陳艷霞,楊麗萍,吳險(xiǎn)峰,秦曉華,黃 翀,房向東,涂衛(wèi)平
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·論著·
人紅細(xì)胞生成素對(duì)高糖誘導(dǎo)腎近曲小管上皮細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)分化過(guò)程中炎性因子的影響及其可能機(jī)制
陳艷霞,楊麗萍,吳險(xiǎn)峰,秦曉華,黃 翀,房向東,涂衛(wèi)平
目的 探討重組人紅細(xì)胞生成素(rhEPO)對(duì)高糖誘導(dǎo)的正常人腎小管上皮細(xì)胞(HK-2細(xì)胞)轉(zhuǎn)分化過(guò)程中炎性因子的變化及其可能機(jī)制。方法 體外培養(yǎng)HK-2細(xì)胞,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為空白對(duì)照組(未加任何刺激物)、高糖誘導(dǎo)組(高糖終濃度為30 mmol/L)、甘露醇對(duì)照組(甘露醇為24.5 mmol/L)、rhEPO對(duì)照組(rhEPO終濃度為20 U/ml)、不同濃度rhEPO干預(yù)組(rhEPO終濃度分別為5、10、20 U/ml+高糖)及Rho激酶抑制劑(Y27632)組(Y27632終濃度為30 μmol/L,加入Y27632 30 min后加高糖,高糖終濃度為30 mmol/L),以上各組均培養(yǎng)24 h。采用RT-PCR檢測(cè)各組細(xì)胞RhoA mRNA、ROCK1 mRNA表達(dá)水平;采用細(xì)胞免疫熒光法檢測(cè)E-鈣黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、α平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白(α-SMA)表達(dá)水平;采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附實(shí)驗(yàn)(ELISA)檢測(cè)人纖維連接蛋白(FN)、白介素6(IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)的蛋白表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果 各組RhoA mRNA、ROCK1 mRNA表達(dá)比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);其中高糖誘導(dǎo)組與5 U/ml rhEPO組RhoA mRNA、ROCK1 mRNA表達(dá)均高于空白對(duì)照組,10 U/ml rhEPO組、20 U/ml rhEPO組及Rho激酶抑制劑組RhoA、ROCK1 mRNA表達(dá)均低于空白對(duì)照組(P<0.05);不同濃度rhEPO組RhoA mRNA、ROCK1 mRNA表達(dá)均低于高糖誘導(dǎo)組(P<0.05),Rho激酶抑制劑組ROCK1 mRNA表達(dá)低于高糖誘導(dǎo)組(P<0.05);10 U/ml rhEPO組與20 U/ml rhEPO組RhoA mRNA、ROCK1 mRNA表達(dá)均低于5 U/ml rhEPO組(P<0.05);20 U/ml rhEPO組RhoA mRNA、ROCK1 mRNA表達(dá)均低于10 U/ml rhEPO組(P<0.05)。各組α-SMA、E-cadherin、FN、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);其中高糖誘導(dǎo)組、不同濃度rhEPO組、Rho激酶抑制劑組α-SMA、FN、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)均高于空白對(duì)照組,E-cadherin均低于空白對(duì)照組(P<0.05);不同濃度rhEPO組、Rho激酶抑制劑組α-SMA、FN、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)均低于高糖誘導(dǎo)組,E-cadherin均高于高糖誘導(dǎo)組(P<0.05);10 U/ml rhEPO組、20 U/ml rhEPO組α-SMA、FN、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)均低于5 U/ml rhEPO組,E-cadherin均高于5 U/ml rhEPO組(P<0.05);Rho激酶抑制劑組α-SMA、FN蛋白表達(dá)均低于5 U/ml rhEPO組,E-cadherin均高于5 U/ml rhEPO組(P<0.05);20 U/ml rhEPO組α-SMA、FN、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)均低于10 U/ml rhEPO組,E-cadherin均高于10 U/ml rhEPO組(P<0.05);Rho激酶抑制劑組α-SMA、E-cadherin、FN蛋白表達(dá)均低于10 U/ml rhEPO組(P<0.05)。