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EGFR突變陰性非小細(xì)胞肺癌二、三線治療的薈萃分析

2015-03-23 11:20楊鎖萍丁為民李凱姜兆靜鄭燕芳
關(guān)鍵詞:培美曲塞吉非

楊鎖萍,丁為民,李凱,姜兆靜,鄭燕芳

(1.南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)珠江醫(yī)院 腫瘤中心,廣東 廣州 510282; 2.寧波市第二醫(yī)院 介入科,浙江 寧波 315099)

·論 著·

EGFR突變陰性非小細(xì)胞肺癌二、三線治療的薈萃分析

楊鎖萍1,丁為民1,李凱2,姜兆靜1,鄭燕芳1

(1.南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)珠江醫(yī)院 腫瘤中心,廣東 廣州 510282; 2.寧波市第二醫(yī)院 介入科,浙江 寧波 315099)

目的:比較酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(TKIs)與二線或三線化療治療表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(EGFR)突變陰性的非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者的療效。方法:檢索PubMed、Cochrane Library、EMBASE、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)和美國(guó)臨床腫瘤學(xué)會(huì)(ASCO)會(huì)議摘要,對(duì)符合要求的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行薈萃分析。結(jié)果:共納入7個(gè)試驗(yàn),結(jié)局指標(biāo)包括從隨機(jī)化分配到疾病進(jìn)展的時(shí)間(PFS)和從方案招募開(kāi)始到患者死亡的時(shí)間(OS)。PFS指標(biāo)顯示,TKIs在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上差于化療(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比HR=1.34,95%CI為1.08~1.65;P=0.007);OS指標(biāo)顯示,兩者差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(HR=1.07,95%CI為0.92~1.24;P=0.395)。移除2個(gè)試驗(yàn)后,PFS指標(biāo)顯示,TKIs仍然差于化療(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比HR=1.42,95%CI為1.23~1.63;P=0.000);OS指標(biāo)顯示,兩者差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(HR=1.05,95%CI為0.90~1.23;P=0.536)。所有亞組中厄洛替尼對(duì)比化療差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論:對(duì)于EGFR突變陰性且可耐受化療的NSCLC患者,化療優(yōu)于TKIs治療,但是TKIs可用于體力狀況評(píng)分差的患者。

非小細(xì)胞肺癌; 吉非替尼; 厄洛替尼; 薈萃分析

肺癌為男性死亡率第一、女性死亡率第二的癌癥[1],在我國(guó)發(fā)病和死亡例數(shù)也呈逐年上升趨勢(shì)[2]。培美曲塞或多西他賽已被批準(zhǔn)用于治療之前化療過(guò)的非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者[3-4]。小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(TKIs)厄洛替尼和吉非替尼在治療某些非小細(xì)胞肺癌的患者中顯示了較好的效果[5]。腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)吉非替尼和厄洛替尼的藥物敏感性與表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(EGFR)突變有關(guān),其發(fā)生在50%的亞洲患者和10%的高加索非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者中[6-7]。最近幾年,相繼涌現(xiàn)了數(shù)篇厄洛替尼或吉非替尼對(duì)比單藥化療治療EGFR突變陰性的一線化療進(jìn)展的非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)的報(bào)道[8-14]??紤]到報(bào)道結(jié)果的不一致,我們進(jìn)行了該方面研究的系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 數(shù)據(jù)提取

搜集PubMed、Cochrane圖書(shū)館、EMBASE和中國(guó)知網(wǎng)中所有酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(厄洛替尼或吉非替尼)對(duì)比化療(單藥多西他賽或者培美曲塞)治療至少一線化療進(jìn)展的EGFR突變陰性的非小細(xì)胞肺癌的患者的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn),同時(shí)搜索了ASCO從1983年至今的年會(huì)摘要,關(guān)鍵詞包括非小細(xì)胞肺癌、隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)、 erlotinib、gefitinib、epidermal growth factor receptor、EGFR TKIs、EGFR TKI、docetaxel、taxotere、pemetrexed、alimta、non small cell lung cancer、NSCLC、randomized controlled trial、randomised controlled trial。沒(méi)有發(fā)表平臺(tái)或語(yǔ)言或發(fā)表年份的限制。

