胡 艷,徐海女,張 斌
南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院,江蘇 南京 210000
以柴葛解肌湯為例探討中醫(yī)方劑英譯的方法與技巧*
胡 艷,徐海女,張 斌△
南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院,江蘇 南京 210000
以柴葛解肌湯為例探討中醫(yī)方劑的翻譯方法和技巧,指出通過(guò)舉例、說(shuō)明等方法,將不同翻譯方法和技巧運(yùn)用到方劑翻譯的實(shí)踐中去,保障中醫(yī)方劑翻譯的規(guī)范性與準(zhǔn)確性,以期達(dá)到理論指導(dǎo)實(shí)踐的目的,進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)中醫(yī)國(guó)際交流。
中醫(yī)方劑;柴葛解肌湯;英譯;規(guī)范
方劑是在辨證立法基礎(chǔ)上,按照一定組方原則,將藥物有機(jī)地組合在一起,用于防治疾病的制劑,是我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)藥的重要組成部分,其翻譯的質(zhì)量水平在一定程度上影響著中醫(yī)藥的對(duì)外交流。為保證翻譯質(zhì)量,提高翻譯水平,防止胡譯亂譯現(xiàn)象,現(xiàn)以柴葛解肌湯為例探討方劑翻譯的方法、技巧,使譯文更具規(guī)范性、科學(xué)性、合理性。
方劑一般由方名、來(lái)源、組成、用法、功用、主治、加減、方解、使用注意等幾個(gè)部分組成。一般而言,中藥方劑學(xué)翻譯中,功用、主治等的翻譯可以套用一些既定的翻譯模式,所涉及的問(wèn)題可按照中醫(yī)翻譯的一般方法解決?,F(xiàn)以解表劑中的柴葛解肌湯為例,依次討論方劑的方名、來(lái)源、組成、用法、功用、主治、加減、方解、使用注意等方面的英譯技巧和方法。
“方名”部分的翻譯有3個(gè)原則:間接性原則、信息性原則、回譯性原則,這要求中醫(yī)方名具有簡(jiǎn)明扼要、信息性并能直接將英文回譯成中文的特點(diǎn),使人一目了然、見(jiàn)詞明義并實(shí)現(xiàn)信息的雙向傳遞,又能提高翻譯質(zhì)量并限制濫譯[1]。從翻譯原則和實(shí)踐分析,方劑名稱英譯以直譯、音譯為主,意譯、釋義為輔,由于中藥譯為拉丁文一般都比較長(zhǎng),不符合簡(jiǎn)潔性原則,為便于教學(xué)及與外國(guó)留學(xué)生更好地交流,臨床上較多采用音譯法,此種譯法的缺點(diǎn)是譯文中無(wú)法看出藥物的功效、主治等;較正式的文章、資料等一般采用音譯與意譯相結(jié)合的譯法,意譯用括弧括起來(lái)。如本方柴葛解肌湯可譯為ChaiGe JieJiTang(Bupleurum and Pueraria Decoction for Relieving Muscle)
直譯法適合于以下幾種命名法[2]:
1)以方中君藥命名的方劑,譯式為:君藥+劑型名,如:
桂枝湯:Ramulus Cinnamomi Decoction
白頭翁湯:Pulsatilla Decoction
2)以主治病癥命名的方劑,譯式為:病癥名+劑型名,如:
三痹湯:Triple Arthralgia Decoction
腎著湯:Kidney Fixity Decoction
3)以治療方法命名的方劑,譯式為:病名+治法+劑型名,如:
透膿散:Pus-Expelling Powder
血府逐瘀湯:Blood Stasis Expelling Decoction
4)以借喻法命名的方劑,譯式為:借喻物+劑型名,如:
碧玉散:Jasper Jade Powder
舟車丸:Vessel and Vehicle Pill
5)以功效命名的方劑,譯式為:功效+劑型名,如:
抗白喉合劑:Anti-Diphtheria Mixture
大安丸:Great Tranquility Pill
6)以主藥加功效命名的方劑,譯式為:主藥+劑型名+for+功效,如:
葶藶大棗瀉肺湯:Lepidium/Descurainiae and Jujube Decoction for Draining Lung
羌活勝濕湯:Notopterygium Decoction For Drying Dampness
7)以服藥時(shí)間命名的方劑,譯式為:時(shí)間+劑型名,如:
雞鳴散:Rooster-crowing Powder
8)以顏色命名的方劑,譯式為:顏色+劑型名,如:
碧玉散:Green Jade Powder
紫雪丹:Purple Snow Elixir
一般情況,凡是不宜于直譯的方劑,均可音譯,翻譯時(shí),應(yīng)先考慮直譯,如果直譯行不通,可采用音譯,適合于音譯的方劑名稱有以下幾種:
1)以方中所含諸藥的組成命名的方劑,由于中藥拉丁語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng),如果一個(gè)方劑名稱中含有兩個(gè)以上的中藥名,如果逐個(gè)譯出,方劑名稱會(huì)比較長(zhǎng),不便于交流。如半夏白術(shù)天麻湯,音譯為BanXia BaiZhu TianMa Decoction
2)以比喻、傳說(shuō)或五行配設(shè)相關(guān)的方劑名稱,基于中西方文化差異性,中醫(yī)文化的缺省以及語(yǔ)言國(guó)情學(xué)的事實(shí),對(duì)于一些有中國(guó)特色的符號(hào),難于找到相對(duì)應(yīng)的英文,造成語(yǔ)言的不可譯性,可以采取音譯的方法,即歸化原則,保持中醫(yī)特色[3]。如真武湯,音譯為ZhenWu Decoction.
直譯名稱時(shí),應(yīng)注意不能譯成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)式,盡量不用冠詞、劑型名直接置于主藥或病癥之后,以便省去介詞。音譯時(shí),應(yīng)注意以詞為單位,不是以字為單位,如仙方活命丹,應(yīng)譯為XianfangHuoming Bolus,并非譯為XianFang HuoMing Bolus。同時(shí),方劑名稱中的劑型一般應(yīng)直譯。
“方源”部分的翻譯牽扯到書(shū)名的翻譯,考慮到回譯性,中醫(yī)書(shū)名的翻譯,一般采用音譯與意譯相結(jié)合的方法,中間用連詞or隔開(kāi),書(shū)名一律為斜體,實(shí)詞部分首字母大寫(xiě),方源一般譯為source,如柴葛解肌湯來(lái)源《傷寒六書(shū)》,英譯為Source:ShangHan LiuShu or Six Volumes of Book on Treatise Exogenous Febrile Diseases
“成分”或“組成”一般譯為“ingredients”,而非“composition”,前者是指中藥若干藥物以混合物形式出現(xiàn),后者側(cè)重指化學(xué)成分,對(duì)于中藥名的翻譯采取拼音加拉丁文的形式,拼音是為了保持回譯性,拉丁文是為了符合國(guó)際慣例,一般為斜體。柴葛解肌湯的“成分”部分翻譯如下:成分:柴胡6 g,干葛9 g,甘草3 g,黃芩6 g,羌活3 g,白芷3 g,芍藥6 g,桔梗 3 g,(原方未注明劑量)。
Ingredients:Chaihu(Radix Bupleuri)6 g,Gange(Radix Puerariae Lobatae,dried)9 g,Gancao (RadixetRhizomaGlycyrrhizae)3g,Huangqin(Radix Scutellariae)6 g,Qianghuo(Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii)3g,Baizhi(RadixAngelicaeDahuricae)3 g,Shaoyao(RadixPaeoniaeAlba;RadixPaeoniaeRubra) 6 g and Jiegeng(Radix Platycodonis)3 g,(The dosage not marked in the original formula).