Pearson直線(xiàn)相關(guān)結(jié)果分析,高糖誘導(dǎo)組、不同濃度rhEPO干預(yù)組RhoA mRNA與ROCK1 mRNA表達(dá)水平呈正相關(guān)(r=0.885、0.901、0.886、0.868,P<0.05)。結(jié)論 rhEPO可抑制高糖誘導(dǎo)的HK-2細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)分化,rhEPO還可以通過(guò)減少炎性因子的產(chǎn)生,減輕炎性反應(yīng),從而延緩糖尿病腎病(DN)的進(jìn)展,延緩腎間質(zhì)纖維化,其機(jī)制可能與RhoA/ROCK信號(hào)通路有關(guān)。
糖尿病腎??;紅細(xì)胞生成素;細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)分化;白細(xì)胞介素6;腫瘤壞死因子α;RhoA/ROCK信號(hào)通路
陳艷霞,楊麗萍,吳險(xiǎn)峰,等.人紅細(xì)胞生成素對(duì)高糖誘導(dǎo)腎近曲小管上皮細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)分化過(guò)程中炎性因子的影響及其可能機(jī)制[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2015,18(20):2433-2438.[www.chinagp.net]
Chen YX,Yang LP,Wu XF,et al.Effect and possible mechanism of rhEPO in the transdifferentiation of human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells induced by high glucose and the changes of inflammatory cytokines[J].Chinese General Practice,2015,18(20):2433-2438.
糖尿病腎病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)是糖尿病全身微血管病變的一部分,是糖尿病的嚴(yán)重慢性并發(fā)癥,已成為終末期腎病的重要原因。DN發(fā)病的分子機(jī)制主要包括多元醇通路的激活、蛋白激酶C(PKC)通路的激活、晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物的形成、炎性反應(yīng)、氧化應(yīng)激、腎素血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)的激活。高血糖是引起DN的始動(dòng)因素,使用控制血糖的藥物可以幫助調(diào)節(jié)血糖水平從而保護(hù)腎功能,進(jìn)而延緩腎衰竭,但這也不能完全阻止DN的進(jìn)展,因此,尋找新的藥物阻止DN的進(jìn)展以及治療非常必要。目前DN的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不完全清楚。越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)支持炎癥是DN的發(fā)病機(jī)制之一,慢性微炎癥狀態(tài)及免疫系統(tǒng)的激活在DN的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著不可或缺的作用[1-2]。白介素6(IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)在DN的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用。人紅細(xì)胞生成素(rhEPO)主要由腎皮質(zhì)Ⅰ型間質(zhì)細(xì)胞合成,具有潛在的組織和細(xì)胞保護(hù)作用,本實(shí)驗(yàn)選取高糖誘導(dǎo)HK-2細(xì)胞模擬DN,并探討rhEPO對(duì)高糖誘導(dǎo)的HK-2細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)分化的作用,及其過(guò)程中炎性因子的變化,為延緩DN腎纖維化的進(jìn)展尋找新的證據(jù)。
