吳倩倩 孫 琦 黃 勤 于成功
南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)鼓樓臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院1(210008) 南京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院病理科2 消化科3
TGF-β/Smads信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路與胃癌關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展
吳倩倩1孫琦2黃勤2于成功3*
南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)鼓樓臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院1(210008)南京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院病理科2消化科3
摘要轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β(TGF-β)是具有多種生物學(xué)活性的多肽類細(xì)胞因子,參與調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞多種生物學(xué)功能。TGF-β信號(hào)通路具有調(diào)控細(xì)胞增殖和分化的作用,由Smads蛋白介導(dǎo)的TGF-β信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)是該通路最經(jīng)典的轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)方式。近年研究表明,TGF-β/Smads信號(hào)通路任何環(huán)節(jié)的功能障礙均有可能導(dǎo)致該信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)異常,從而影響胃癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。本文就TGF-β/Smads信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路與胃癌的關(guān)系作一綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞胃腫瘤;轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β;Smad蛋白質(zhì)類;信號(hào)通路
胃癌是全球排名第四位的惡性腫瘤,亦是腫瘤致死的第二大因素[1]。近年遠(yuǎn)端胃癌的發(fā)病率因幽門螺桿菌的有效根治而大幅下降,但近端胃(賁門)癌的發(fā)病率卻呈上升趨勢(shì)[2]。胃癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展是多因素、多階段和多基因改變的復(fù)雜過(guò)程,涉及生命活動(dòng)中多種信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路的改變。轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β(transforming growth factor β, TGF-β)信號(hào)通路具有調(diào)控細(xì)胞增殖和分化的作用,是腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程中最常發(fā)生改變的信號(hào)通路之一[3]。本文就近年TGF-β/Smads信號(hào)通路在胃癌發(fā)生機(jī)制中的研究作一綜述。
一、TGF-β/Smads信號(hào)通路
TGF-β主要通過(guò)激活兩條信號(hào)通路發(fā)揮生物調(diào)節(jié)作用,即Smads信號(hào)通路和Ras/絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信號(hào)通路,其中TGF-β/Smads信號(hào)通路由TGF-β超家族、TGF-β受體(TβR)和Smads蛋白家族組成。
1.TGF-β超家族及其轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑:TGF-β超家族是一大類具有多種生物學(xué)活性的多肽類細(xì)胞因子,包括TGF-β、活化素、骨形成蛋白(BMP)等,在調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、黏附、遷移、分化和凋亡等過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用。在哺乳動(dòng)物中至少已發(fā)現(xiàn)三種TGF-β亞型(TGF-β1、2、3)。TβR分為三型(TβRⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),TβRⅠ、TβRⅡ是具有絲/蘇氨酸激酶活性的Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白。TGF-β必須先與TβRⅡ結(jié)合,然后TβRⅡ通過(guò)磷酸化作用激活TβRⅠ,最后形成TβRⅠ-TGF-β-TβRⅡ異源四聚體,然后將信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi)。TβRⅢ主要為β-聚糖和內(nèi)皮因子,目前尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)通過(guò)TβRⅢ激活的細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)通路。Smads蛋白是TGF-β信號(hào)通路的重要參與者和調(diào)節(jié)者,活化的TβRⅠ通過(guò)磷酸化作用激活Smad2/3,激活后的受體調(diào)控型Smad(R-Smad)與TβRⅠ分離,與Smad4形成異源復(fù)合物后移位至核內(nèi),調(diào)節(jié)靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄。
2. Smads蛋白家族:Smads蛋白是TGF-β信號(hào)通路中重要的介導(dǎo)蛋白,從多方面調(diào)節(jié)TGF-β信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。Smads結(jié)構(gòu)上由高度保守的氨基末端(MH1)、羧基末端(MH2)以及中間富含脯氨酸的連接區(qū)組成[4]。根據(jù)Smads蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)和功能將其分為三類:①R-Smad,包括Smad1、2、3、5、8。R-Smad分子C端具有特征性絲氨酸基序(SSXS),可被活化的TβRⅠ磷酸化從而發(fā)揮生物學(xué)效應(yīng),此外該組Smad分子決定了配體信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的特異性。②共用型Smad(Co-Smad):這類型Smads蛋白目前僅在脊椎動(dòng)物中發(fā)現(xiàn)了Smad4,幾乎所有TGF-β超家族中的信號(hào)分子在轉(zhuǎn)入細(xì)胞核前,均需與Smad4結(jié)合。③抑制型Smad(I-Smad):包括Smad6、7。I-Smad可與R-Smad競(jìng)爭(zhēng)結(jié)合活化的TβRⅠ,因而在信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)中發(fā)揮負(fù)調(diào)控效應(yīng)。
