王萬鵬,馮 靜,許 蕾,高海英,賈德興
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·論著·
肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的預測指標研究
王萬鵬,馮 靜,許 蕾,高海英,賈德興
目的 了解血清腹腔積液清蛋白梯度(SAAG)、門靜脈內(nèi)徑(PVD)及血小板計數(shù)與脾長徑比值(Plt/S-D)聯(lián)合應用對肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的預測價值。方法 抽取2013年1—12月,在濰坊醫(yī)學院附屬濰坊市人民醫(yī)院接受住院治療的肝炎肝硬化患者50例。根據(jù)有無食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血,將其分為出血組(n=26)和非出血組(n=24)。比較并分析兩組SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D,繪制SAAG、PVD、Plt/S-D及三者聯(lián)合應用對肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血預測的受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線。結果 (1)兩組SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01);非條件Logistic回歸分析顯示,SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D對肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的影響有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。(2)SAAG、PVD、Plt/S-D對肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血預測的ROC曲線下面積分別為0.74、0.81及0.67。SAAG取值為20.50 g/L時,靈敏度為80.8%,特異度為58.3%;取值為20.10 g/L時,靈敏度為65.4%,特異度為62.5%。PVD取值為13.50 mm時,靈敏度為80.8%,特異度為66.3%;取值為14.25 mm時,靈敏度為65.4%,特異度為83.3%。Plt/S-D取值為0.88×109個/mm時,靈敏度為80.8%,特異度為66.7%;取值為0.97×109個/mm時,靈敏度為65.4%,特異度為66.7%。(3)SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D聯(lián)合應用對肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血預測的評分公式為:預測出血評分=SAAG×PVD÷Plt/S-D,ROC曲線下面積為0.91,取值為890.35時有最佳的靈敏度和特異度,分別為87.8%和90.7%。結論 SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D是肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的影響因素,三項聯(lián)合應用對肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的預測價值較高。
肝炎;肝硬化;食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血;預測
王萬鵬,馮靜,許蕾,等.肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的預測指標研究[J].中國全科醫(yī)學,2015,18(22):2676-2679.[www.chinagp.net]
Wang WP,Feng J,Xu L,et al.Predictive indicators of esophageal varices bleeding in hepatitis patients with liver cirrhosis[J].Chinese General Practice,2015,18(22):2676-2679.
我國約有50%的肝硬化患者存在食管胃底靜脈曲張,而門靜脈高壓所致的食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血是肝硬化患者常見的嚴重并發(fā)癥之一,年發(fā)病率為5%~15%[1],病死率超過20%[2-3]。盡管40%的肝硬化患者的食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血可以自行停止或經(jīng)內(nèi)科治療改善,但治療后近期內(nèi)再出血的病死率仍高達20%左右[1]。因此,準確預測肝硬化患者食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血風險,對預防出血、改善預后及降低病死率都極為重要。目前,臨床上一般以內(nèi)鏡檢查為食管胃底靜脈曲張的診斷方法,通過對曲張靜脈進行分析來預測出血風險。但內(nèi)鏡檢查本身就存在誘發(fā)出血的潛在風險,且易受患者身體情況和其他因素的影響,故多數(shù)患者無法耐受或拒絕接受此檢查。既往有研究嘗試采用其他替代指標來診斷或預測食管胃底靜脈曲張程度和破裂出血風險,如血小板計數(shù)、脾臟大小及門靜脈內(nèi)徑(PVD)等,但單一應用這些指標的預測價值較低[4-5]。本研究同時采用血清腹腔積液清蛋白梯度(SAAG)、PVD及血小板計數(shù)與脾長徑比值(Plt/S-D)對肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血進行預測,旨在評價三者聯(lián)合應用對肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的預測價值。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 一般資料收集 采用查看病歷的方式,收集患者一般資料,包括性別、年齡、飲酒情況、臨床癥狀、用藥情況及既往病史等。
1.2.2 指標檢測 (1)于空腹狀態(tài)下,抽取患者靜脈血,采用羅氏全自動生化分析儀進行血清清蛋白檢測和血常規(guī)檢查;(2)在患者知情同意的情況下,行腹腔穿刺術,采用羅氏全自動生化分析儀進行腹腔積液清蛋白定量檢測;(3)采用GE彩色多普勒(美國)測量患者PVD和脾臟長徑。SAAG=血清清蛋白-腹腔積液清蛋白。
2.1 兩組SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D比較 兩組SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01,見表1)。
2.2 肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血影響因素的非條件Logistic回歸分析 以食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血為應變量,以SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D為自變量,進行非條件Logistic回歸分析。結果顯示,SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D對肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的影響有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05,見表2)。
