周 磊 劉會(huì)春 李宗狂 魯貽民 金 浩
(蚌埠醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院肝膽外科,蚌埠 233004)
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·臨床研究·
經(jīng)皮膽道金屬支架置入姑息性治療肝門(mén)部膽管癌
周 磊 劉會(huì)春*李宗狂 魯貽民 金 浩
(蚌埠醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院肝膽外科,蚌埠 233004)
目的 探討經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝膽道引流(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD)途徑膽道金屬支架置入姑息性治療失去手術(shù)切除機(jī)會(huì)的肝門(mén)部膽管癌(hilar cholangiocarcinoma,HCCA)的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。 方法 2008年4月~2012年3月,對(duì)21例失去切除機(jī)會(huì)的HCCA,先在超聲引導(dǎo)下行PTCD,1周后在DSA透視下行膽道金屬支架置入,將PTCD的外引流轉(zhuǎn)為膽道支架內(nèi)引流。 結(jié)果 21例HCCA血清總膽紅素(TBIL)從術(shù)前(290.29±155.98)μmol/L術(shù)后1周降至(103.01±53.83)μmol/L (t=7.00,P=0.00);血清直接膽紅素(DBIL)從術(shù)前(199.46±128.73)μmol/L術(shù)后1周降至(45.71±25.99)μmol/L (t=6.19,P=0.00),丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰轉(zhuǎn)肽酶(γ-GT)術(shù)后1周均明顯下降(P<0.01),術(shù)后平均生存時(shí)間10.2月,95%置信區(qū)間7.74~12.69月。 結(jié)論 經(jīng)PTCD途徑膽道金屬支架置入是姑息性治療失去手術(shù)切除機(jī)會(huì)的HCCA的一種有效方法,具有簡(jiǎn)便、創(chuàng)傷小、安全、可重復(fù)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
肝門(mén)部膽管癌; 超聲; 膽道支架; 并發(fā)癥; 姑息性
肝門(mén)部膽管癌(hilar cholangiocarcinoma,HCCA)是指發(fā)生于膽囊管開(kāi)口以上的肝總管和左右肝管的黏膜上皮癌[1~5],根治性手術(shù)切除是治愈該病的唯一方法[6,7]。然而,由于HCCA發(fā)生部位特殊、腫瘤局部浸潤(rùn)性生長(zhǎng),加之與肝門(mén)部重要血管的關(guān)系密切,故其手術(shù)切除率低,術(shù)后死亡率高[8,9]。HCCA患者膽汁排出受阻,進(jìn)而引起膽汁在體內(nèi)淤積,造成全身多器官損害,這是造成晚期HCCA死亡的主要原因,因此,對(duì)不能手術(shù)切除的HCCA患者采取及時(shí)有效的減黃治療具有十分重要的意義[6,8,10,11]。本文回顧性分析我科2008年4月~2012年3月21例采用經(jīng)皮膽道金屬支架置入術(shù)姑息性治療失去手術(shù)切除機(jī)會(huì)的HCCA患者的臨床資料,初步探討其在肝門(mén)部膽管癌的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
1.1 一般資料
本組21例,男14例,女7例。年齡40~79歲,(64.3±11.2)歲。均因無(wú)痛性進(jìn)行性黃疸為首發(fā)癥狀,通過(guò)上腹部CT平掃及增強(qiáng)、MRI及MRCP證實(shí)為失去手術(shù)切除時(shí)機(jī)的晚期肝門(mén)部膽管癌。按Bismuth分型標(biāo)準(zhǔn):Ⅲa型6例,Ⅲb型5例,Ⅳ型10例(其中3例行肝門(mén)部膽管癌根治手術(shù),術(shù)后10、14及15個(gè)月復(fù)發(fā))。術(shù)前血清總膽紅素(TBIL)(292.29±155.98)μmol/L,直接膽紅素(DBIL)(199.46±128.73)μmol/L,丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)(205.81±130.66)U/L,天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(AST)(179.19±122.31)U/L,γ-谷氨酰轉(zhuǎn)肽酶(γ-GT)(753.29±617.07)U/L。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
行經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝膽道引流(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD)途徑膽道金屬支架置入術(shù)。PTCD采用廣州凌捷醫(yī)療器械有限公司生產(chǎn)的親水性涂層豬尾巴導(dǎo)管;金屬膽道支架為南京微創(chuàng)醫(yī)學(xué)科技有限公司生產(chǎn)的自膨式記憶合金支架[國(guó)食藥監(jiān)械(準(zhǔn))字2012第3460992號(hào)];超聲儀為日立2000型配合常規(guī)腹部探頭,頻率為3.5 MHz;數(shù)字減影血管造影系統(tǒng)(DSA)放射機(jī)為美國(guó)GE公司的Innova3100。