1.1 主要試劑 rhEPO(沈陽(yáng)三生制藥股份有限公司惠贈(zèng)),DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基(美國(guó)Hyclone),0.25%胰蛋白酶(美國(guó)Gibco),高糖,甘露醇,Rho激酶抑制劑Y27632(美國(guó)Sigma),RNA抽提試劑Trizol(美國(guó)Invitrogen),RT-PCR試劑盒(美國(guó)Fermentas),2×EasyTaq PCR SuperMix(北京全式金),聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)引物由Invitrogen合成,鼠抗人單克隆α平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白(α-SMA)抗體、鼠抗人單克隆E-鈣黏蛋白(E-cadherin)抗體、FITC標(biāo)記抗小鼠IgG(北京中杉金橋),人纖維連接蛋白(FN)、IL-6、TNF-α定量酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)試劑盒(上海森雄)。
1.2 主要儀器 核酸微量蛋白測(cè)定儀、PCR擴(kuò)增儀、凝膠成像系統(tǒng)(美國(guó)Bio-Rad),DYPC-31DN型電泳儀(北京市六一儀器廠),熒光顯微鏡(日本Olym-pus),酶標(biāo)儀(美國(guó)Thermo公司)。
1.3 HK-2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及實(shí)驗(yàn)分組 HK-2細(xì)胞株來(lái)源于美國(guó)ATCC細(xì)胞庫(kù),由中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院余學(xué)清教授惠贈(zèng)。用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基在37 ℃、5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)HK-2細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)至70%~80%融合時(shí)傳代入6孔培養(yǎng)板中繼續(xù)培養(yǎng),至80%融合后改用無(wú)血清DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基同步24 h。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分組:空白對(duì)照組(未加任何刺激物)、高糖誘導(dǎo)組(高糖終濃度為30 mmol/L)、甘露醇對(duì)照組(甘露醇24.5 mmol/L)、rhEPO對(duì)照組(rhEPO終濃度為20 U/ml)、不同濃度rhEPO干預(yù)組(rhEPO終濃度分別為5、10、20 U/ml+高糖,高糖終濃度為30 mmol/L)及Rho激酶抑制劑(Y27632)組(Y27632終濃度為30 μmol/L,加入Y27632 30 min后加高糖,高糖終濃度為30 mmol/L),以上各組均培養(yǎng)24 h。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
1.4 RT-PCR檢測(cè) 加入干預(yù)后培養(yǎng)24 h收集細(xì)胞,用Trizol分別提取各組細(xì)胞總RNA,檢測(cè)RNA完整性后用核酸微量蛋白測(cè)定儀測(cè)定RNA濃度。取總RNA 1.5 μg進(jìn)行反轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA,取cDNA 2 μl在2×EasyTaq PCR SuperMix的作用下擴(kuò)增目標(biāo)基因(以人β-actin為內(nèi)參照),總反應(yīng)體系為50 μl。RhoA引物序列:正義鏈5′-GGCTGGACTCGGATTCGTTG-3′,反義鏈5′-CGTTGGGACAGAAATGCTTGAC-3′,擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物356 bp。ROCK1引物序列:正義鏈5′-TGATGGCTATTATGGACGAG-3′,反義鏈5′-GGAGCGTTTCCCAAGC-3′,擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物293 bp。β-actin引物序列:正義鏈5′-CGGGAAATCGTGCGTGAC-3′,反義鏈5′-TGGAAGGTGGACAGCGAGG-3′,擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物434 bp。反應(yīng)條件:94 ℃預(yù)變性5 min,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸7 min,共35個(gè)循環(huán)。配制2%瓊脂糖凝膠,PCR產(chǎn)物電泳儀內(nèi)120 V,30 min完成電泳后應(yīng)用凝膠成像系統(tǒng)成像并使用Quantity One軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。
