常英
考試與評(píng)價(jià)研究
高考英語中定語從句的考查要點(diǎn)簡析
常英
定語從句是歷年高考單選題的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。本文主要?dú)w納總結(jié)高考英語中對(duì)定語從句進(jìn)行考查的五個(gè)大類并附高考真題,以厘清思路,從而引導(dǎo)教學(xué)。
高考;定語從句;關(guān)系代詞;考點(diǎn)
定語從句是歷年高考單選題的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。在復(fù)合句中,修飾名詞和代詞的從句叫定語從句。從句在句中作定語,被修飾的名詞或者代詞被稱為先行詞,定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞被稱為關(guān)系詞,關(guān)系詞有兩種:關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that,which,who(賓格為whom,所有格為whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括where,when,why等。它們?cè)谙刃性~和定語從句之間起引導(dǎo)作用,在意義上替代先行詞,在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。
定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句,限定性定語從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾限定作用,而非限定性定語從句對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明作用,先行詞和定語從句往往有逗號(hào)隔開。以which為例:
①Among the many dangers____sailors have to face,probably the greatest of all is fog.【答案A】(2014江西卷,28)
A.which B.whatC.where D.when
which sailors have to face是限定性定語從句,修飾限定先行詞the many dangers,在意義上替代dangers,關(guān)系代詞which在定語從句中作賓語。
②I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week,____my classmates recommended to me.【答案B】(2014北京,26)
A.who B.whicC.when D.where
which my classmates recommended to me是非限定性定語從句,修飾限定先行詞the book Sherlock Holmes,在意義上替代the book,which對(duì)the book進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明,關(guān)系代詞which在定語從句中作主語。
考點(diǎn)一:關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
在定語從句中,使用關(guān)系代詞時(shí)我們應(yīng)該考慮兩點(diǎn):先行詞是“人”還是“物”;關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)什么成分。如:
①Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for the position.(2014陜西,13)(先行詞是all the information,關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作賓語)
②Finally he reached a lonely island which was completely cut off from the outside worl D.(2013山東,35)(先行詞是a lonely island,關(guān)系代詞which在定語從句中作主語)
③We’ll reach the sales targets in a month which we set at the beginning of the year.(2014重慶,9)(先行詞是the sales targets,關(guān)系代詞which在從句中作賓語)
④Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognizing their own strengths.(2013湖南,21)(先行詞是those,關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語)
⑤A company whose profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroa D.(2014山東,10)(先行詞是A company,關(guān)系代詞whose在從句中作定語)
考點(diǎn)二:關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作狀語時(shí),要用關(guān)系副詞。其中when=表示時(shí)間的介詞(如in,at,on,during等)+which;where=表示地點(diǎn)的介詞(如in,at,on,under等)+which;why=表示原因的介詞for+which。
1.關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選用依據(jù):
當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的名詞時(shí),一定要分析從句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。如果從句中缺少時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因狀語,則用關(guān)系副詞;如果缺少主語、賓語、表語或定語,則用關(guān)系代詞。如:
①This is the factory where she used to work.(work是不及物動(dòng)詞,缺狀語)
②This is the factory that/which I visited last year.(visit是及物動(dòng)詞,缺賓語)
③That evening,which I will tell you more about later,I ended up working very late.(2012全國卷II,8)(根據(jù)tell s B.about sth.)
