陳偉 韓泉洪
[摘要] 大泡狀視網(wǎng)膜脫離是特發(fā)性中心性漿液性脈絡(luò)膜視網(wǎng)膜病變非典型并發(fā)癥,臨床上所見不多,但其通常會導(dǎo)致視力的永久損傷。本文從該病的病因、機制、臨床特點、診斷、治療等方面對大泡狀視網(wǎng)膜脫離進行闡述,重點在于引導(dǎo)臨床醫(yī)生認識此病,并能進行正確的處理。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 特發(fā)性中心性漿液性脈絡(luò)膜視網(wǎng)膜病變;大泡狀視網(wǎng)膜脫離;DACE
[中圖分類號] R774.12 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-9701(2015)04-0158-03
[Abstract] Bullous retinal detachment has been described as an atypical complication of idiopathic central serous retinopathy(ICSC). Failure to differentiate this condition may lead to exacerbation of the disease and permanent visual loss. The aim of this summary was to describe this disease from the pathogenesis, mechanism, characteristic, diagnosis and therapy, in order to recognize and treat it properly.
[Key words] Idiopathic central serous retinopathy;Bullous retinal detachment;DACE
特發(fā)性中心性漿液性脈絡(luò)膜視網(wǎng)膜病變(idiopathic central serous retinopathy,ICSC)是一種臨床常見疾病,大泡狀視網(wǎng)膜脫離作為一種特殊類型的滲出性視網(wǎng)膜脫離,是ICSC的非典型嚴重表現(xiàn)。盡管ICSC在大多數(shù)情況下被認為是一種可以自愈的疾病,但對于辨認ICSC并發(fā)大泡狀視網(wǎng)膜脫離是非常重要的,如果將其誤診斷為脈絡(luò)膜和視網(wǎng)膜的炎性病變,會導(dǎo)致錯誤的治療方案,使病情加重并能導(dǎo)致永久性的視力喪失[1,2]。近幾年來,隨著對大泡狀視網(wǎng)膜脫離認識的逐漸增加,臨床上對ICSC并發(fā)大泡狀視網(wǎng)膜脫離在發(fā)病原因、臨床表現(xiàn)及治療等方面有了更加深入的了解。
Gass1973年報道了5例8眼繼發(fā)于漿液性色素上皮脫離的非孔源性視網(wǎng)膜脫離,并第一次提出了大泡狀視網(wǎng)膜脫離的概念,當時認為其特征是視網(wǎng)膜后極部的多發(fā)性色素上皮屏障損害,視網(wǎng)膜形成多處泡狀隆起,并根據(jù)脫離的形態(tài)稱為大泡狀視網(wǎng)膜脫離[3]。隨后幾年,根據(jù)其發(fā)病機制為視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮細胞損傷命名為多灶性后極部視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮細胞(multifocal posterior pigment epitheliopathy,MPPE)病變,后來進一步詳細描述了該病的發(fā)病特點為眼底后極和中周部的多個漿液性泡狀視網(wǎng)膜脫離。國內(nèi)傅守靜于l986年首次報道三例大泡狀視網(wǎng)膜脫離的患者[4]。
1病因及發(fā)病機制
Conrad R等研究認為該病常發(fā)生于A型性格的人,同時伴有感情壓力,同時部分人還有偏頭疼癥狀[5-7],近幾年來研究表明可能與患者自身免疫的改變有關(guān),發(fā)現(xiàn)器官移植特別是腎移植后部分患者可以誘發(fā)雙側(cè)性的ICSC合并泡狀視網(wǎng)膜脫離[8]。Tsai等認為大部分的患者可能與不正確的診斷及口服糖皮質(zhì)激素有關(guān)[9]。
ICSC合并特發(fā)性的大泡狀視網(wǎng)膜脫離病理過程不確定,Liegl R等認為可能是脈絡(luò)膜毛細血管層的滲漏,導(dǎo)致局部色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelium,RPE)與Bruch膜之間的粘連喪失,液體進入視網(wǎng)膜下,在嚴重情況下,液體從多處滲漏點積聚,形成大泡狀視網(wǎng)膜脫離[2]。Gass等則認為色素上皮的基底膜與Bruch膜之間的膠原部分粘連的喪失可能是產(chǎn)生的關(guān)鍵因素[10]。
2臨床要點
2.1表現(xiàn)