1.5 細(xì)胞免疫熒光 6孔培養(yǎng)板中的細(xì)胞用4%多聚甲醛固定20 min(放4 ℃冰箱),用0.1% Triton穿孔15 min,5%牛血清清蛋白(BSA)封閉液室溫封閉30 min后,各孔中滴加鼠抗人單克隆α-SMA抗體(抗體按1∶200稀釋?zhuān)?% BSA封閉液配制)或鼠抗人單克隆E-cadherin抗體4 ℃冰箱孵育過(guò)夜后取出,室溫恢復(fù)30 min,加入FITC標(biāo)記抗小鼠IgG二抗置37 ℃孵箱孵育30 min,熒光顯微鏡下觀察。每組細(xì)胞隨機(jī)選取10個(gè)視野攝像,熒光圖片用Image-Pro Plus 6.0軟件分析,每個(gè)視野累計(jì)光密度值與測(cè)量面積的比值為平均熒光強(qiáng)度(即蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量)。
1.6 ELISA法檢測(cè)FN、IL-6、TNF-α蛋白的表達(dá) 收集細(xì)胞上清液后,嚴(yán)格按照ELISA試劑盒說(shuō)明進(jìn)行操作,讀取波長(zhǎng)為450 nm時(shí)OD值,繪制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線(xiàn),根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線(xiàn)方程分別求出樣品FN、IL-6、TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)濃度。
2.1 高糖、rhEPO對(duì)RhoAmRNA、ROCK1mRNA表達(dá)的影響 各組RhoAmRNA、ROCK1mRNA表達(dá)比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);其中高糖誘導(dǎo)組與5U/mlrhEPO組RhoAmRNA、ROCK1mRNA表達(dá)均高于空白對(duì)照組,10U/mlrhEPO組、20U/mlrhEPO組及Rho激酶抑制劑組RhoAmRNA、ROCK1mRNA表達(dá)均低于空白對(duì)照組;5U/mlrhEPO組、10U/mlrhEPO組及20U/mlrhEPO組RhoAmRNA、ROCK1mRNA表達(dá)均低于高糖誘導(dǎo)組,Rho激酶抑制劑組ROCK1mRNA表達(dá)低于高糖誘導(dǎo)組;10U/mlrhEPO組及20U/mlrhEPO組RhoAmRNA、ROCK1mRNA表達(dá)均低于5U/mlrhEPO組,Rho激酶抑制劑組RhoAmRNA高于5U/mlrhEPO組,ROCK1mRNA表達(dá)低于5U/mlrhEPO組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);20U/mlrhEPO組RhoAmRNA、ROCK1mRNA表達(dá)均低于10U/mlrhEPO組,Rho激酶抑制劑組RhoAmRNA高于10U/mlrhEPO組,ROCK1mRNA表達(dá)低于10U/mlrhEPO組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見(jiàn)表1)。
Table1ComparisonofthemRNAlevelsofRhoAandROCK1amongallthegroups
組別株數(shù)RhoAmRNAROCK1mRNA空白對(duì)照組309446±0131510074±00020高糖誘導(dǎo)組314003±00217a19130±00109a甘露醇對(duì)照組309515±0003810033±00019rhEPO對(duì)照組309445±0010710044±000225U/mlrhEPO組312779±00055ab14176±00055ab10U/mlrhEPO組307703±00045abc09186±00035abc20U/mlrhEPO組303337±00093abcd04766±00022abcdRho激酶抑制劑組313904±00019acd02489±00046abcdF值682939731724282P值<001<001
注:與空白對(duì)照組比較,aP<0.05;與高糖誘導(dǎo)組比較,bP<0.05;與5 U/ml rhEPO組比較,cP<0.05;與10 U/ml rhEPO組比較,dP<0.05
2.2 高糖與rhEPO對(duì)α-SMA、E-cadherin、FN、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)的影響 各組α-SMA、E-cadherin、FN、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);其中高糖誘導(dǎo)組、不同濃度rhEPO組、Rho激酶抑制劑組α-SMA、FN、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)均高于空白對(duì)照組,E-cadherin均低于空白對(duì)照組;不同濃度rhEPO組、Rho激酶抑制劑組α-SMA、FN、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)均低于高糖誘導(dǎo)組,E-cadherin均高于高糖誘導(dǎo)組;10 