二、TGF-β/Smads信號(hào)通路與腫瘤
TGF-β信號(hào)通路在腫瘤形成和發(fā)展過(guò)程中起“雙刃劍”的作用,在腫瘤形成早期TGF-β/Smad信號(hào)通路通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)下游靶基因,如p21CDKN1A、p15CDKN2B等,使細(xì)胞阻滯于G1期,從而起抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖的作用。而在腫瘤進(jìn)展期,TGF-β又可通過(guò)影響免疫抑制或逃逸、促進(jìn)血管生成、增加腫瘤細(xì)胞與胞外基質(zhì)的相互作用等促進(jìn)腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[5]。近年來(lái),多項(xiàng)研究表明TGF-β與多種腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān),在多種惡性腫瘤中均呈過(guò)表達(dá),如前列腺癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、結(jié)直腸癌等[6-9]。
三、TGF-β/Smads信號(hào)通路與胃癌
1. TGF-β與胃癌:TGF-β1是TGF-β的主要表達(dá)形式,在維護(hù)正常免疫內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)、調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)凋亡、腸上皮細(xì)胞分化中具有重要作用。Docea等[10]采用免疫組化法發(fā)現(xiàn)胃癌組織中TGF-β1表達(dá)水平較對(duì)照組增高,且其表達(dá)與腫瘤分化程度呈負(fù)相關(guān),并與Ki-67反映的細(xì)胞增殖活性有關(guān)。Ma等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)胃癌患者血清TGF-β1、-β2表達(dá)較正常對(duì)照組明顯上調(diào),且血清TGF-β1濃度與腫瘤大小、浸潤(rùn)、轉(zhuǎn)移和臨床分期等呈正相關(guān)。TGF-β1 mRNA表達(dá)量隨正常-癌前病變-早期胃癌-進(jìn)展期胃癌的病變發(fā)展呈持續(xù)上升趨勢(shì)。亦有研究[12-13]表明TGF-β1表達(dá)與胃癌的進(jìn)展和預(yù)后明顯相關(guān),與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移亦有一定關(guān)系。
TGF-β1可通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)而促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長(zhǎng),且能在腫瘤微環(huán)境中減少免疫反應(yīng)性和刺激血管生成[14-15]。TGF-β1可與多種基因或蛋白相互作用、相互影響。Zhang等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn)Krüppel樣因子8(Krüppel-like factor 8, KLF8)參與了TGF-β1誘導(dǎo)的EMT,在胃癌細(xì)胞中TGF-β1可誘導(dǎo)KLF8 mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平升高,從而加強(qiáng)EMT。Shen等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)通過(guò)巨噬細(xì)胞與胃癌細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)可加強(qiáng)TGF-β信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。TGF-β1與胃癌的侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān),但其具體分子機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。
2. TβR與胃癌:在人類腫瘤中TβR可發(fā)生變異,干擾轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)因子的結(jié)合而導(dǎo)致其表達(dá)降低,使TGF-β產(chǎn)生的抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的信號(hào)不能正常下傳,最終導(dǎo)致腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。Guo等[18]研究賁門腺癌TβRⅡ基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)甲基化水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)癌組織中TβRⅡ表達(dá)明顯低于癌旁組織,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期腫瘤患者中的表達(dá)顯著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者,推測(cè)TβRⅡ基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)發(fā)生甲基化導(dǎo)致基因沉默可能是此受體失活的主要原因[19]。TβR表達(dá)降低導(dǎo)致信號(hào)通路阻滯,使腫瘤細(xì)胞逃脫TGF-β的抑制作用而有利于腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。
