成 璇,吳戰(zhàn)軍
1.山東省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 濟(jì)南大學(xué)山東省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)與生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,山東濟(jì)南250062;2.中國(guó)人民解放軍第456 醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科
嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞性食管炎(eosinophilic esophagitis,EoE)臨床表現(xiàn)復(fù)雜,主要為吞咽困難、食物嵌塞、反流樣癥狀,組織學(xué)為嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)≥15 個(gè)/每高倍鏡視野(high power field,hpf),抑酸治療無(wú)效或食管pH 檢測(cè)無(wú)異常,并排除繼發(fā)性嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞增多[1]。其發(fā)病率約0.5‰[2],嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量,但美國(guó)食品及藥品管理局(Food and Drug Administration,F(xiàn)DA)尚未批準(zhǔn)相關(guān)藥物,根據(jù)臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)優(yōu)化治療方案至關(guān)重要。本文就現(xiàn)有治療方案的療效及安全性作一概述。
約50%的EoE 患者伴發(fā)變應(yīng)性疾病,且常由食物變應(yīng)原誘發(fā)[3],主要有3 種飲食模式:(1)要素飲食:以氨基酸為基礎(chǔ)的配方飲食替代整蛋白飲食;(2)剔除飲食:根據(jù)皮膚點(diǎn)刺試驗(yàn)(skin prick test,SPT)、特應(yīng)性斑帖試驗(yàn)(atopy patch test,APT)或體外過(guò)敏原檢測(cè)(如immuno CAP)等,剔除致敏食物;(3)6 種食物剔除性飲食(empiric six-food slimination diet,SFED):剔除牛奶、麩質(zhì)、雞蛋、花生/堅(jiān)果、海鮮[4]。
Arias 等[4]以Eos <15/hpf 作為緩解指標(biāo),對(duì)飲食干預(yù)誘導(dǎo)組織學(xué)緩解的研究進(jìn)行薈萃分析,顯示要素飲食對(duì)90.8%的EoE 患者有效,SFED 對(duì)72.1%的患者有效,剔除飲食對(duì)45.5%的患者有效,其他飲食方案(無(wú)牛奶飲食、無(wú)麩質(zhì)飲食等)無(wú)效。另有研究指出要素飲食在所有治療方案(包括局部類固醇治療)中應(yīng)答最好,緩解率高達(dá)96%[5]。部分患兒通過(guò)SFED治療可達(dá)到脫敏[6]。個(gè)性化鑒定致敏食物有助于患者恢復(fù)飲食習(xí)慣,提高依從性。鑒于變應(yīng)原試驗(yàn)的平均陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值均低于50%,口服食物挑釁(oral food provocation,OFP)成為診斷變應(yīng)原的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7],其臨床意義仍需進(jìn)一步檢驗(yàn)。
2.1 類固醇 局部類固醇用于治療EoE 已有15 年,控制炎癥反應(yīng)能誘導(dǎo)活動(dòng)期患者組織學(xué)快速緩解,被認(rèn)為是一線治療藥物[8]。有2 種常見(jiàn)類型:吞咽用于治療哮喘的吸入型制劑和口服黏漿制劑[9]。后者被認(rèn)為與食管接觸更好,藥效更佳[10]。
Butz 等[11]研究接受丙酸氟替卡松(FP)治療3 個(gè)月后EoE 患者的組織學(xué)應(yīng)答,顯示65%患者達(dá)到完全緩解(CR),減量后僅73% 維持CR,20% 部分緩解(PR)。FP 可以緩解燒心的癥狀。但對(duì)氟替卡松抵抗者、安慰劑組無(wú)一達(dá)到CR。依從性、年齡、性別、過(guò)敏體質(zhì)與患者對(duì)FP 的應(yīng)答無(wú)關(guān)。Alexander 等[12]報(bào)道EoE 成人患者吞咽氟替卡松誘導(dǎo)組織學(xué)緩解,而不誘導(dǎo)癥狀緩解。Kuchen 等[13]報(bào)道類固醇可以降低EoE患者食物嵌塞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
該病停用類固醇后易復(fù)發(fā),但長(zhǎng)期頻繁服用類固醇難以避免不良反應(yīng),據(jù)報(bào)道15% ~25%無(wú)癥狀霉菌性食管炎與類固醇有關(guān)[14]。忽略其不良反應(yīng),EoE 患者對(duì)食療的應(yīng)答與局部類固醇治療效果相當(dāng)[15]。因此類固醇藥物臨床實(shí)踐的安全性及優(yōu)越性有待進(jìn)一步研究。