1.2 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

手工提取合適的臨床試驗(yàn)根據(jù)以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1) 二期或三期試驗(yàn);(2) 組織學(xué)或病理學(xué)證明為局限或轉(zhuǎn)移的晚期非小細(xì)胞肺癌的患者;(3) 至少化療1個(gè)療程的疾病進(jìn)展或復(fù)發(fā);(4) 突變分析展示了突變陰性;(5) 厄洛替尼或吉非替尼對(duì)比化療。

1.3 質(zhì)量評(píng)估

PFS定義為從隨機(jī)化分配到疾病進(jìn)展的時(shí)間。OS定義為從方案招募開(kāi)始到患者死亡的時(shí)間。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比(hazard ratio,HR)為T(mén)KIs對(duì)比化療的評(píng)估結(jié)果[15]。Cochrane偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具(review manager 5.1.0)用于研究質(zhì)量評(píng)分。

1.4 文獻(xiàn)選擇和信息提取

兩個(gè)研究者收集所有可能合適的標(biāo)題和摘要,如果兩個(gè)研究者之間的意見(jiàn)不同,則找出全文來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)。若仍然不一致,則由一個(gè)腫瘤學(xué)專(zhuān)家來(lái)解決。結(jié)果包括PFS和OS及它們的HR和95%可信區(qū)間(confidence interval,95%CI)。

1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

統(tǒng)計(jì)分析用STATASE 12.0軟件。用χ2為基礎(chǔ)的Q檢驗(yàn)檢測(cè),當(dāng)I2大于50%或P值小于 0.1時(shí)認(rèn)為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[16]。如果異質(zhì)性檢測(cè)結(jié)果大,則用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型來(lái)做薈萃分析,反之則用固定效果模型。HR和95%CI根據(jù)兩篇文獻(xiàn)的介紹來(lái)計(jì)算[17-18]。HR大于1說(shuō)明酪氨酸激酶抑制劑比化療有更多死亡或進(jìn)展。用漏斗圖或Egger’s檢驗(yàn)來(lái)檢測(cè)發(fā)表偏倚,P大于0.1認(rèn)為沒(méi)有發(fā)表偏倚[19-20]。

2 結(jié) 果

2.1 文獻(xiàn)提取和研究特點(diǎn)

共檢索到964篇可能相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。初篩后,減至26篇,在閱讀摘要后最終納入7篇文獻(xiàn)。所有試驗(yàn)均用直接測(cè)序來(lái)檢測(cè)突變類(lèi)型。在一個(gè)試驗(yàn)[13]中,EGFR突變陰性包括少見(jiàn)突變和野生型,其它文獻(xiàn)則均為EGFR野生型。7個(gè)試驗(yàn)中有3個(gè)試驗(yàn)[10, 13-14]的患者均為EGFR突變陰性,剩下的4個(gè)則既包括了突變陰性又包括了突變陽(yáng)性的患者,資料從每個(gè)試驗(yàn)中陰性亞組的患者中提取。

表1展示了所有7個(gè)納入試驗(yàn)的詳細(xì)特點(diǎn),試驗(yàn)均為多中心,共包括1 126例患者,每個(gè)試驗(yàn)含38~253例患者。

2.2 偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

除了DELTA 和CTONG0806以摘要的形式在ASCO[10-11]中提取,其它都是以全文的形式發(fā)表。所有納入試驗(yàn)的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)見(jiàn)表2,分別為低偏倚、高偏倚及不確定。

2.3 meta分析

OS沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的異質(zhì)性(I2=10.1%,P=0.348),故用固定效應(yīng)模型對(duì)其分析。然而PFS發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的異質(zhì)性(I2=55.2%,P=0.048),故用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析[21]。

表1 納入文獻(xiàn)特點(diǎn)