④You should try the barber’s where I go.It’s only 15.(2010天津,8)(根據(jù)從句謂語go的搭配確定)
2.高考題中對(duì)于where的考查趨于復(fù)雜,從先行詞為明顯的“地點(diǎn)”轉(zhuǎn)為“地點(diǎn)的模糊化”。事實(shí)上,對(duì)于where這個(gè)詞,不能只理解為表地點(diǎn)。當(dāng)先行詞為一些表示抽象地點(diǎn)的名詞,如:position,situation,point,case,stage等,如果引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語,常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句;如果不作狀語,則用關(guān)系代詞that/which。如:
①Sales director is a position where communication ability is just as importance as sales skills.(2012重慶卷,29)
②It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.(2009福建,24)
③I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decisions of my own.(2009浙江,14)
④The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication,especially at work where a good impression is a must.(2014江蘇,22)
⑤Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.(2014福建,31)
考點(diǎn)三:“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句
在定語從句中,當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞作動(dòng)詞短語或介詞的賓語時(shí),為了使關(guān)系代詞與先行詞的關(guān)系更加密切,可以將定語從句中的介詞或動(dòng)詞短語中的介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前面。注意以下幾個(gè)問題:
1.介詞的選擇:介詞的選擇通常依據(jù)定語從句中動(dòng)詞短語的習(xí)慣搭配、介詞與先行詞的搭配或句子的意義來確定。如:
①Wind power is an ancient source of energy to which we may return in the near future.(2010山東,38)(根據(jù)return的搭配確定)
②Gun control is a subject about which Americans have argued for a long time.(2009陜西,11)(根據(jù)argue about sth的搭配確定)
③The factory in which his father works is far away from my hometown.(根據(jù)與先行詞的搭配確定)
④This is the pilot by whom my son was save D.(根據(jù)意義搭配確定)
2.關(guān)系代詞的選擇:介詞后作賓語的關(guān)系代詞一般來講有兩個(gè):指人時(shí)只能用whom,指物時(shí)只能用which。當(dāng)然關(guān)系代詞作定語時(shí)用whose。如:
①The train on which Tom travelled to Canada was very fast.
②He is the man from whose house the picture was stolen.
3.當(dāng)需要使用表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因的先行詞在從句中作狀語時(shí),也可以使用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)。
①We can't find the house where(in which)we used to live.
②Do you still remember the day when(on which)we went to the beach?
4.在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,基于意義上的需要,of whom(which)前可帶有some/any/few/many/
most/all/both等詞或形容詞最高級(jí)。
English is a language shared by several diverse cultures,each of which uses it differently.(2014天津,12)
考點(diǎn)四:as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1.兩者都能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,但用法有區(qū)別:
which引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句,可以用and this代替,意思是“這件事”;as引導(dǎo)的從句主要起連接上下文的作用,表達(dá)說話人的觀點(diǎn)、看法,并指出主句內(nèi)容的根據(jù)或出處等。as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句在句中的位置比較靈活,可以放在句首、句中和句末;而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句的后面。如:
①Until now,we have raised 50.000 pounds for the poor children,which is quite unexpecte D.(which =and this)(2014四川,4)
②As is known to all,China is a country with the largest population in the worl D.
2.as在從句中作主語時(shí),后面常接行為動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài),as is known,as is reported等。如果從句中的行為動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)語態(tài),一般用which作主語。如:
①The air quality in the city,as is shown in the report,has improved over the past two months.(2012福建卷,23)
②It is the third time that she has won the race,which has surprised us all.(2012陜西卷,14)
3.as常用在as(it)seems likely,as(it)often happens,as I remember(it),as(it)appears等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如:
①“You can’t judge a book by its cover,”as the old saying goes.(2013新課標(biāo)Ⅰ,33)
②There is no simple answer,as is often the case in science.(2013山東,31)
4.as用在the same...as,such...as,as...as,so...as結(jié)構(gòu)中,可以作主語、賓語或表語,可以用來代替先行詞是表示人或物的名詞。如:
①They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.(as作主語)
②These houses are sold at such a low price as people expecte D.
(as作賓語)
考點(diǎn)五:定語從句的主謂一致
1.關(guān)系代詞作從句的主語時(shí),從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要與先行詞保持一致,先行詞是句子時(shí),從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如:
①The mobile phone that was given to me was made in China.
②I,who am your friend,will share happiness and sorrow with you.
2.“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”位于關(guān)系代詞前作先行詞時(shí),從句的動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù),但當(dāng)one前有the only,the very等修飾時(shí),從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。如:
He is one of the students who have made great progress.
He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.(2002上海春,26)
作者單位:陜西省西安市第一中學(xué)