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腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)在慢性心力衰竭治療中的研究現(xiàn)狀

2015-02-20 13:02王超怡屈百鳴蔡曉娜
心電與循環(huán) 2015年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:交感去甲心室

王超怡 屈百鳴 蔡曉娜

●綜述

腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)在慢性心力衰竭治療中的研究現(xiàn)狀

王超怡 屈百鳴 蔡曉娜

心力衰竭是各種心臟疾病的終末階段。目前研究已明確,心室重構(gòu)是慢性心力衰竭(CHF)發(fā)生、發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ),交感神經(jīng)的持續(xù)過度激活是其中的重要機(jī)制之一,其中腎交感神經(jīng)活性與心力衰竭的發(fā)展及預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。腎去甲腎上腺素釋放的增加預(yù)示著疾病生存率的下降[1]。腎交感傳出神經(jīng)激活可引起腎素釋放、水鈉潴留、腎血流量減少[2-3],而腎交感傳入神經(jīng)的激活可導(dǎo)致全身交感神經(jīng)張力增加,進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)CHF的發(fā)展[4]。

腎交感神經(jīng)去除術(shù)一直被認(rèn)為是降低血壓、提高交感神經(jīng)過度激活的心血管疾病患者生存率的方法[5],但采用外科開腹手術(shù)切除腎臟神經(jīng)的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)限制了該術(shù)的使用。因此,采用射頻方法、超聲技術(shù)或注射化學(xué)劑來阻斷腎交感神經(jīng)的方法逐漸發(fā)展起來。2009年澳大利亞Krum等[6]首先報(bào)道了經(jīng)導(dǎo)管腎臟交感神經(jīng)射頻消融術(shù)治療頑固性高血壓的臨床研究,術(shù)后兩年隨訪顯示血壓水平明顯降低。而SYMPLICITY HTN-3試驗(yàn)的失敗[7],未能達(dá)到其主要療效終點(diǎn)(手術(shù)組和假手術(shù)組之間收縮壓15mmHg的差別),使腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)備受爭(zhēng)議。然而,接受腎臟去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)的患者選擇是極其重要的[8],所以,進(jìn)一步的前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)仍需要進(jìn)行,以評(píng)估腎臟去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)的療效、持久性及成本效益,以及其對(duì)真正的難治性高血壓患者心血管和腎臟預(yù)后的影響[9]。

在先前的研究中,腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)和其引起的血壓降低并沒有伴隨著心臟變時(shí)性功能不全,且它能夠改善外周動(dòng)脈硬化、改善心肌肥厚,提高心血管功能,而這些作用部分獨(dú)立于它的對(duì)血壓的作用[10-12]。因此,腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)在心力衰竭中設(shè)定了階段試驗(yàn)。目前正在進(jìn)行幾項(xiàng)重要的臨床試驗(yàn)以驗(yàn)證經(jīng)導(dǎo)管腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)在心力衰竭患者治療中的有效性和安全性。

1 交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)與心力衰竭

在CHF中,神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)活化,引起交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)激活,使腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)活性增加,導(dǎo)致促炎狀態(tài)形成[14],進(jìn)而引起心肌纖維化、心室重構(gòu)和心臟信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)改變[13-15]。在對(duì)有癥狀和無癥狀的合并有左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)降低的心力衰竭患者研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),循環(huán)中去甲腎上腺素水平與疾病預(yù)后相關(guān),證據(jù)表明,交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的過度激活有助于心力衰竭的進(jìn)展[16-18]。交感神經(jīng)的激活早于腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)[18]。全身交感活性增加影響所有血管床,而調(diào)配心臟和腎臟的交感神經(jīng)優(yōu)先激活,表現(xiàn)為這兩個(gè)器官的去甲腎上腺素溢出顯著。而與循環(huán)中兒茶酚胺量相比,心臟和腎臟去甲腎上腺素的外溢與心血管疾病死亡率關(guān)系更密切(圖1)[19-20]。

交感神經(jīng)激活由中腦和延髓頭端腹外側(cè)孤束核調(diào)節(jié)[21]。其傳出信號(hào)作用于心臟,使心率增加、心臟收縮力增強(qiáng),心臟傳導(dǎo)速度增快,從而使心輸出量增加,以適應(yīng)外在壓力變化。而長期交感活化可改變心臟表型,導(dǎo)致心肌肥厚和纖維化,使心臟更容易發(fā)生心律失常、泵功能和舒張功能失調(diào)。此外,在CHF觀察中,發(fā)現(xiàn)一些心力衰竭合并癥的發(fā)展很可能與交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的激活相關(guān),如糖尿病、腎損傷、心律失常、睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征等[22]。