Gass等認為此病多見于中青年男性,大部分患者有中漿病史,1/3患者曾有全身使用糖皮質(zhì)激素史,常累及雙眼,通常表現(xiàn)為視力下降、視物發(fā)暗,并常伴有小視征;眼前節(jié)無異常改變,后極部視網(wǎng)膜隆起呈水泡狀,液體隨體位改變而移動,視網(wǎng)膜無裂孔,疾病進展期,后極部見黃白色纖維滲出灶[3,10]。胡兆科等發(fā)現(xiàn)眼底熒光血管造影顯示色素上皮損害及漿液性神經(jīng)上皮脫離,早期后極部色素上皮層有多處針尖樣滲漏點,逐漸呈冒煙狀或墨漬樣擴大,中晚期融合成片狀高熒光;吲哚青綠血管造影早期,滲漏灶局部或附近片狀熒光充盈延遲,后極部及中周可見脈絡(luò)膜血管擴張,中晚期在滲漏點周圍和后極部有彌散性的相對強熒光區(qū)[11]。
2.2鑒別要點
雖然此病不多見,但是應(yīng)該同以下疾病相鑒別??自葱砸暰W(wǎng)膜脫離,Schwartz、Kuhn等認為眼底檢查可以發(fā)現(xiàn)裂孔,同時脫離形態(tài)不因體位改變而改變 [12,13]。其他滲出性視網(wǎng)膜脫離包括脈絡(luò)膜轉(zhuǎn)移癌:Singh DV等認為可以通過間接檢眼鏡或三面鏡的立體觀察,一般能將兩者區(qū)分,腫瘤為三維的占位病變,彩超、B超、CT及熒光素血管造影檢查可輔助診斷[14];葡萄膜炎引起的滲出性視網(wǎng)膜脫離,往往有免疫病病史,發(fā)病初期有神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀,如頭痛、耳鳴等,前房、玻璃體內(nèi)有炎性細胞,眼底有視網(wǎng)膜炎癥及視乳頭炎的表現(xiàn)等[15];脈絡(luò)膜滲漏綜合征:Takayama、Chan等發(fā)現(xiàn)此病無視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮脫離,熒光素血管造影無滲漏,但由于長期受脈絡(luò)膜上腔液體的壓迫,色素上皮細胞可發(fā)生萎縮與增生,形成高熒光與低熒光相摻雜的豹紋狀熒光[16,17]。
2.3診斷及治療要點
Nicholson等[18]和王文吉等[19]都認為本病的診斷應(yīng)從病例特點、臨床表現(xiàn)及眼底血管造影等方面共同來確診,其主要的診斷依據(jù)是出現(xiàn)多發(fā)性的色素上皮滲漏脫離和可移動性的視網(wǎng)膜下液,本病的視網(wǎng)膜脫離有自行復(fù)位傾向,但通常需要半年以上,長期的視網(wǎng)膜脫離常引起后極部視網(wǎng)膜下增生和廣泛的色素上皮萎縮,神經(jīng)上皮層營養(yǎng)功能障礙可導(dǎo)致視功能預(yù)后不良,故早期診斷并能及時治療,可縮短病程,保存較好的視功能。
從治療上來說,激光光凝是首選治療方法,光凝方法大多是直接光凝滲漏灶。John VJ等認為當視網(wǎng)膜下液較多而無法激光治療時,先行鞏膜外放液后再行FFA檢查,確定滲漏后再激光治療[20]。緊鄰黃斑中心凹的滲漏點可以采用光動力療法或經(jīng)瞳孔溫?zé)岑煼ㄖ委焄21-23]。
手術(shù)治療的選擇,當視網(wǎng)膜隆起程度過高,F(xiàn)FA未能顯示滲漏點;停用糖皮質(zhì)激素后,觀察1個月以上無好轉(zhuǎn)跡象甚至進行性惡化者;誤診為孔源性視網(wǎng)膜脫離,做了鞏膜墊壓手術(shù)并長時間應(yīng)用糖皮質(zhì)激素治療;病情惡化,視網(wǎng)膜下大量增生組織產(chǎn)生而嚴重影響視網(wǎng)膜復(fù)位者,及其他不適應(yīng)激光治療時可以選用手術(shù)[24,25]。
對有手術(shù)指征的患者早期可采用D-ACE(drainage,air injection,cryotherapy,and explant,視網(wǎng)膜下放液+玻璃體注氣+冷凝+鞏膜外加壓),晚期患者進行玻璃體切除手術(shù)是促進患者視網(wǎng)膜復(fù)位、挽救其部分視力的安全有效方法[26]。不同的文獻作者對是否需要手術(shù)中放液有不同的觀點,John VJ等認為手術(shù)放出視網(wǎng)膜下液可以縮短病程,使視網(wǎng)膜平伏,有助于提高療效,放液后光凝滲漏點對提高療效有幫助[20]。
3糖皮質(zhì)激素與本病的關(guān)系
糖皮質(zhì)激素對本病是禁用的,因為它可以通過以下機制來破壞血視網(wǎng)膜屏障并抑制RPE的修復(fù)[27-29]:①Berthelot認為它對交感神經(jīng)有協(xié)同增效的作用,影響血管調(diào)節(jié)因子復(fù)合體的生成,使脈絡(luò)膜血管對血管緊張素的易感性增高,導(dǎo)致血管痙攣,循環(huán)障礙,通透性增加,灌注減少,液體滲漏到視網(wǎng)膜下[30]。②損害RPE細胞(促進其凋亡)或它們之間的連接,并可通過抑制細胞外基質(zhì)的合成及抑制纖維增生,延緩損傷的RPE細胞修復(fù)。③使淋巴細胞的DNA合成過程減弱,抑制T、B 淋巴細胞的增殖,使淋巴細胞減少。④抑制白細胞、巨噬細胞的遷移,使機體處于免疫抑制狀態(tài),導(dǎo)致RPE的損傷。
綜上所述,雖然ICSC合并大泡狀視網(wǎng)膜脫離在臨床上比較少見,但是錯誤的診斷會導(dǎo)致錯誤的治療方案,從而使病情惡化甚至視力喪失,特別是糖皮質(zhì)激素的不恰當應(yīng)用會通過幾種機制來加重病情的發(fā)展。雖然這種疾病可以自愈,但大部分會影響視力,在發(fā)現(xiàn)的早期可給予激光治療,當激光不適用時可以選擇DACE 或者玻璃體切除手術(shù)治療,同時補充激光治療,可達到滿意的效果。
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(收稿日期:2014-11-13)