2.3 SAAG、PVD、Plt/S-D及三者聯(lián)合應用對肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的預測價值 (1)繪制SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D對肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血預測的ROC曲線(見圖1)。ROC曲線下面積分別為0.74、0.81及0.67,以靈敏度和特異度和的最大值確定每個參數(shù)的最佳臨界點:SAAG取值為20.50 g/L時,靈敏度為80.8%,特異度為58.3%;取值為20.10 g/L時,靈敏度為65.4%,特異度為62.5%。PVD取值為13.50 mm時,靈敏度為80.8%,特異度為66.3%;取值為14.25 mm時,靈敏度為65.4%,特異度為83.3%。Plt/S-D取值為0.88×109個/mm時,靈敏度為80.8%,特異度為66.7%;取值為0.97×109個/mm時,靈敏度為65.4%,特異度為66.7%。(2)聯(lián)合應用SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D,建立預測肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的評分系統(tǒng),預測出血評分=SAAG×PVD÷Plt/S-D,計算每例患者的總分。以1-特異度為橫坐標,以靈敏度為縱坐標構建ROC曲線(見圖2),所得曲線下面積為0.91,取值為890.35時,有最佳靈敏度和特異度,分別為87.8%和90.7%。
表1 兩組SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D比較
注:SAAG=血清腹腔積液清蛋白梯度,PVD=門靜脈內(nèi)徑,Plt/S-D=血小板計數(shù)與脾長徑比值
表2 肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血影響因素的非條件Logistic回歸分析
Table 2 Non-conditional logistic regression analysis of influencing factors for EGVB in hepatitis patients with liver cirrhosis
自變量β值SEWaldχ2值P值OR(95%CI)SAAG008007104<005109(107,127)PVD054018853<005171(119,242)Plt/S-D043075031<005154(132,602)
肝硬化導致的門靜脈高壓是食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的主要原因,門靜脈高壓發(fā)生時,食管胃底靜脈曲張程度加重,出血風險增加。有研究顯示,當門靜脈壓力>12 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)時,食管胃底曲張的靜脈壓力達到管壁彈性限度,靜脈曲張破裂出血發(fā)生,故監(jiān)測門靜脈壓力對預測出血有重要意義[6]。吳詩品等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn),PVD>13 mm、脾靜脈內(nèi)徑>9 mm,提示門靜脈高壓;PVD>14 mm、脾靜脈內(nèi)徑>10 mm,提示有食管胃底靜脈曲張可能性。肖紹樹[8]發(fā)現(xiàn),肝硬化患者PVD≥15 mm、脾靜脈內(nèi)徑≥10 mm,可作為預測食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的參考指標。Chalasani等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn),脾臟增大和血小板計數(shù)降低是重度靜脈曲張的獨立預測因子,脾臟增大是門靜脈高壓的表現(xiàn)之一。
注:1:SAAG=血清腹腔積液清蛋白梯度,2:PVD=門靜脈內(nèi)徑,3:Plt/S-D=血小板計數(shù)與脾長徑比值
圖1 SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D對肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血預測的ROC曲線
Figure 1 The ROC curves of SAAG,PVD and Plt/S-D predicting EGVB in hepatitis patients with liver cirrhosis
圖2 SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D聯(lián)合應用對肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血預測的ROC曲線
Figure 2 ROC curves of the combined application of SAAG,PVD and Plt/S-D predicting EGVB in hepatitis patients with liver cirrhosis
Giannini等[10]對266例肝硬化患者分別進行了回顧性和前瞻性研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)當Plt/S-D臨界值為909時,靜脈曲張程度的陽性預測值和陰性預測值分別為96%和100%。李朝輝等[11]對73例肝硬化并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張的患者進行回顧性分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)Plt/S-D與食管胃底靜脈曲張程度呈明顯相關性,且所有重度曲張患者的Plt/S-D均≤894。Chawla等[12]通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Plt/S-D可以成為一個篩檢門靜脈高壓患者初級預防內(nèi)鏡檢查的實用參數(shù)模型。有研究顯示,SAAG只由門靜脈壓力決定,不受血清清蛋白、腹腔積液感染、利尿劑使用、治療性腹腔穿刺、清蛋白輸注及肝臟疾病病因等因素影響,且SAAG與門靜脈壓力呈正相關關系,隨著SAAG的升高,食管胃底靜脈曲張和破裂出血發(fā)生率升高,提示SAAG對肝硬化門靜脈高壓性食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血有較高的預測價值[13-14]。SAAG>20 g/L,需高度警惕食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的可能[15]。
門靜脈壓的檢測包括游離肝靜脈壓力、肝靜脈插管測定肝靜脈契壓、肝靜脈壓力梯度及門靜脈造影時測壓等,也可以在內(nèi)鏡下直接行靜脈穿刺測壓。其中內(nèi)鏡下靜脈穿刺測壓和肝靜脈壓力梯度的臨床價值較高,但實際操作較難,目前主要用于科學研究?,F(xiàn)在臨床上主要通過內(nèi)鏡檢查食管胃底靜脈曲張程度來預測破裂出血風險,但內(nèi)鏡檢查在操作過程中會給患者帶來痛苦,有誘發(fā)出血的危險,且容易受患者身體狀況限制,臨床上難以普及。近年來,研究者們開始探討采用實驗室檢查、超聲影像學及CT等無創(chuàng)性手段來評估門靜脈高壓和食管胃底靜脈曲張程度,以達到預測消化道出血風險的目的。