Tab 1 Characteristics of the included trials

注:qd為1次·d-1,q3w為3周1次,q4w為4周1次

表2 納入文獻(xiàn)的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

Tab 2 Risk for bias in the published controlled trials

圖1顯示,就PFS而言TKIs治療不如化療(HR=1.34,95%CI為1.08~1.65;P=0.007)。圖2顯示,兩組OS沒(méi)有明顯的不同(HR=1.07,95%CI為0.92~1.24;P=0.395)。由于KCSG-LU08-01[13]患者數(shù)目較少,HORG[9]用培美曲塞治療鱗癌,所以我們分別從PFS的分析中移除KCSG-LU08-01,在OS的分析中移除HORG。在剩下的文獻(xiàn)中,OS(I2=28.2%,P=0.243)和PFS(I2=13.3%,P=0.329)都沒(méi)有明顯的異質(zhì)性,所以我們均用固定效應(yīng)模型來(lái)分析。如圖3顯示,PFS中移除KCSG-LU08-01后TKIs仍然差于化療(HR=1.42,95%CI為1.23~1.63;P=0.000)。圖4顯示,移除HORG后兩組OS仍然沒(méi)有明顯的不同(HR=1.05,95%CI為0.90~1.2;P=0.536)。

圖1 所有包括的關(guān)于吉非替尼或厄洛替尼對(duì)比化療的臨床試驗(yàn)的PFS的森林圖

Fig 1 Forest plot represented the pooled results in patients treated with gefitinib or erlotinibvschemotherapy of all our included trials in progression free survival(PFS)

圖2 所有包括的關(guān)于吉非替尼或厄洛替尼對(duì)比化療的臨床試驗(yàn)的OS的森林圖

Fig 2 Forest plot represented the pooled results in patients treated with gefitinib or erlotinibvschemotherapy of all our included trials in overall survival(OS)

2.4 亞組分析

通過(guò)聯(lián)系各個(gè)試驗(yàn)發(fā)表文章的作者,最后只有HORG試驗(yàn)的作者提供患者個(gè)體數(shù)據(jù)。結(jié)合原各個(gè)試驗(yàn)提供的信息,所能獲得EGFR突變陰性亞組的只有TAILOR試驗(yàn)。HORG試驗(yàn)的患者均為高加索人種,TAILOR試驗(yàn)的患者均來(lái)自于意大利的醫(yī)院。兩組均包括OS,故只分析OS。分別根據(jù)性別、吸煙與否、病理類(lèi)型進(jìn)行分亞組,TKI組亞組分析的納入試驗(yàn)均為厄洛替尼,化療組則為多西他賽與培美曲塞。我們用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行亞組分析顯示,兩組各亞組總生存期差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)圖5。

圖3 所有包括的關(guān)于吉非替尼或厄洛替尼對(duì)比化療的臨床試驗(yàn)中移除KCSG-LU08-01后的PFS的森林圖

Fig 3 Forest plot represented the pooled results in patients treated with gefitinib or erlotinibvschemotherapy in PFS after removing patients of KCSG-LU08-01

圖4 所有包括的關(guān)于吉非替尼或厄洛替尼對(duì)比化療的臨床試驗(yàn)中移除HORG后的OS的森林圖

Fig 4 Forest plot represented the pooled results in patients treated with gefitinib or erlotinibvschemotherapy in OS after removing patients of HORG

2.5 偏倚評(píng)估

漏斗圖顯示沒(méi)有明顯的發(fā)表偏倚(圖6~9)。Egger’s 檢驗(yàn)顯示酪氨酸激酶抑制劑對(duì)比化療的PFS在移除KCSG-LU08-01前、后P值分別為0.220、0.399,OS在移除HORG前、后P值分別為0.998、0.732,證明都沒(méi)有明顯的發(fā)表偏倚。

圖5 總生存期的亞組分析

Fig 5 Overall survival in subgroup

圖6 所有納入試驗(yàn)的PFS發(fā)表偏倚評(píng)估的漏斗圖

Fig 6 Assessment for publication bias by funnel plot in PFS of all our included trials