成分部分的某些藥名后括號(hào)里加注有“先煎”“后下”“包煎”“另煎”“炒”“搗碎”“酒洗”“麩炒”“浸炒”等內(nèi)容,可直接譯成動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞以表示被動(dòng)之意,如“decocted first,decocted later,wrapped boiling,decocted separately,parched,crushed,washed with wine,parched with bran,saturated and fried”等。
“用法”一詞的翻譯有 administration,usage,recommendation等,目前常見(jiàn)的翻譯為ad ministration和usage,前者較為正式?!坝梅ā辈糠值膬?nèi)容一般為“水煎服”,可譯成祈使句“Decoct the ingredients in water for oral administration.”也有譯為“All the above drugs are decocted together in water for oral administration.”比較而言,前者采用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)更流暢、自然、簡(jiǎn)潔。
“功用”一詞不應(yīng)譯為functions,因?yàn)閒unctions指人體、機(jī)械的功能,而方劑中的“功用”是指藥物進(jìn)入人體后產(chǎn)生的藥理作用,所以應(yīng)參考西醫(yī),翻譯為actions。功用部分的內(nèi)容一般為四字結(jié)構(gòu)的中醫(yī)術(shù)語(yǔ),翻譯時(shí)可處理成動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)。如該方“功用”部分的“發(fā)汗解肌,清泄里熱”可譯成“inducingdiaphoresis,relievingmuscle and clearing away internal heat.”
“主治”亦指“適應(yīng)癥”“主治”可譯為indication,conditions,treatment,較常見(jiàn)的譯為indication。主治部分的內(nèi)容可處理成名詞短語(yǔ)或詞組形式。該方的“主治”部分的“外感風(fēng)寒,郁而化熱證。惡寒漸輕,身熱增盛,無(wú)汗頭痛,目疼鼻干,心煩不眠,咽干耳聾,眼眶痛,舌苔薄黃,脈浮微洪者?!保?]可譯為“Syndrome of externally contracted wind-cold stagnated and transformed into heat,manifested by/as gradual relief of aversion to cold,gradually high body fever,anhidrosis,headache,eye pain, nasal dryness,disphoria with insomnia,dry throat,deafness,orbitalpain,thin and yellow tongue coating,floating,feeble and surging pulse.”
“加減”常譯為modification,加減變化內(nèi)容的句型一般為“(若)……者……宜加(減、去)……(以增強(qiáng)……之力)”,可處理成“For patients with(In case of)……add(remove)……(to enhance the potency of……)/…… can be added.”一般常用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),句子更加簡(jiǎn)潔、流暢、自然、也符合英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
如該方中“若無(wú)汗而惡寒甚者,可去黃芩,加麻黃以增強(qiáng)發(fā)散表寒之力 (值夏秋可以蘇葉代之);若表寒不甚,無(wú)惡寒頭痛者,則去羌活、白芷;若里熱盛,津傷口渴者,加重石膏用量,或加知母、花粉以清熱生津?!笨勺g為“In case of anhidrosis and severe aversion tocold, remove Huangqin (Radix Scutellariae),and add Mahuang(HerbaEphedrae)toenhancethe potencyofdispersingexteriorcold(In summer and fall,Suye(Folium Perillae)may be used as the substitute);in case of mild exterior cold without aversion to cold and headache,remove Qianghuo(Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii)andBaizhi(RadixAngelicaeDahuricae); for patients with excessive interior heat, thirst with consumption of body fluid, increase the dosage of Shigao(Gyp sum Fibrosum),or add Zhimu(Rhizoma Anemarrhenae)and Huafen(Radix Trichosanthis)to clear away heat and generate fluid.”