在這些機(jī)制中,腎交感神經(jīng)與中樞交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)之間的相互影響起著重要的作用。腎交感神級(jí)激活包括腎傳出神經(jīng)和傳入神經(jīng)。傳出神經(jīng)傳出信號(hào),一方面使入球小動(dòng)脈的收縮大于出球小動(dòng)脈的收縮,導(dǎo)致腎小球?yàn)V過率(GFR)下降,另一方面減少腎血流量,最終導(dǎo)致水鈉潴留。而腎傳入神經(jīng)激活(可受NO、降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽、P物質(zhì)、H+、腺苷等刺激)可傳遞信息反饋至大腦,進(jìn)一步激活交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),導(dǎo)致中樞和腎之間的惡性循環(huán),進(jìn)一步增加全身交感神經(jīng)活性[21,23]。所以,針對(duì)腎交感神經(jīng)進(jìn)行干預(yù),減少有害的交感神經(jīng)激活,可對(duì)CHF患者的預(yù)后產(chǎn)生有利的影響。

2 腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)在CHF治療中的研究

延緩心室重構(gòu)是CHF治療的基礎(chǔ),目前CHF的治療策略仍以藥物治療為主,但總體療效不十分令人滿意。在心力衰竭中,腎臟去甲腎上腺素溢出增加,對(duì)死亡率有預(yù)示作用[19],腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)可降低交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)活性,減少腎和全身去甲腎上腺素溢出[25],可想而知,腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)可能對(duì)心力衰竭的癥狀和預(yù)后有積極的作用。

在心肌梗死后的動(dòng)物模型中,腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)可增加尿鈉排泄,增加心輸出量和腎血流量,下調(diào)血管緊張素Ⅰ受體[25]。在高血壓合并心肌肥厚,LVEF正常的心力衰竭中,腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)可以減少左心室重量,組織多普勒顯示它還能改善左心室舒張功能[26]。近期研究顯示它的抗心室重構(gòu)作用在一定程度上獨(dú)立于其對(duì)血壓的作用[27],這是非常重要的,因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)的心力衰竭患者往往有血壓低的特點(diǎn)。

心率在CHF中是可調(diào)節(jié)的危險(xiǎn)因素并與心力衰竭預(yù)后相關(guān)[28]。腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)可降低心率約3~4次/min[29]。且在高血壓患者中,腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)可降低基礎(chǔ)心率>71次/min患者最高心率水平約9次/min[29],這種作用在心力衰竭患者中也奏效。但由于β受體阻滯劑的使用,并非所有患者心率能超過該臨界閾值,所以心率減慢僅適用于部分心力衰竭人群。但心率的變化可作為目前心力衰竭治療研究中的一項(xiàng)反應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

REACH試驗(yàn)(NCT01639378)研究了LVEF降低且血壓>120mmHg的心力衰竭患者[30],在行腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)后,血壓保持穩(wěn)定,而6min步行試驗(yàn)得到改善。在6個(gè)月的隨訪中,發(fā)現(xiàn)腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)還有減少利尿劑治療的趨勢(shì)。DIASTOLE(NCT 01583681)和RDT-PEP(NCT 01840059)是兩項(xiàng)針對(duì)LVEF正常的心力衰竭患者的研究,主要監(jiān)測(cè)心肌功能和生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物。其中,DIASTOLE[31]將60例心力衰竭患者隨機(jī)分為用藥組和腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)+用藥組,采用脈沖多普勒超聲心動(dòng)圖、心臟MRI(測(cè)量左心室質(zhì)量、左心室體積、左心房體積)、B型腦鈉肽(BNP)水平、運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)估、心率變化、血壓等作為參數(shù),主要評(píng)估腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)對(duì)LVEF正常的心力衰竭患者的治療作用,其次調(diào)查其安全性。Symplicity HF(NCT01392196)主要通過不良事件評(píng)估該術(shù)在CHF治療中的安全性,并通過超聲心動(dòng)圖和GFR分別評(píng)估心功能和腎功能的變化[20]。腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)在CHF中的治療仍需大型的隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)對(duì)其進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。

3 腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)在心力衰竭合并癥中的療效研究

在進(jìn)展的心力衰竭患者中,無論是LVEF降低或是正常的患者,住院多不是由于心力衰竭進(jìn)展,而是由于心力衰竭的合并癥。而且,合并癥的數(shù)目與心力衰竭發(fā)病率和死亡率相關(guān)[32]。由于合并癥是依賴于或能進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)交感神經(jīng)活性,所以,我們有理由推測(cè),在心力衰竭人群中,它們也可以作為腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)改善心力衰竭預(yù)后的重要指標(biāo)。