3 討 論

對(duì)非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者行EGFR突變檢測(cè)是用吉非替尼或厄諾替尼治療的基礎(chǔ)[22-25]。IPASS 試驗(yàn)顯示,對(duì)于一線EGFR突變陰性的非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者,PFS在

圖7 所有納入試驗(yàn)的OS發(fā)表偏倚評(píng)估的漏斗圖

Fig 7 Assessment for publication bias by funnel plot in OS of all our included trials

圖8 移除KCSG-LU08-01試驗(yàn)后的PFS發(fā)表偏倚評(píng)估的漏斗圖

Fig 8 Assessment trials after removing KCSG-LU08-01 for publication bias by funel plot in PFS

圖9 移除HORG試驗(yàn)后的OS發(fā)表偏倚評(píng)估的漏斗圖

Fig 9 Assessment trials after removing HORG for publication bias by funel plot in OS

吉非替尼組明顯短于紫杉醇和卡鉑組(HR=2.85,95%CI為2.05~3.98;P<0.001),吉非替尼OS的HR是1.38(95%CI為0.92 ~2.09)[26]。對(duì)于一線晚期非小細(xì)胞肺癌的突變陰性的患者療效TKIs差于化療,所以化療仍然是這類(lèi)患者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療[27]。對(duì)二線和三線的治療,我們的研究顯示,在EGFR突變陰性的患者TKIs仍然劣于化療。然而,HR 遠(yuǎn)低于一線治療,是什么原因?qū)е铝薖FS的HR在一線和二、三線治療的不同呢?一個(gè)可能的原因是在對(duì)照組的不同化療中,一線治療的患者常常接受鉑類(lèi)為基礎(chǔ)的雙藥化療,而單藥細(xì)胞毒性藥物是二、三線的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療藥物。一個(gè)多西他賽為基礎(chǔ)的雙藥化療對(duì)比單藥多西他賽作為非小細(xì)胞肺癌二線治療的薈萃分析[28]顯示,其在PFS有明顯的改善(HR=0.81,95%CI為0.69~0.96;P=0.013)。EGFR突變狀態(tài)的改變可能是不同的原因。除了 DELTA和CTONG0806基因突變分析不清楚外,我們納入的研究在一線治療之前均進(jìn)行了突變分析[10-11]。Bai 等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)一線化療可能影響組織和外周血樣本的突變狀態(tài),這表明一些EGFR可能因?yàn)橐痪€化療從陰性到陽(yáng)性突變,導(dǎo)致一些患者對(duì)TKIs更敏感。Lindstrom等[30]提出,如果乳腺癌等腫瘤治療中標(biāo)志物檢測(cè)安全且容易進(jìn)行的話,標(biāo)志物的檢測(cè)將使重新活檢變得有價(jià)值而提供更多治療藥物選擇的信息。

對(duì)于晚期鱗狀非小細(xì)胞肺癌無(wú)論一線[31]、二線[4],還是維持治療,就PFS和OS而言,培美曲塞均劣于其它化療藥物。雖然沒(méi)有頭對(duì)頭和安慰劑二線治療比較的試驗(yàn),Ciuleanu等[32]對(duì)于維持治療鱗癌患者的試驗(yàn)展示了培美曲塞對(duì)比安慰劑并不能明顯改善PFS或OS。所以NCCN和ESMO(European Society for Medical Oncology)臨床指南[33]均推薦培美曲塞只應(yīng)用于非鱗癌非小細(xì)胞肺癌的患者。本研究6個(gè)試驗(yàn)有OS的結(jié)果,其中HORG包括培美曲塞治療鱗癌(21.7%),培美曲塞在非敏感的患者的對(duì)照組可能導(dǎo)致結(jié)果更偏向于酪氨酸激酶抑制劑。其它試驗(yàn)并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣的問(wèn)題。由于試驗(yàn)中沒(méi)有描述,我們不能提出這個(gè)試驗(yàn)中非鱗癌和野生型非小細(xì)胞肺癌組而進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步分析。為了減少這個(gè)HORG試驗(yàn)中的異質(zhì)性,我們移除它并且重現(xiàn)分析來(lái)做比較,結(jié)果顯示仍然沒(méi)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,并且OS沒(méi)有不同。