“方解”主要分證治和方義兩部分,證治部分論述證型、病因、病機(jī)、癥狀等,方義部分分別論述方中君、臣、佐、使藥物的藥性、歸經(jīng)、功用等,結(jié)尾部分綜合評(píng)價(jià)該方的功效及臨床意義。
根據(jù)該部分漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),證型部分常用“本方證為……所致?!薄氨痉剿螢椤C?!薄氨痉街髦巍C。”“本方所致之證,為……所致?!钡?,英譯時(shí)可處理成“This formula is used for……syndrome caused by/due to……/或者This formula is a common formula to treat the syndrome of……”句型。采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)以示客觀性,處理成介詞短語(yǔ),使整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、邏輯縝密如該方“本方為治外感風(fēng)寒,郁而化熱的常用方”可譯為“This formula is the common formula used for heat syndrome due to stagnation of externally contracted wind-cold.”
“病因病機(jī)部分”,語(yǔ)言凝練、言簡(jiǎn)意賅、語(yǔ)義豐富,有時(shí)間、因果等語(yǔ)義關(guān)系,故翻譯時(shí),可以將其處理為主從復(fù)合句,時(shí)間、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,如“when……will……leading to(causing/giving rise to/resulting in,etc)”語(yǔ)義清晰,層次明了,同時(shí)使用as,with等引導(dǎo)伴隨狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等成分,使得句子主干清晰。
如該方“外感風(fēng)寒,本應(yīng)惡寒重,發(fā)熱輕,今惡寒漸輕,身熱日盛,是為寒邪郁表,逐漸化熱入里趨勢(shì)所致。因表寒尚未全解,衛(wèi)陽(yáng)被遏,經(jīng)脈不利,故頭痛無(wú)汗,脈浮等癥仍在。太陽(yáng)表邪化熱入里初犯少陽(yáng)、陽(yáng)明,故見(jiàn)心煩不眠,眼眶痛,咽干耳聾,鼻干,脈微洪等三陽(yáng)合病之癥。治當(dāng)發(fā)汗解肌,兼清里熱。”可譯為“When externally contracted with wind and cold,patients usually feel severe aversion to cold and mild fever; however,in this case,pathogenic cold stagnates in exterior,and gradually transforms into heat,leading to gradual relief of aversion to cold and gradually high body fever;since exterior cold has not relived yet,defense Yang is checked and meridians are obstructed, resulting in headache, anhidrosis and floating pulse;when exterior pathogenstransformintoheattoinvade Shaoyang and Yangming meridians,they will bring out the symptoms and signs of complications of Taiyang,Shaoyang and Yangming meridians,such as disphoria with insomnia,orbital pain,dry throat,deafness,nasaldryness,feeble and surging pulse.The treatment lies in inducing hidrosis and reliving muscle,combined with clearing away internal heat.”
“方義解析部分”,可以使用adj.+n.+ed結(jié)構(gòu),構(gòu)成復(fù)合形容詞做定語(yǔ),如 warm-natured,符合英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣,又簡(jiǎn)化句子成分;同時(shí)可使用介詞with,as等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ),作伴隨狀語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ),句子成分清晰明了,易于理解。
如該方“方用入少陽(yáng)的柴胡疏暢氣機(jī),透少陽(yáng)之熱,入陽(yáng)明的葛根發(fā)汗解表,解肌退熱,共為君藥。羌活散太陽(yáng)表寒,白芷疏陽(yáng)明風(fēng)熱,且二藥均擅長(zhǎng)止痛;黃芩、石膏助柴、葛清泄里熱,四藥共為臣藥。白芍、甘草酸甘化陰,斂陰和營(yíng);桔梗宣利肺氣,載藥上行。諸藥合用,寒溫通用,以辛涼為主,共成辛涼解肌,兼清里熱之劑?!笨勺g為“In this formula,the Shaoyang-entering Chaihu(Radix Trichosanthis)smoothes Qi movement and clearing away heat from Shaoyang;the Yangmingentering Gegen (Radix Puerariae Lobatae) induces hidrosis and relieves muscles to remove fever; the two ingredients used together as the monarch medicinal.Qianghuo (Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii)dissipates the exterior cold of Taiyang,while Baizhi(Radix Angelicae Dahuricae)expels wind and heat of Yangming,both of them good at reliving pain;Huangqin (Radix Scutellariae)and Shigao (Gypsum Fibrosum)assist Chaihu(Radix Trichosanthis)and Shigao(Gypsum Fibrosum)to clear away heat;the four ingredients used together as the minister medicinal.The sour and sweet-flavored Baishao(Radix Paeoniae Alba) and Gancao(Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae)transform and astringe Yin and mediate nutrient Qi;Jiegeng(Radix Platycodonis)ventilates the lung Qiand promotes the rise of medicinal.In this formula,cold-natured and warm-natured medicinal are used together, mainly composed of pungent-flavored and cool-natured medicinal to achieve the effects of reliving muscles and clearing away internal heat simultaneously.”