U/ml rhEPO組與20 U/ml rhEPO組α-SMA、FN、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)均低于5 U/ml rhEPO組,E-cadherin均高于5 U/ml rhEPO組;Rho激酶抑制劑組α-SMA、FN蛋白表達(dá)均低于5 U/ml rhEPO組,E-cadherin均高于5 U/ml rhEPO組;20 U/ml rhEPO組α-SMA、FN、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)均低于10 U/ml rhEPO組,E-cadherin均高于10 U/ml rhEPO組;Rho激酶抑制劑組α-SMA、E-cadherin、FN蛋白表達(dá)均低于10 U/ml rhEPO組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見(jiàn)表2)。
2.3 相關(guān)性分析 Pearson直線(xiàn)相關(guān)分析顯示,高糖誘導(dǎo)組、不同濃度rhEPO干預(yù)組RhoA mRNA與ROCK1 mRNA表達(dá)水平呈正相關(guān)(r=0.885、0.901、0.886、0.868,P<0.05)。
DN纖維化主要發(fā)生于腎小球及腎小管間質(zhì)[3],其腎纖維化貫穿于早期DN至臨床期DN。一些患者在糖尿病早期即有腎間質(zhì)纖維化,但最主要是與DN患者腎功能下降有密切關(guān)系[4]。以往研究顯示,低氧誘導(dǎo)因子1(HIF-1)與RhoA/ROCK信號(hào)通路存在相關(guān)性[5],而EPO是HIF-1主要的靶基因之一,因此推測(cè)EPO與RhoA/ROCK信號(hào)通路也存在著一定聯(lián)系。ROCK抑制劑Y27632和法舒地爾阻斷糖尿病鼠腎組織中的RhoA/ROCK通路后,可以改善腎小球通透性、腎臟血流動(dòng)力學(xué)、代謝指標(biāo)及延緩腎小球硬化進(jìn)展、抑制活性氧自由基的形成,減少細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)蛋白的沉積。意味著RhoA/ROCK信號(hào)通路可能參與DN進(jìn)展的過(guò)程。本實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),給予不同濃度rhEPO(5、10、20 U/ml)干預(yù)后,RhoA mRNA、ROCK1 mRNA顯著下調(diào),且隨著rhEPO濃度升高,抑制作用更加明顯;給予抑制劑Y27632后,ROCK1 mRNA表達(dá)明顯下調(diào),免疫熒光及ELISA結(jié)果顯示,Rho激酶抑制劑組E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)較高糖誘導(dǎo)組明顯增加,α-SMA、FN表達(dá)明顯減少。Pearson直線(xiàn)相關(guān)分析顯示,不同濃度rhEPO干預(yù)組RhoA mRNA與ROCK1 mRNA呈正相關(guān)。因此,筆者推測(cè)rhEPO可能通過(guò)抑制RhoA/ROCK信號(hào)通路抑制上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)過(guò)程,而發(fā)揮延緩腎纖維化的作用。
表2 各組α-SMA、E-cadherin、FN、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)水平的比較
注:與空白對(duì)照組比較,aP<0.05;與高糖誘導(dǎo)組比較,bP<0.05;與5 U/ml rhEPO組比較,cP<0.05;與10 U/ml rhEPO組比較,dP<0.05;FN=纖維連接蛋白,IL-6=白介素6,TNF-α=腫瘤壞死因子α
DN患者腎活檢證實(shí)發(fā)生EMT,并發(fā)現(xiàn)其與腎間質(zhì)纖維化及膠原蛋白的表達(dá)密切相關(guān)[6]。E-cadherin是一種存在于各種類(lèi)型上皮細(xì)胞中的跨膜糖蛋白,α-SMA是一種表達(dá)于血管平滑肌細(xì)胞的骨架蛋白,正常情況下在腎組織中的表達(dá)僅見(jiàn)于平滑肌源性細(xì)胞,正常成熟HK-2細(xì)胞主要表達(dá)角蛋白、E-cadherin等上皮細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物,幾乎不表達(dá)α-SMA。α-SMA蛋白可作為DN腎纖維化發(fā)生的標(biāo)志[7]。HK-2細(xì)胞EMT過(guò)程的特征是E-cadherin蛋白的丟失和α-SMA蛋白、FN表達(dá)的升高。根據(jù)Tang等[8]研究,本研究選擇30 mmol/L D-葡萄糖體外培養(yǎng)HK-2細(xì)胞為誘導(dǎo)濃度,以作用24 h為誘導(dǎo)時(shí)間。