1.2.1 超聲引導(dǎo)下PTCD 穿刺靶點(diǎn)和穿刺管型號(hào)的選擇根據(jù)超聲檢查及肝內(nèi)膽管擴(kuò)張的具體情況決定,常用穿刺點(diǎn)有第7或第8肋間隙與右腋前線交界處和劍突下。穿刺點(diǎn)由超聲定位,2%利多卡因局部浸潤(rùn)麻醉,用18G穿刺針進(jìn)行穿刺,到達(dá)靶點(diǎn)后退出針芯,再置入導(dǎo)絲至肝門(mén)部,擴(kuò)皮刀擴(kuò)皮,沿導(dǎo)絲置入7F~8.5F親水性涂層豬尾巴導(dǎo)管,拔去導(dǎo)絲,引流管接引流袋后縫固于皮膚表面。
1.2.2 膽道金屬支架置入 PTCD后1周左右在DSA透視下行膽道金屬支架置入。平臥位,經(jīng)PTCD引流管用20%泛影葡胺造影,顯示膽道梗阻部位,經(jīng)PTCD管送入導(dǎo)絲至肝內(nèi)膽管,拔出PTCD管,反復(fù)調(diào)整導(dǎo)絲方向,使導(dǎo)絲越過(guò)梗阻部位。沿導(dǎo)絲置入外鞘管至梗阻部位遠(yuǎn)端,再次注入20%泛影葡胺,DSA透視下測(cè)量梗阻膽管長(zhǎng)度和梗阻近端膽管直徑,根據(jù)梗阻膽管長(zhǎng)度和梗阻近端膽管直徑選擇支架規(guī)格。拔出外鞘管,沿導(dǎo)絲置入膽道金屬支架推送器,DSA透視下調(diào)整支架位置,使支架兩端Mark越過(guò)梗阻兩端各1 cm,緩慢推放支架(若單個(gè)支架長(zhǎng)度不夠,可置入雙支架)。拔出導(dǎo)絲,沿原PTCD竇道插入PTCD管后注入20%泛影葡胺行膽道造影,造影劑順利進(jìn)入梗阻遠(yuǎn)端膽道表明支架推放成功。重新放置PTCD管。術(shù)后2、12 h抽血查血清淀粉酶,并于術(shù)后1周復(fù)查生化常規(guī)及血常規(guī)。術(shù)后常規(guī)予以抗感染、保肝及營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持等治療。支架置入后1周間斷夾閉PTCD管,1周后經(jīng)PTCD管造影提示支架完全膨脹且無(wú)移位后拔除PTCD管,出院。
1.3 觀察和隨訪
比較治療前及支架置入后1周的膽紅素及轉(zhuǎn)氨酶變化情況,采用門(mén)診、電話等方式隨訪,記錄膽道支架通暢時(shí)間(黃疸復(fù)發(fā)伴發(fā)熱視為支架阻塞)和生存時(shí)間。隨訪至死亡或失訪。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
2.1 臨床療效
21例住院時(shí)間12~29 d,(20.4±4.2)d。所有患者術(shù)后第1天起黃疸逐漸消退,皮膚瘙癢于1周后消失。術(shù)后1周ALT、AST、γ-GT、TBIL、DBIL明顯下降(表1)。
表1 肝門(mén)部膽管癌經(jīng)PTCD途徑膽道金屬支架置入術(shù)前后肝功能變化±s)
2.2 術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及處理
并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率38.1%(8/21),其中5例支架置入后血淀粉酶升高(其中1例合并低鉀、低鈉),經(jīng)4~7天應(yīng)用生長(zhǎng)抑素及糾正電解質(zhì)紊亂后治愈;2例PTCD后出現(xiàn)低鉀、低鈉,經(jīng)2~7天糾正;1例PTCD后膽漏,經(jīng)腹腔穿刺置管引流7天治愈。
2.3 支架通暢性
15例金屬支架置入術(shù)后出現(xiàn)支架阻塞,再梗阻時(shí)間(9.3±5.4)月,中位數(shù)8個(gè)月。
2.4 生存分析
到隨訪結(jié)束20例死亡,僅1例生存,平均生存時(shí)間10.2月,95%置信區(qū)間7.74~12.69月;中位生存時(shí)間9.0月,95%置信區(qū)間7.65~10.35月。生存曲線見(jiàn)圖1。
圖1 21例肝門(mén)部膽管癌患者經(jīng)PTCD途徑膽道金屬支架置入姑息性治療的生存曲線
HCCA是發(fā)生于膽囊管開(kāi)口以上的肝總管和左右肝管的惡性腫瘤。由于該起病較隱匿,多數(shù)患者診斷明確后已失去手術(shù)切除機(jī)會(huì),即使行根治性切除,其5年生存率也僅為20%~35%[6,12,13]。因此,對(duì)失去手術(shù)切除時(shí)機(jī)的HCCA患者,及時(shí)有效的減黃治療具有十分重要的意義。從理論上講,對(duì)HCCA患者進(jìn)行合理有效的膽道引流不僅可快速減輕黃疸癥狀,而且可改善黃疸所致的多器官的損害,進(jìn)而延長(zhǎng)生存時(shí)間。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[14~16]對(duì)惡性梗阻性黃疸患者姑息性引流術(shù)后的平均生存期為6~9個(gè)月。
臨床上常用的解除HCCA膽道梗阻的方法有手術(shù)切除+膽道重建和PTCD或ERCP聯(lián)合膽道支架置入[17]。HCCA的根治性手術(shù)及手術(shù)切除率均比較低,僅為30%左右[9,18]。隨著影像技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展,尤其是增強(qiáng)CT和MRI技術(shù)的發(fā)展,絕大多數(shù)HCCA術(shù)前可充分評(píng)估,判斷手術(shù)切除的可能性,因此開(kāi)腹手術(shù)探查的時(shí)代已結(jié)束[19];隨著超聲技術(shù)與放射治療技術(shù)的快速結(jié)合,對(duì)于失去手術(shù)切除機(jī)會(huì)的HCCA,經(jīng)PTCD途徑膽道金屬支架置入具有簡(jiǎn)便、創(chuàng)傷小、安全、可重復(fù)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),可延長(zhǎng)生存時(shí)間,改善生活質(zhì)量,逐漸成為不能手術(shù)切除的惡性梗阻性黃疸患者的首選治療措施[20]。本組21例在置入支架后減黃效果明顯,肝功能、全身狀況及患者生活質(zhì)量都得到明顯改善,平均生存期達(dá)到10.2月。