“使用注意”可以譯成precautions,cautions等,其中前者較常見(jiàn)。常見(jiàn)的句型有It should be applied with caution(慎用);It is advisable to be used in……(宜用);It is unadvisable to be used in……(不宜用);It is contraindicated in……(禁用)。
如該方“注意事項(xiàng):若太陽(yáng)表證未入里,或未化熱者,不宜用本方,恐其引邪入里。”可譯為“Precautions:The formula is unadvisable to the case of exterior syndrome without entering the interior or not transformed into heat for the fear that it may lead to the pathogenic factors to enter the interior.
“現(xiàn)代應(yīng)用”可以直譯為modern application.該部分的內(nèi)容”此方可用于治療……者。“可用”The formula is applicable to……“句型。如該方”本方用于治療感冒、流行性感冒等屬外感風(fēng)寒,邪郁化熱證者?!翱勺g為”The formula is applicable to common cold,influenza and so on,which belong to the syndrome of externally contracted wind-cold stagnated and transformed into heat.”
中醫(yī)方劑是中醫(yī)藥的重要組成部分,方劑翻譯在我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)藥對(duì)外交流方面起著舉足輕重的作用[5]。由于缺乏統(tǒng)一的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、原則、技巧和方法,導(dǎo)致當(dāng)前中醫(yī)藥翻譯及方劑翻譯混亂的局面,希望通過(guò)本文拋磚引玉,探討方劑翻譯的問(wèn)題、技巧與方法,促使中醫(yī)方劑翻譯早日走上規(guī)范化、科學(xué)化道路。
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[2] 李照國(guó).論中醫(yī)方劑的翻譯[J].中國(guó)科技翻譯,1993,8(4): 23-26.
[3] 燕燕,張斌.從《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》兩個(gè)譯本談翻譯的不可譯性及其補(bǔ)償法教學(xué)[J].時(shí)珍國(guó)醫(yī)國(guó)藥,2012,23(5):1267-1269.
[4] 李經(jīng)蘊(yùn),史文君.中醫(yī)方劑翻譯規(guī)范與技巧探討——《桑菊飲》為例[J].瘋狂英語(yǔ):教師版,2012(3):172-174.
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English Translation Methods and Techniques of TCM Prescription with ChaiGe JieJi Tang as the Example
HU Yan,XU Hainu,ZHANG Bin△
Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing 210000,China
The paper discusses the English translation norms and techniques of TCM prescription with ChaiGe JieJi Tang(Bupleurum and Pueraria Decoction for Relieving Muscle)as the example based on the current situation of English translation of TCM prescription in order to ensure the standardization,accuracy and quality of TCM translation,thus further promote international exchanges of TCM by the means of examples and explanation to apply different techniques to real translation practice,thus achieving the effect of theory guiding practice.
TCM prescriptions;ChaiGe JieJi Tang;English translation;norms
R2-05
A
1004-6852(2015)11-0137-04
2014-11-27
江蘇省高等教育教改課題基金項(xiàng)目(編號(hào)2013JSJG 228)。
胡艷(1989—),女,在讀碩士研究生。研究方向:中醫(yī)英語(yǔ)研究。
△通訊作者:張斌(1966—),男,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師,副教授。研究方向:中醫(yī)外語(yǔ)、語(yǔ)言學(xué)教學(xué)及研究。