3.1 心房顫動(dòng)和睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征在高血壓或CHF患者中,隨著心室重構(gòu)進(jìn)展,心房功能變化,常可出現(xiàn)心房顫動(dòng),而心力衰竭的發(fā)展與心房顫動(dòng)的高患病率相關(guān)[22]。此外,心力衰竭還與睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征相關(guān)[33]。有研究表明,腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)能改善睡眠呼吸暫停合并頑固性高血壓患者的呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)[34]。而睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征與心房顫動(dòng)關(guān)系密切[33],兩者常在心力衰竭中共同出現(xiàn)。在一個(gè)合并有阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停和心房顫動(dòng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P椭酗@示,腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)能減少呼吸暫停后血壓上升、心房不應(yīng)期,提供更有效的心率控制,從而降低心房顫動(dòng)發(fā)病率[35-36]。Evgeny等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在心房顫動(dòng)合并嚴(yán)重高血壓患者中,腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)能降低血壓,而且,同時(shí)施行腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)+心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融組與單獨(dú)行心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融組比較,能降低心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融術(shù)后的復(fù)發(fā)率。

3.2 糖尿病大約有50%左右有癥狀的CHF患者有胰島素抵抗和2型糖尿病[22]。胰島素抵抗依賴于交感神經(jīng)激活[38]。在頑固性高血壓合并糖耐量異常的患者中,腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)可改善受損的空腹血糖水平,降低胰島素抵抗指數(shù)(HOMA-IR),這證明腎去神經(jīng)術(shù)可以提高胰島素敏感性[39]。Witkowski等[40]研究顯示腎去神經(jīng)術(shù)能降低糖化血紅蛋白濃度。而最近的DREAMS研究結(jié)果卻顯示腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)未能顯著改善胰島素敏感性[41]。因此,在無高血壓的心力衰竭患者中,腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)是否能影響糖尿病的進(jìn)展,目前是未知的。而在交感活性增強(qiáng)的糖尿病患者中,腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)對(duì)疾病進(jìn)展是否有優(yōu)化作用,仍需要更大的臨床試驗(yàn)去驗(yàn)證。

3.3 室性心律失常在豬急性心肌梗死模型中,腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)可以減少急性心肌梗死后的心室異位電活動(dòng)和心室顫動(dòng)發(fā)作,而再灌注心律失常并沒有減少[42]。這表明腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)在心肌缺血時(shí)對(duì)心室顫動(dòng)的預(yù)防作用是直接作用的結(jié)果。但其在心力衰竭中對(duì)心室異位電活動(dòng)的影響很大程度上是未知的。然而有報(bào)道顯示,2例擴(kuò)張型心肌病合并有電風(fēng)暴的患者,在充分抗心律失常和最佳抗心力衰竭治療背景下,腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)可以減少植入型心律轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)除顫器(ICD)放電,減少室性心律失常發(fā)生[43]。而證實(shí)這些作用需要更大的數(shù)據(jù)和病例。

3.4 腎功能不全交感神經(jīng)激活腎素-血管緊張素Ⅱ-醛固酮系統(tǒng),被證明是影響心腎綜合征預(yù)后的一部分因素[37]。在Symplicity-HTN試驗(yàn)中的頑固性高血壓患者中,行腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)并未出現(xiàn)腎功能下降[44]。而在中重度慢性腎疾病患者中,腎臟去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)也被證明是安全的[45]。在誘導(dǎo)睡眠呼吸暫停的豬模型中,腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)可以拮抗腎灌注下降反應(yīng),減弱腎素的激活[46]。這些相關(guān)性研究需要在CHF患者的臨床研究中得到證實(shí)。

4 小結(jié)與展望

CHF的發(fā)展與交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)激活相關(guān),腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)靶向阻斷腎交感傳入和傳出神經(jīng),可改善交感神經(jīng)功能亢進(jìn)。但由于Symplicity HTN3未能達(dá)到其主要療效終點(diǎn),使腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)備受爭(zhēng)議。目前有多個(gè)試驗(yàn)研究腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)在心力衰竭治療中的有效性及安全性。REACH試驗(yàn)已初步驗(yàn)證了其對(duì)心力衰竭患者運(yùn)動(dòng)耐受性的提高和它的安全性。此外,多個(gè)研究顯示腎去交感神經(jīng)術(shù)對(duì)心力衰竭合并癥也有有益作用。這種新療法很可能成為心血管疾病領(lǐng)域的變革者。

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2015-06-11)

(本文編輯:馬雯娜)

310014浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第二臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,浙江省人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科(屈百鳴)

屈百鳴,E-mail:qbm@zjheart.com

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