膽道支架技術(shù)失敗的主要原因是膽道再梗阻,其常見(jiàn)原因有腫瘤浸潤(rùn)生長(zhǎng)致再梗阻、支架移位、膽管瘢痕形成和膽汁淤積[21]。為了延長(zhǎng)HCCA的生存時(shí)間、改善患者的生活質(zhì)量,我們認(rèn)為即便膽道支架置入后膽道再梗阻,也應(yīng)積極給予再次甚至三次膽道支架置入。
經(jīng)PTCD途徑膽道金屬支架置入在姑息性治療HCCA時(shí)僅能解除膽道梗阻,而對(duì)腫瘤本身無(wú)任何治療作用,隨著腫瘤的進(jìn)展,膽道很容易再次梗阻。Chen等[22]報(bào)道在治療惡性梗阻性黃疸患者置入膽道支架的同時(shí)置入125I進(jìn)行持續(xù)腔內(nèi)照射,其支架的通暢時(shí)間顯著延長(zhǎng)。本組15例因支架阻塞,導(dǎo)致膽道再梗阻,多器官功能衰竭而死亡。另外本組1例支架置入3個(gè)月支架通暢性尚可,因?qū)δ[瘤的恐懼自殺死亡。因此,為延長(zhǎng)HCCA患者的生存時(shí)間、改善患者的生活質(zhì)量,我們主張對(duì)條件允許的患者輔以放化療、免疫治療、生物療法及必要的針對(duì)性的心理輔導(dǎo)。在治療HCCA時(shí),經(jīng)PTCD途徑膽道金屬支架置入與其他技術(shù)的聯(lián)合仍值得進(jìn)一步研究。
綜上所述,對(duì)于失去手術(shù)切除機(jī)會(huì)的HCCA患者,施行以經(jīng)PTCD途徑膽道金屬支架置入為主的綜合治療,具有簡(jiǎn)便、創(chuàng)傷小、安全、可重復(fù)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
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(修回日期:2015-08-03)
(責(zé)任編輯:王惠群)
Percutaneous Biliary Metal Stent Implantation for Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
ZhouLei,LiuHuichun,LiZongkuang,etal.
DepartmentofHepatobiliarySurgery,FirstAffiliatedHospitalofBengbuMedicalCollege,Bengbu233004,China
LiuHuichun,E-mail:doctorlhc2000@aliyun.com
Objective To discuss the clinical application value of biliary metal stent implantation by percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage (PTCD) to cure advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA). Methods Twenty-one cases of HCCA were treated from April 2008 to March 2012. All the cases were given PTCD under the guidance of ultrasonography, and then were placed a biliary metal stent under DSA after one week. The external drainage of PTCD was used as internal biliary drainage. Results The total bilirubin (TBIL) was decreased from (290.29 ± 155.98) μmol/L preoperatively to (103.01±53.83) μmol/L at 1 week after surgery (t=7.00,P=0.00). The direct bilirubin (DBIL) was decreased from (199.46±128.73) μmol/L preoperatively to (45.71±25.99) μmol/L at 1 week after surgery (t=6.19,P=0.00). The levels of ALT, AST, and γ-GT were all decreased significantly after surgery (P<0.01). The average survival time was 10.2 months after surgery (95%CI: 7.74-12.69 months). Conclusion The biliary metal stent implantation is an effective method for palliative treatment of advanced HCCA with advantages of simple performance, minimal invasion, safety, and repeatable manipulation.
Hilar cholangiocarcinoma; Ultrasound; Biliary stent; Complication; Palliative
R735.8
A
1009-6604(2015)11-0998-04
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2015.11.011
2015-03-04)
*通訊作者,E-mail:doctorlhc2000@aliyun.com