免疫熒光結(jié)果顯示,空白對(duì)照組HK-2細(xì)胞形態(tài)呈現(xiàn)典型的上皮細(xì)胞表型:E-cadherin高表達(dá),α-SMA弱表達(dá);高糖誘導(dǎo)組上皮細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)顯著較少,肌成纖維細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物α-SMA蛋白表達(dá)顯著增加,證實(shí)高糖可誘導(dǎo)HK-2細(xì)胞EMT的發(fā)生。rhEPO除具有刺激造血作用外,還是擁有許多器官保護(hù)作用的多效性糖蛋白激素[9],其可以通過(guò)降低血肌酐及尿素氮,從而改善藥物如慶大霉素等誘導(dǎo)的小鼠腎小管損傷性腎功能損害[10],對(duì)脂多糖誘導(dǎo)的急性腎功能損害模型也具有保護(hù)作用[11]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),給予高糖誘導(dǎo)HK-2細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT過(guò)程的同時(shí)加入不同濃度rhEPO(5、10、20 U/ml)干預(yù),干預(yù)組E-cadherin蛋白的表達(dá)較高糖誘導(dǎo)組明顯增加,α-SMA蛋白的表達(dá)明顯下降,并且隨著rhEPO濃度的升高,其抑制轉(zhuǎn)分化的作用更加明顯,表明rhEPO可抑制高糖誘導(dǎo)的EMT過(guò)程,延緩腎間質(zhì)纖維化的進(jìn)展,與鄭開(kāi)元[12]研究結(jié)果一致。
傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為,DN是非免疫性疾病,20世紀(jì)90年代末首次提出免疫系統(tǒng)的激活及微炎性反應(yīng)與DN密切相關(guān)[13]?,F(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)顯示,免疫及炎癥機(jī)制在DN中發(fā)揮著重要作用[1,14]。多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí),IL-6、TNF-α、超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白在DN患者體內(nèi)均升高[15-17]。因此,進(jìn)一步探討炎癥及促炎因子在DN發(fā)展中的作用,可以從改善微炎癥角度尋找延緩DN進(jìn)展的新藥物作用靶點(diǎn)。
TNF-α的表達(dá)不僅限于血源性細(xì)胞與腎臟的固有細(xì)胞,如系膜細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、HK-2細(xì)胞等均能表達(dá)TNF-α[18]。1991年,Hasegawa等[19]首次提出促炎細(xì)胞因子TNF-α能顯著促進(jìn)DN發(fā)展。DN患者血清TNF-α水平明顯高于單純糖尿病而無(wú)DN患者[20]。實(shí)驗(yàn)研究報(bào)道,糖尿病小鼠腎小球和近端HK-2細(xì)胞TNF-α基因表達(dá)及蛋白表達(dá)均明顯增多,并且是DN患者尿蛋白排泄增多的直接、獨(dú)立的因素[21]。1991年,Sekizuka等[22]報(bào)道,DN患者血清IL-6水平明顯高于非DN患者。應(yīng)用原位雜交技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn),DN患者腎臟中的系膜細(xì)胞、腎小管細(xì)胞和浸潤(rùn)細(xì)胞均可表達(dá)IL-6 mRNA。IL-6參與腎小球基底膜寬度的增加。由IL-6介導(dǎo)的腎臟損傷可能與改變內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性、增強(qiáng)系膜細(xì)胞的增殖能力及增加FN的表達(dá)有關(guān)[23]。IL-6 mRNA在腎間質(zhì)、肌成纖維細(xì)胞(HK-2細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)分化而來(lái))中強(qiáng)烈表達(dá),其表達(dá)量與間質(zhì)損害程度相關(guān)[24]。在DN出現(xiàn)臨床癥狀之前,其實(shí)就已經(jīng)有炎性反應(yīng)的發(fā)生[25],其可能機(jī)制是DN患者體內(nèi)的高糖毒性使腎小球基底膜支架結(jié)構(gòu)孔徑增粗,引起腎小球微血管通透性升高,產(chǎn)生病理變化,導(dǎo)致炎性因子的表達(dá)增多,從而引起DN患者的蛋白尿。本實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),給予高糖刺激HK-2細(xì)胞,IL-6、TNF-α蛋白濃度明顯升高,給予rhEPO干預(yù)或Y27632處理后,其表達(dá)明顯減少,且具有rhEPO濃度依賴(lài)性。推測(cè),rhEPO對(duì)高糖環(huán)境下HK-2細(xì)胞的抗感染作用可能與抑制RhoA/ROCK信號(hào)通路有關(guān)。