本研究結果顯示,出血組患者的SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D與非出血組患者比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。非條件Logistic回歸分析顯示,SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D均為肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的獨立危險因素。為了全面、準確地評價SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D的預測價值,以 1-特異度為橫坐標,以靈敏度為縱坐標,構建SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D的ROC曲線,ROC曲線下面積分別為0.74、0.81及0.67,提示使用單一因素預測肝炎肝硬化并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的靈敏度和特異度均不高,出血預測價值較低。為提高靈敏度和特異度,聯(lián)合應用SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D建立一個預測出血評分系統(tǒng),根據(jù)評分構建ROC曲線,所得曲線下面積為0.91,取值為890.35時有最佳靈敏度和特異度,且靈敏度和特異度水平較高,提示當肝炎肝硬化患者的出血評分達到890.35時應進行出血預防性治療。
綜上所述,SAAG、PVD及Plt/S-D均為肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的影響因素,且三者聯(lián)合應用對肝炎肝硬化患者并發(fā)食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血的預測價值較高,可用于出血高危人群的初步篩查。
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(本文編輯:王鳳微)
Predictive Indicators of Esophageal Varices Bleeding in Hepatitis Patients With Liver Cirrhosis
WANGWan-peng,FENGJing,XULei,etal.
DepartmentofInfectiousDiseases,WeifangPeople′sHospital,Weifang261041,China
Objective To evaluate the value of the combined application of serum-ascites albumin gradient(SAAG),portal vein diameter(PVD) and the ratio of platelet count/spleen-diameter(Plt/S-D) in predicting esophageal varices bleeding(EGVB) in hepatitis patients with liver cirrhosis.Methods We enrolled 50 hepatitis patients with liver cirrhosis who received hospitalized treatment in Weifang People′s Hospital Affiliated to Weifang Medical College from January to December 2013.According to whether EGVB occurred,the subjects were divided into two groups:bleeding group(n=26) and non-bleeding group(n=24).We analyzed and compared SAAG,PVD and Plt/S-D between the two groups.The ROC curves of SAAG,PVD,Plt/S-D and their combined application predicting EGVB in hepatitis patients with liver cirrhosis was drawn.Results (1)The two groups were significantly different(P<0.01) in SAAG,PVD and Plt/S-D;non-conditional logistic regression analysis showed that SAAG,PVD and Plt/S-D had significant influence(P<0.05) on EGVB in hepatitis patients with liver cirrhosis.(2)The areas under ROC curves of SAAG,PVD and Plt/S-D predicting EGVB in hepatitis patients with liver cirrhosis were 0.74,0.81 and 0.67 respectively.When the value of SAAG was 20.50 g/L,the corresponding sensitivity was 80.8% and the specificity was 58.3%;when the value of SAAG was 20.10 g/L,the corresponding sensitivity was 65.4% and the specificity was 62.5%.When the value of PVD was 13.50 mm,the corresponding sensitivity was 80.8% and the specificity was 66.3%;when the value of PVD was 14.25 mm,the corresponding sensitivity was 65.4% and the specificity was 83.3%.When the value of Plt/S-D was 0.88×109個/mm,the corresponding sensitivity was 80.8% and the specificity was 66.7%;when the value of Plt/S-D was 0.97×109個/mm,the corresponding sensitivity was 65.4% and the specificity was 66.7%.(3)The evaluation formula of the combined application of SAAG,PVD and Plt/S-D predicting EGVB in hepatitis patients with liver cirrhosis was found:score of bleeding prediction=SAAG×PVD÷Plt/S-D.When the area under ROC was 0.91 and the value was 890.35,we got the highest sensitivity and specificity,which were 87.8% and 90.7%.Conclusion SAAG,PVD and Plt/S-D are the influencing factors for EGVB in hepatitis patients with liver cirrhosis.The combined application of the three factors has higher value in predicting EGVB in hepatitis patients with liver cirrhosis.
Hepatitis;Liver cirrhosis;Esophageal varices bleeding;Forecasting
261041 山東省濰坊市人民醫(yī)院感染性疾病科
王萬鵬,261041 山東省濰坊市人民醫(yī)院感染性疾病科;E-mail:wangwanpeng0630@163.com
R 575
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2015.22.013
2015-04-02;
2015-06-01)