在PFS中移除KCSG-LU08-01這個(gè)少量樣本且包含少見(jiàn)突變的患者的試驗(yàn)后異質(zhì)性明顯減少,所以這個(gè)試驗(yàn)可能是PFS主要異質(zhì)性來(lái)源。但是在移除KCSG-LU08-01后差異仍然不同,所以我們可以說(shuō)酪氨酸激酶抑制劑在野生型EGFR非小細(xì)胞肺癌的治療中差于化療。

根據(jù)我們對(duì)TAILOR及HORG試驗(yàn)的亞組分析結(jié)果顯示,患者無(wú)論是否吸煙、何種病理組織類(lèi)型、性別如何,厄洛替尼對(duì)比化療的總生存期差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。因此,對(duì)于EGFR突變陰性的非小細(xì)胞肺癌一線化療進(jìn)展的患者而言,尚無(wú)明顯證據(jù)證明吸煙或不吸煙、鱗癌或腺癌或其他類(lèi)型、男或女的患者厄洛替尼的治療效果能優(yōu)于化療。

就PFS而言,我們的分析顯示在這種患者中適合移除小分子TKIs來(lái)治療。鑒于TKIs比化療副作用小,且在OS上沒(méi)有明顯的劣性,TKIs可能是那些由于差的體力評(píng)分或其它原因不適合化療或其他非細(xì)胞毒性藥物的患者的選擇。

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Second-and third-line treatment for EGFR mutation-negative non-small-cell lung cancer-meta-analysis

YANG Suo-ping1,DING Wei-min1,LI Kai2,JIANG Zhao-jing1,ZHENG Yan-fang1

(1.OncologyCenter,ZhujiangHospital,SouthernMedicalUniversity,Guangzhou510282,China;2.DepartmentofIntervention,NingboNo.2Hospital,Ningbo315099,China)

Objective: To compare the efficacy of TKIs with chemotherapy in second-line or third-line treatment for EGFR mutation-negative NSCLC patients.Methods:PubMed,Cochrane Library,EMBASE,CNKI and abstracts from the proceedings of ASCO were searched to identify randomized controlled clinical trials.Results:7 randomized controlled trials were identified eligible for meta-analysis. The outcomes of treatment efficacy included PFS and OS. TKIs were statistically significant inferior to chemotherapy in PFS (hazard ratio (HR)=1.34,95% confidence interval (CI)=1.08-1.65;P=0.007). However,no statistically significant difference in OS was found (HR=1.07,95%CI=0.92-1.24;P=0.395). After removing two trials,the results were not obviously different for both PFS (HR=1.42,95%CI=1.23-1.63;P=0.000) and OS (HR=1.05,95%CI=0.90-1.23;P=0.536). Erlotinib was not statistically significantly different from chemotherapy in very subgroup.Conclusion:For EGFR mutation-negative NSCLC patients,chemotherapy should take precedence over TKIs for those who can tolerant chemotherapy,while TKIs can be options for patients with poor performance status.

non small cell lung cancer; gefitinib; erlotinib; meta-analysis

2015-06-16

2015-08-21

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81202073)

楊鎖萍(1989-),女,四川南充人,在讀醫(yī)學(xué)碩士研究生。E-mail:yuhouhehua@163.com

丁為民 E-mail:dwm-2001@163.com

楊鎖萍,丁為民,李凱,等.EGFR突變陰性非小細(xì)胞肺癌二、三線治療的薈萃分析[J].東南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):醫(yī)學(xué)版,2015,34(6):859-867.

R734.2

A

1671-6264(2015)06-0859-09

10.3969/j.issn.1671-6264.2015.06.001

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