綜上所述,rhEPO可通過(guò)阻斷RhoA/ROCK信號(hào)通路抑制HK-2細(xì)胞EMT過(guò)程,且還可以通過(guò)減少炎性因子的產(chǎn)生,減輕炎性反應(yīng),延緩DN進(jìn)展。但其機(jī)制復(fù)雜,可能同時(shí)涉及多條信號(hào)通路、多種細(xì)胞因子的共同參與,且本研究采用的是體外HK-2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的方式進(jìn)行,所得實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果不能完全反映臨床實(shí)際情況。今后仍需進(jìn)一步研究EPO對(duì)其他通路、其他細(xì)胞因子的影響,為是否可通過(guò)抑制多條通路的活化更強(qiáng)地延緩DN的進(jìn)展提供更多的實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)。
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(本文編輯:賈萌萌)
·全科醫(yī)生知識(shí)窗·
2015年ADA糖尿病診療標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仍關(guān)注個(gè)體化治療
由美國(guó)糖尿病協(xié)會(huì)(ADA)更新的《2015年ADA糖尿病診療標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》強(qiáng)調(diào)需對(duì)每例患者給予個(gè)體化管理。美國(guó)Joslin糖尿病中心的Giulio R.Romeo和Martin J.Abrahamson在2015年3月24日發(fā)表于《內(nèi)科學(xué)年鑒》(Ann Intern Med)的述評(píng)中指出,根據(jù)新指南,非內(nèi)分泌科醫(yī)生在接診糖尿病患者時(shí)有3個(gè)值得注意的地方:
(1)在亞裔美國(guó)人群中篩查糖尿病前期和2型糖尿病時(shí),需將體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)切點(diǎn)降至23 kg/m2,而不能使用25 kg/m2。研究者指出,亞洲人群糖尿病漏診的現(xiàn)象很普遍。在易感人群中篩查糖尿病時(shí)采用較低的BMI切點(diǎn)會(huì)更好地檢出糖尿病或糖尿病前期患者。
(2)糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)目標(biāo)值和治療方案需根據(jù)每例患者的年齡、合并癥、預(yù)期壽命和生活方式而定。新指南也推薦聯(lián)合用藥,但指出應(yīng)考慮患者的低血糖風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、不良反應(yīng)、治療對(duì)體質(zhì)量的影響和花費(fèi)問(wèn)題。
(3)新指南推薦的收縮壓和舒張壓目標(biāo)值分別為140 mm Hg和90 mm Hg。醫(yī)生應(yīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到患者發(fā)生動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。不論初始低密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平如何,對(duì)≥40歲的糖尿病患者應(yīng)給予更強(qiáng)化的他汀治療,同時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)其服藥依從性。
Romeo和Abrahamson指出,《2015年ADA糖尿病診療標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》繼續(xù)強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體化治療,再次強(qiáng)調(diào)了以患者為中心的原則。
(摘自“醫(yī)脈通”網(wǎng)站)
Effect and Possible Mechanism of rhEPO in the Transdifferentiation of Human Kidney Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells Induced by High Glucose and the Changes of Inflammatory Cytokines
CHENYan-xia,YANGLi-ping,WUXian-feng,etal.