2.2 免疫調(diào)節(jié)藥物 EoE 發(fā)病與Th2 細(xì)胞功能紊亂相關(guān)[16],源于Th2 細(xì)胞的IL-5 對(duì)嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞的趨化、活化起關(guān)鍵作用[17],食管嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞包括產(chǎn)生肥大細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子IL-9 的大多數(shù)細(xì)胞[IL-9(+)細(xì)胞],EoE 還與肥大細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)相關(guān)[18]。類固醇、剔除性飲食有效但不特異,且降低患者生活質(zhì)量。目前特異性強(qiáng)的方案,如新型生物制劑抗IL-5(如美泊利單抗)成為研究的熱點(diǎn)。
據(jù)報(bào)道美泊利單抗可以減少EoE 患兒食管組織中肥大細(xì)胞和IL-9 細(xì)胞的數(shù)目。40%的患者治療后組織學(xué)緩解,77%的患者肥大細(xì)胞數(shù)目減少。應(yīng)答者中肥大細(xì)胞數(shù)目從62/hpf 減少至19/hpf,與嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞數(shù)目相關(guān),IL-9(+)細(xì)胞數(shù)目由102/hpf 減少至71/hpf,均較無(wú)應(yīng)答者顯著減少[18]。抗IL-5 治療可以緩解嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞相關(guān)炎癥反應(yīng)[19]。
免疫調(diào)節(jié)治療已在動(dòng)物模型中取得成果,但人類臨床試驗(yàn)仍需探索。降低Th2 應(yīng)答可利用相關(guān)的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),如阻滯關(guān)鍵Th2 細(xì)胞因子,抑制Th2 細(xì)胞因子合成,阻滯關(guān)鍵的Th2 效應(yīng)器分子,抑制Th2 應(yīng)答中重要的細(xì)胞,刺激Th1 應(yīng)答等[20]。PGD2 抑制劑、抗TNFα、抗CRTH、抗IL-13 等藥物正在探索中。
EoE 病理學(xué)改變有食管組織重塑,表現(xiàn)為上皮下纖維化、食管黏膜脆性,部分患者有吞咽困難、食物嵌頓,內(nèi)鏡檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)食管環(huán)、食管裂隙、食管狹窄等[21]。當(dāng)8 ~9 mm 外徑的成人胃鏡無(wú)法通過(guò)或抵抗明顯時(shí)即可診斷為食管狹窄,此時(shí)首選食管擴(kuò)張術(shù)。
食管擴(kuò)張術(shù)分為球囊擴(kuò)張和金屬絲引導(dǎo)探條擴(kuò)張。目前尚無(wú)明確的擴(kuò)張目標(biāo)值,但大多數(shù)患者食管內(nèi)徑擴(kuò)張至16 ~18 mm 時(shí),癥狀即可明顯改善。并發(fā)食管狹窄的EoE 患者,擴(kuò)張術(shù)能長(zhǎng)期緩解癥狀,但不誘導(dǎo)組織學(xué)緩解?;颊吣褪苄暂^好[22]。術(shù)后嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥有食管穿孔、出血、住院治療,一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)分析指出EoE 食管擴(kuò)張術(shù)后大多數(shù)患者出現(xiàn)黏膜撕裂,僅0.1%的患者并發(fā)穿孔[23]。輕微并發(fā)癥有胸骨后疼痛,發(fā)生率約4%,撲熱息痛能有效緩解[24]。
飲食、藥物、食管擴(kuò)張術(shù)均是EoE 有效的治療方案。飲食治療能誘導(dǎo)癥狀及組織學(xué)緩解,但成人依從性較差。類固醇治療能快速誘導(dǎo)組織學(xué)緩解,能否誘導(dǎo)癥狀緩解仍有爭(zhēng)議,且無(wú)特異性,其不良反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致難以長(zhǎng)期頻繁應(yīng)用。特異性生物制劑的療效及安全性仍需進(jìn)一步臨床研究。食管擴(kuò)張術(shù)適用于并發(fā)食管狹窄的患者,僅緩解癥狀,不能誘導(dǎo)組織學(xué)緩解,其安全性尚可,嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥罕見(jiàn)。
EoE 臨床癥狀多變,目前致病機(jī)制尚不完全明確,可能與環(huán)境、遺傳、免疫功能紊亂相關(guān),需要更深入地了解其分子水平的發(fā)病機(jī)制,研發(fā)特異性生物制劑,達(dá)到癥狀和組織學(xué)雙緩解的同時(shí),有較好的依從性。
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