部區(qū)域薄弱,使殘留髓核組織退變后易于從此處脫出使同側(cè)復(fù)發(fā),尤其在劇烈運動和提重物時更為明顯。亦可向?qū)?cè)突出,Cinotti等[21]報道對側(cè)突出占復(fù)發(fā)率的34%。McGirt等[22]前瞻性研究認為術(shù)中纖維環(huán)切除較多與復(fù)發(fā)有關(guān)。目前仍不清楚髓核刮除多少可獲得更好的療效,McGirt等[23]對術(shù)后2年以上病例隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)髓核徹底刮除組術(shù)后長期腰腿痛發(fā)生率較高,而髓核有限切除組雖腰腿痛發(fā)生率更低,但LDH復(fù)發(fā)率較高。而手術(shù)節(jié)段局部生物力學(xué)改變,應(yīng)力向鄰近上下間隙集中,可加速上、下間隙椎間盤退變,導(dǎo)致鄰近節(jié)段髓核突出[24]。
8繼發(fā)性腰椎不穩(wěn)和椎管狹窄
髓核摘除術(shù)不可避免損傷腰椎后柱結(jié)構(gòu),髓核摘除又損傷腰椎中、后柱,這為術(shù)后腰椎不穩(wěn)提供解剖學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。實驗證明,關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)切除過多將顯著影響腰椎穩(wěn)定性[25]。腰椎節(jié)段不穩(wěn)還可導(dǎo)致突間關(guān)節(jié)的應(yīng)力改變、加速關(guān)節(jié)退變,繼發(fā)側(cè)隱窩狹窄壓迫神經(jīng)根。部分患者術(shù)前并無神經(jīng)根管狹窄,術(shù)后因椎間隙高度降低及突間關(guān)節(jié)退變等引起繼發(fā)性椎管狹窄,導(dǎo)致術(shù)后癥狀復(fù)發(fā)[26]。
9硬膜外纖維化和神經(jīng)根粘連
術(shù)后硬膜外瘢痕組織形成過多、粘連過重也是影響療效的一個重要原因[27]。術(shù)中靜脈叢破裂,側(cè)隱窩及椎板減壓后未充分止血及引流不暢致硬膜外血腫,術(shù)中神經(jīng)根松解時損傷致術(shù)后神經(jīng)根水腫[19],是造成術(shù)后神經(jīng)根粘連的主要原因。椎板開窗減壓后產(chǎn)生的瘢痕組織可與硬膜或神經(jīng)根粘連。由于不當(dāng)操作損傷纖維軟骨板致出血增加引起椎間隙感染風(fēng)險增加,感染后可加重組織瘢痕粘連。脊髓周圍瘢痕組織會阻礙腦脊液流動,影響腦脊液對神經(jīng)的營養(yǎng)作用[28],同時阻礙對神經(jīng)的供血,造成神經(jīng)缺血、缺氧[29]。當(dāng)瘢痕粘連合并椎間盤組織復(fù)發(fā)突出時,神經(jīng)根被擠壓在狹窄的神經(jīng)根通道內(nèi),加之突出髓核釋放化學(xué)物質(zhì)引起無菌性炎癥使術(shù)后癥狀復(fù)發(fā)甚至加重。
10患者因素
10.1患者自身因素除上述因素外,還與患者自身一些因素有關(guān)。Suk等[30]認為復(fù)發(fā)性LDH與年齡、男性、吸煙、創(chuàng)傷史等因素呈正相關(guān)??赡苤星嗄昴行匝祷顒佣却?、承受負荷大,創(chuàng)傷、長期勞累的發(fā)生率高,誘發(fā)或加重手術(shù)節(jié)段的不穩(wěn)定,繼而造成椎間盤再突出。Meredith等[31]認為更高的體質(zhì)指數(shù)和肥胖與椎間盤突出復(fù)發(fā)正相關(guān)。Kara等[32]認為術(shù)后是否進行有規(guī)律的功能鍛煉較其他因素更具預(yù)測意義,強調(diào)術(shù)后鍛煉的重要性。Soriano等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),吸煙者術(shù)后下肢放射痛緩解較少,是預(yù)后不佳的一個相關(guān)因素。Mobbs等[34]對363例髓核摘除術(shù)患者回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn)合并糖尿病的術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率達28%,遠高于對照組的3.5%。
10.2患者社會心理因素隨著社會、經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展及生活節(jié)奏的加快,患者的社會、經(jīng)濟、職業(yè)、文化程度及心理因素等對手術(shù)療效的影響日益引起人們的關(guān)注和重視。Celestin等[35]研究表明,當(dāng)患者術(shù)前因慢性疼痛或其他原因患有抑郁癥、焦慮癥等社會心理問題時,術(shù)后滿意率明顯降低。Soriano等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn)文化程度高及樂觀患者術(shù)后評分更好。因此有必要強調(diào)在術(shù)前對此類患者進行適當(dāng)?shù)男睦砩鐣蛩卦u估及心理治療。另外,當(dāng)患者存在工傷、個人傷害訴訟及索賠等糾紛時,對療效不滿意率可能也較高[36]。
11其他原因
此外對部分有癥狀許莫結(jié)節(jié)型LDH患者病灶未徹底刮除可殘留腰背痛。術(shù)中不慎靜脈叢破裂出血致手術(shù)視野不清使突出髓核殘留或止血不充分、引流不暢致術(shù)后硬膜外血腫,以及術(shù)后椎間隙感染[26],粘連性蛛網(wǎng)膜炎[37],術(shù)中脊膜撕裂及修補不當(dāng)引起的假性脊膜膨出[38]等均可導(dǎo)致術(shù)后早期療效不佳。
12小結(jié)
國內(nèi)外脊柱外科醫(yī)師都在積極探索治療LDH的新方法,但目前不同程度遇到手術(shù)適應(yīng)證窄、自身局限性有待進一步改進等問題,傳統(tǒng)術(shù)式仍是目前最常用、療效可靠的治療手段,具有手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小、出血少、費用低等優(yōu)點。總之,臨床醫(yī)師需認識到少數(shù)LDH患者髓核摘除術(shù)后療效不佳的原因較多,情況復(fù)雜多變,需要對術(shù)前、術(shù)中、術(shù)后每一環(huán)節(jié)都謹慎對待才能最大限度提高療效。
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Discussion on the Reason for Poor Curative Effect of Discectomy in the Treatment for Lumbar Disc Herniation
QINChao,XIAOYu-zhou.
(DepartmentofOrthopedics,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofBengbuMedicalCollege,Bengbu233000,China)
Abstract:Discectomy is a traditional operation of treating lumbar disc herniation,most patients are satisfied with the short-term and long-term treatment results.However,some of the surgical patients still need reoperation because of the poor curative effect.Preoperative factors,including uncareful physical and imaging examination,lack of understanding of special types of lumbar disc herniation and nerve root anomalies which leads to qualitative error of pain in waist and lower extremities and locating error of responsible segments;intraoperative factors,including incomplete remove of denaturated intervertebral disc which leads to palindromia,instability of lumbar spinal and secondary lumbar spinal stenosis following surgery, inadequate lateral recess decompression,nerve root and spinal cord injuries;postoperative factors,including epidural fibrosis are the factors that positively correlated with the poor curative effect of discectomy.
Key words:Lumbar disc herniation; Discectomy; Nerve root
收稿日期:2014-02-21修回日期:2014-09-15編輯:相丹峰
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.08.028
中圖分類號:R681.57
文獻標(biāo)識碼:A
文章編號:1006-2084(2015)08-1417-03