顏 科,李乾國(guó) 綜述,杜成友 審校
(1.重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院肝膽外科,重慶 400016;2.重慶市南岸區(qū)人民醫(yī)院普外科 400060)
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·綜 述·
兒童供肝在肝移植膽管重建術(shù)中的研究進(jìn)展
顏 科1,2,李乾國(guó)2綜述,杜成友1審校
(1.重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院肝膽外科,重慶 400016;2.重慶市南岸區(qū)人民醫(yī)院普外科 400060)
肝移植; 兒童供肝; 膽管重建
原發(fā)性肝癌是全世界五大惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病原因多元化,在國(guó)外主要以丙型肝炎、酒精性肝病和血色病為主[1],而在我國(guó)由于乙型肝炎病毒的蔓延、煙酒及工業(yè)污染的泛濫、飲食安全等多因素的作用下,我國(guó)成為肝癌患者最多的國(guó)家,且年輕化趨勢(shì)明顯[2]。盡管隨著科技的進(jìn)步,放化療及靶向治療在一定程度上延長(zhǎng)了患者的生存期[3-5],晚期肝癌患者預(yù)后還是很不理想。對(duì)于早期肝癌來(lái)說(shuō),肝移植已成為公認(rèn)的治療肝癌的優(yōu)先選擇,肝移植患者的5年生存率約為75%,但供體和膽管并發(fā)癥是影響預(yù)后的主要因素。近年來(lái)兒童供肝成人移植膽管重建成為移植界的熱點(diǎn)話(huà)題,現(xiàn)將兒童供肝成人移植膽管重建技術(shù)的進(jìn)展作如下綜述。
關(guān)于實(shí)行肝移植膽管重建術(shù)的首選類(lèi)型是在移植界還沒(méi)有完全達(dá)成共識(shí)。國(guó)外研究者在分析了384例活體供肝和216例尸體供肝移植術(shù)后,發(fā)現(xiàn)活體供肝的生存期略長(zhǎng)于尸體供肝,相對(duì)而言并發(fā)癥更多[6]。死者器官的捐贈(zèng)并不容易,需要患者本人及家屬的知情同意,且受到時(shí)效性和死者本身疾病等因素的限制[7],因此并未廣泛應(yīng)用;活體供肝來(lái)源相對(duì)比較廣泛,主要來(lái)源于與患者有血緣關(guān)系的親屬,其次是與受體相匹配的其他捐贈(zèng)者;由于肝的再生能力較強(qiáng),研究已證實(shí)使用活體供肝在捐贈(zèng)者身上的安全性?;铙w供肝盡管在肝癌移植術(shù)中的可行性更大,但是要降低膽管并發(fā)癥仍然存在著不少的技術(shù)挑戰(zhàn)[8]。
雖然多年來(lái)一直在不斷改善肝移植術(shù)后生存率,但移植后不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生仍然是患者死亡的主要原因之一。其中一個(gè)最重要的并發(fā)癥是急性排斥反應(yīng),其他主要不良事件有動(dòng)靜脈狹窄和血栓形成、膽管狹窄與膽管漏、丙型肝炎病毒感染疾病和腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)等[9]。其中膽道不良事件是肝移植膽管重建術(shù)最常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥,多變量分析表明,移植前血清肌酐和動(dòng)脈缺血超過(guò)30 min是肝移植膽管重建術(shù)后的獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因子[10]。膽管吻合口狹窄可能的原因有三,即血液供應(yīng)受損、膽道異常和技術(shù)的缺陷。膽管狹窄的發(fā)生率在高級(jí)別醫(yī)師和初級(jí)醫(yī)師中差別不大,然而膽漏的發(fā)生率在初級(jí)醫(yī)生的患者比那些資深外科醫(yī)生更高,因此提高技術(shù)水平和增加臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)在減少膽漏的發(fā)生率上也有著很重要的作用[11-12]。Seven等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)移植術(shù)后膽管并發(fā)癥的總發(fā)生率為36%,膽管吻合口狹窄是最常見(jiàn)的膽道并發(fā)癥(42%),其次是膽漏(28%)。出現(xiàn)膽漏采用內(nèi)鏡逆行胰膽管造影(ERCP)引導(dǎo)下穿刺引流及支架置入球囊擴(kuò)張是最常見(jiàn)的治療方式,大多數(shù)是成功的。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)吲哚氰綠(ICG)熒光造影可能在活體肝移植中的應(yīng)用可減少膽管并發(fā)癥[13]。
在肝移植早期,膽管空腸Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)是膽管重建的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)式,但有手術(shù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),容易發(fā)生腹腔感染和膽道功能恢復(fù)延遲等缺點(diǎn)。后來(lái)Wachs等提出膽管與膽管端端吻合重建膽管技術(shù)也逐漸被多數(shù)移植中心所接受。但哪種術(shù)式是首選,目前還沒(méi)有相關(guān)定論。一些研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩種手術(shù)方式相比,膽管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率沒(méi)有明顯的差異,膽管重建空腸Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)不是膽管吻合口狹窄的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,卻是原發(fā)性硬化性膽管炎和再次肝移植膽管重建的首選[14-20]。Yamamoto等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)膽管端端吻合重建的活體肝移植的兒童是膽管重建一個(gè)可行的選擇,并發(fā)癥相對(duì)較少。