3. Smads蛋白與胃癌:Smads蛋白是將TGF-β通路信號(hào)從胞外轉(zhuǎn)至胞核內(nèi)的關(guān)鍵蛋白,其發(fā)生突變或異常表達(dá)可能導(dǎo)致TGF-β/Smads信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)受阻甚至中斷,使TGF-β生長(zhǎng)抑制作用喪失,導(dǎo)致多種腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。有研究[20]報(bào)道,在Smad3缺失的SNU-484人胃癌細(xì)胞株中轉(zhuǎn)染Smad3,可使細(xì)胞恢復(fù)TGF-β信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),同時(shí)減少血管生成刺激因子,促進(jìn)E鈣黏蛋白表達(dá)。Wu等[21]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)胃癌組織中Smad2/3 mRNA表達(dá)較正常組織下調(diào)。Smad3基因敲除小鼠模型的研究[22]發(fā)現(xiàn),從前胃小彎側(cè)開始發(fā)生腸化生、侵襲性胃癌形成。此外,有研究[21,23]顯示Smad2/3表達(dá)下調(diào)與胃癌預(yù)后不良有關(guān)。Smad7作為I-Smad發(fā)揮負(fù)調(diào)控效應(yīng)維持信號(hào)通路的平衡,在正常胃黏膜中很少表達(dá),但在低分化、有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌中表達(dá)明顯上調(diào),Smad7陰性表達(dá)者的生存率高于陽(yáng)性表達(dá)者,表明Smad7與腫瘤分化程度、轉(zhuǎn)移、預(yù)后等相關(guān)[24-25]。
Smad4為抑癌基因,突變類型以點(diǎn)突變?yōu)橹?。突變后的Smad4蛋白構(gòu)象發(fā)生改變,不能與磷酸化Smad2/3結(jié)合,進(jìn)而不能發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄作用。有研究[26]采用免疫組化染色發(fā)現(xiàn)胃癌組織中Smad4蛋白陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率明顯低于正常胃黏膜,并與胃癌分化程度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和TNM分期有關(guān)。Leng等[25]報(bào)道胃癌組織中Smad4表達(dá)明顯低于癌旁組織,且低分化胃癌組的表達(dá)較高分化組明顯降低,在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者中的表達(dá)亦低于無(wú)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者,提示Smad4蛋白缺乏或下調(diào)可能是胃癌細(xì)胞逃逸TGF-β通路腫瘤抑制作用的關(guān)鍵之一。有類似研究顯示Smad4在胃癌組織中低表達(dá),但Smad4在早期胃癌中很少發(fā)生突變,認(rèn)為其基因缺失或突變發(fā)生在腫瘤進(jìn)展后期,屬于胃癌晚期分子事件[27]。Smad4表達(dá)陽(yáng)性的胃癌患者生存率和生存時(shí)間優(yōu)于表達(dá)陰性者[24],因此,Smad4是評(píng)估預(yù)后的重要指標(biāo)。
四、展望
TGF-β信號(hào)通路參與細(xì)胞增殖、分化、凋亡、黏附、遷移等多方面調(diào)節(jié),任何環(huán)節(jié)的功能障礙均可能導(dǎo)致信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)異常,從而導(dǎo)致腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。Smads的研究為臨床靶向治療胃癌提供了新的靶點(diǎn),同時(shí)對(duì)評(píng)估預(yù)后亦有重要意義。近年近端胃(賁門)癌的發(fā)病率有上升趨勢(shì),由于賁門組織的特殊性,不能簡(jiǎn)單將其劃分為食管癌或胃癌,應(yīng)單獨(dú)列出進(jìn)行研究。對(duì)于Smads和其他TGF-β信號(hào)通路相關(guān)蛋白在近端胃(賁門)癌中的表達(dá),以及其與非近端胃癌相比是否有差異還需深入研究。只有對(duì)TGF-β/Smads信號(hào)通路作用的具體機(jī)制有清楚的認(rèn)識(shí),才能更好地解決疾病的預(yù)防、治療、預(yù)后等問(wèn)題。
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(2014-03-28收稿;2014-04-15修回)
Advances in Study on Relationship between TGF-β/Smads Signaling Pathway and Gastric Cancer
WUQianqian1,SUNQi2,HUANGQin2,YUChenggong3.1DrumTowerSchoolofClinicalMedicine,NanjingMedicalUniversity,Nanjing(210008);2DepartmentofPathology,3DepartmentofGastroenterology,NanjingDrumTowerHospital,theAffiliatedHospitalofNanjingUniversityMedicalSchool,Nanjing
Correspondence to: YU Chenggong , Email: chenggong.yu@gmail.com
AbstractTransforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a polypeptide cytokine with numerous biological activities, which takes part in regulating many cell biological functions. TGF-β signaling pathway plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, and the pathway mediated by Smads protein is the most classic pattern. Many studies in recent years indicated that disruption of TGF-β signaling due to alterations in any member of TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway might affect the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. This article reviewed the advances in study on relationship between TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway and gastric cancer.
Key wordsStomach Neoplasms;Transforming Growth Factor beta;Smad Proteins;Signaling Pathway
通信作者*本文,Email: chenggong.yu@gmail.com
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2015.01.015