DepartmentofNephrology,theSecondAffiliatedHospitalofNanchangUniversity,Nanchang330006,China
Objective To investigate the effect and possible mechanism of rhEPO in the transdifferentiation of human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells(HK-2 cells)induced by high glucose and the changes of inflammatory cytokines.Methods By using random number table,HK-2 cells cultured in vitro were divided into several groups:blank control group(with no irritants),high glucose induced group (with a high glucose final concentration of 30 mmol/L),mannitol control group(with a mannitol concentration of 24.5 mmol/L),rhEPO control group(with a rhEPO final concentration of 20 U/ml),three rhEPO intervention groups(with a rhEPO final concentration of 5,10 and 20 U/ml respectively and high glucose added),Rho kinase inhibitor(Y27632)group(in which Y27632 with a final concentration of 30 μmol/L was added and high glucose was added 30 minutes later with a final concentration of 30 mmol/L).After 24 h in virto culture,reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)was used to evaluate the mRNA levels of RhoA and ROCK.The levels of E-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)proteins were assessed by immunofluorescent test.ELISA was used to measure the levels of Fibronectin(FN),IL-6 and TNF-αproteins.Results The groups were all significantly different(P<0.05)in the mRNA levels of RhoA and ROCK;the high glucose induced group and the 5 U/ml rhEPO intervention group were higher(P<0.05)than the blank control group in the mRNA levels of RhoA and ROCK;the 10 U/ml rhEPO intervention group and the 20 U/ml rhEPO intervention group and the Y27632 group were lower(P<0.05)than the blank control group in the mRNA levels of RhoA and ROCK;the three rhEPO intervention groups were lower(P<0.05)than the high glucose induced group in the mRNA levels of RhoA and ROCK;the Y27632 group was lower(P<0.05)than the high glucose induced group in the mRNA levels of ROCK;the 10 U/ml rhEPO intervention group and the 20 U/ml rhEPO intervention group were lower(P<0.05)than the 5 U/ml rhEPO intervention group in the mRNA levels of RhoA and ROCK;the 20 U/ml rhEPO intervention group was lower(P<0.05)than the 10 U/ml rhEPO intervention group in the mRNA levels of RhoA and ROCK.The groups were significantly different(P<0.05)in the protein levels of α-SMA,E-cadherin,F(xiàn)N,IL-6 and TNF-α;the high glucose induced group,the three rhEPO intervention groups and the Y27632 group were higher(P<0.05)in the protein levels of α-SMA,F(xiàn)N,IL-6 and TNF-α and were lower(P<0.05) in E-cadherin than the blank control group;the three rhEPO intervention groups and the Y27632 group were lower(P<0.05)in the protein levels of α-SMA,F(xiàn)N,IL-6 and TNF-α and were higher(P<0.05)in E-cadherin than the high glucose induced group;the 10 U/ml rhEPO intervention group and the 20 U/ml rhEPO intervention group were lower(P<0.05)in the protein levels of α-SMA,F(xiàn)N,IL-6 and TNF-α and higher(P<0.05)in E-cadherin than the 5 U/ml rhEPO intervention group;the Y27632 group was lower(P<0.05)in the protein levels of α-SMA and FN and were higher(P<0.05)in E-cadherin than the 5 U/ml rhEPO intervention group;the 20 U/ml rhEPO intervention group was lower(P<0.05)in the protein levels of α-SMA,F(xiàn)N,IL-6 and TNF-αand was higher(P<0.05)in E-cadherin than the 10 U/ml rhEPO;the Y27632 group was lower(P<0.05)than the 10 U/ml rhEPO intervention group in the protein levels of α-SMA,E-cadherin and FN.The pearson linear correlation analysis showed that the mRNA level of RhoA was positively correlated with the mRNA level of ROCK1 in the high glucose group and the three rhEPO intervention groups(r=0.885,0.901,0.886,0.868;P<0.05).Conclusion rhEPO could inhibit the transdifferentiation of HK-2 cells induced by high glucose to delay the fibrosis of renal.rhEPO can also reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines,the generation of inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory response,thus delaying the progression of diabetic nephropathy and the fibrosis of renal interstitium.The mechanism may be related to RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway.
Diabetic nephropathies;Erythropoietin;Cell transdifferentiation;Interleukin-6;Tumor necrosis factor-alpha;RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway
江西省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(20122BAB205006)
330006江西省南昌市,南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科(陳艷霞,吳險(xiǎn)峰,秦曉華,黃翀,房向東,涂衛(wèi)平);江西省腫瘤醫(yī)院(楊麗萍)
房向東,330006江西省南昌市,南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科;E-mail:xiangdongfang818@sina.com
R 587.24
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2015.20.018
2015-01-27;
2015-04-11)