Asonuma等[20]在肝移植后行膽管重建和膽囊造影,可以精確的指導(dǎo)切斷膽管的位置和角度,不需要解剖右側(cè)肝管,膽道并發(fā)癥很少,保證了膽管的血液供應(yīng),也避免了膽管感染。一些研究者認(rèn)為如果供體膽管超過(guò)2根,距離不超過(guò)3 mm,可先行膽管整形,再與受體膽管行端端吻合;若膽管長(zhǎng)度不夠、膽管間距離較遠(yuǎn)(超過(guò)3 mm)及供者與受者膽管之間呈銳角,采用膽管成型術(shù)可能會(huì)帶來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),肝膽管第2個(gè)開(kāi)口的距離大于3 mm,可用Roux-en-Y腸袢分別做2個(gè)肝管空腸吻合,也可采用供肝膽管分別與受體左、右肝管或膽囊管做2個(gè)吻合口的方式[21]。Kim等[22]在端端吻合技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行了改進(jìn),自受體右肝管開(kāi)口剖開(kāi)至左肝管,修剪成漏斗形袢,將供體膽管吻合至受體膽管的上皮內(nèi)膜從而形成套疊,該技術(shù)保證了膽管的血液供應(yīng),還使吻合的膽管口徑相匹配,與傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)相比,明顯降低了膽管并發(fā)癥。支架的基本原理是維持膽汁流盡,盡管T管引流的端端吻合可減少吻合口漏和膽實(shí)質(zhì)切割面的損傷,但拔T管后膽漏可能導(dǎo)致潛在的致命性膽汁性腹膜炎,因此建議膽管細(xì)小(小于2 mm)時(shí)才考慮選擇性使用[23]。
顯微外科技術(shù)在肝移植中的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越廣泛,與傳統(tǒng)移植術(shù)相比更具優(yōu)勢(shì),手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,患者應(yīng)激反應(yīng)較輕,有利于患者身體的及時(shí)恢復(fù);不需要鉗夾膽管內(nèi)壁從而避免損傷內(nèi)膜;采用顯微放大技術(shù),可以很清楚地看到手術(shù)視野中的組織結(jié)構(gòu),使得膽管的重建更加精確,減少梗阻和吻合口漏的發(fā)生,手術(shù)空間更大,避免因腹腔太深造成打結(jié)不牢固。顯微外科膽管重建在活體肝移植術(shù)的常規(guī)使用可降低吻合口膽管并發(fā)癥[24]。Kim等[25]使用膽管重建使用顯微技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)膽道重建的時(shí)間明顯減少,保證了膽道血液的及時(shí)供應(yīng),特別是對(duì)于肝管直徑小于2 mm的患者可減少再次移植率和提高生存率[26]。Miyagi等[27]認(rèn)為由于肝移植動(dòng)脈較短、腹腔較深、操作不方便,形成動(dòng)脈血栓的可能性比較大,使用顯微外科技術(shù)行膽管重建可克服操作不便等困難,可同時(shí)降低動(dòng)脈血栓的形成。雖然膽管重建成為活體肝移植的關(guān)鍵技術(shù),但即使是顯微外科也面臨相當(dāng)大的技術(shù)挑戰(zhàn)[28]。
當(dāng)前不論國(guó)內(nèi)還是國(guó)外,兒童供肝例數(shù)都非常有限[29],端端吻合膽管重建使用肝左葉移植在小兒活體肝移植的可行性仍然是有爭(zhēng)議和具有挑戰(zhàn)性的。國(guó)外研究發(fā)現(xiàn)成人與兒童供肝的療效和并發(fā)癥相差不大,使用端端膽管重建及T型支架比傳統(tǒng)術(shù)式的生存期更長(zhǎng)[30]。Ⅰ型和Ⅱ解剖結(jié)構(gòu)允許一整塊肝門(mén)部膽管橫斷,吻合重建簡(jiǎn)單,但Ⅲ/Ⅳ型肝門(mén)部膽管的解剖,需要逐步行肝門(mén)部橫切和復(fù)雜的移植膽管重建,因此后者并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率更大,反式吻合口膽道管的使用是為了減少膽管并發(fā)癥[31-33]。
德國(guó)學(xué)者提出兒童供肝移植具有以下優(yōu)勢(shì):擇期手術(shù)可保證肝組織的活性,降低手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn);供體缺血時(shí)間較短,灌注損傷小,質(zhì)量相對(duì)保證;近親間血型相容性較高,發(fā)生排斥反應(yīng)的概率更低;兒童肝活性較大,膽管相對(duì)比較小,成活率較高。但是也面臨問(wèn)題,兒童本身各系統(tǒng)發(fā)育不完善,手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相比成人更大,耐受性更差,活體供體來(lái)源很少,當(dāng)前一般是使用兒童尸體作為供體來(lái)源。劈離式肝臟移植(SLT)可一定程度上緩解供體短缺的矛盾,尤其兒童供肝短缺的問(wèn)題。陳新國(guó)等[34]將供肝左肝靜脈與形成好的肝靜脈吻合,將左右支剪開(kāi)后肝固有動(dòng)脈和總動(dòng)脈行端端吻合,左肝管行Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù),取得了較好的療效。兒童供肝應(yīng)用于成人的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題是肝臟體積的大小和血管口徑的匹配,最常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥是血栓的形成,但兒童供肝的重量越低,并發(fā)癥明顯增加,生存期縮短。為減少兒童供肝中血管不匹配導(dǎo)致的并發(fā)癥,目前一般采用背馱式肝移植,可避免管徑差異造成的靜脈狹窄[35]。
綜上所述,兒童供肝在成人肝移植膽管重建中的應(yīng)用從當(dāng)前的文獻(xiàn)來(lái)看是可行和安全的,但是該技術(shù)仍然面臨很大的挑戰(zhàn)和存在爭(zhēng)議,供體來(lái)源更是首先要解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題,其次是肝臟體積的大小、血管口徑和血型相容。至于遠(yuǎn)期生存,仍需要大量的樣本來(lái)研究證實(shí)。
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10.3969/j.issn.1672-9455.2015.13.070
A
1672-9455(2015)13-1968-03
2015-01-25
2015-03-15)