趙致維,崔 宇,王麗梅,善亞君,柳曉蘭,唐紅衛(wèi),從玉文
氨磷汀對(duì)小鼠腸型急性放射病的防護(hù)作用及其機(jī)制
趙致維1,2,崔 宇2,王麗梅2,善亞君2,柳曉蘭2,唐紅衛(wèi)3,從玉文2
目的 研究氨磷汀(amifostine, WR2721)對(duì)小鼠腸型急性放射病的防護(hù)作用及其機(jī)制。方法 建立小鼠腸型急性放射病模型。C57BL/6J小鼠隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和WR2721給藥組,接受15 Gy60Co-γ全身照射,照后移植健康小鼠骨髓細(xì)胞,觀察小鼠受照后30 d的存活率和平均生存時(shí)間,以及用隱窩細(xì)胞微克隆實(shí)驗(yàn),研究照后3.5 d隱窩細(xì)胞數(shù)量及小腸黏膜情況。結(jié)果 對(duì)照組小鼠均在10 d內(nèi)死亡,WR2721給藥組存活率提高到80%;對(duì)照組和WR2721給藥組平均隱窩數(shù)分別為(6.1±0.7)個(gè)、(28.0±1.1)個(gè),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.0001);對(duì)照組和WR2721給藥組絨毛高度分別為(51.48±2.04)μm、(73.29±3.24)μm,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.0001)。結(jié)論 WR2721對(duì)腸型急性放射病小鼠有保護(hù)作用,通過(guò)提高隱窩干細(xì)胞增殖活性,促進(jìn)黏膜的恢復(fù),提高小鼠的存活率。
WR2721;防護(hù);腸型急性放射??;機(jī)制
腸型急性放射病是機(jī)體受到大劑量照射后,出現(xiàn)以嘔吐、腹瀉、血水便等胃腸道癥狀為主要特征的極嚴(yán)重的急性放射病。當(dāng)機(jī)體受到>10 Gy照射后,小腸干細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)死亡,絨毛不可逆損傷,整個(gè)消化道上皮失去完整性,導(dǎo)致吸收不良、液體丟失和電解質(zhì)紊亂,從而促使腸道菌群進(jìn)入血液,最終引起菌血癥而死亡[1,2],死亡時(shí)間一般為7~10 d。目前,腸型急性放射病的主要治療手段是全身階段性應(yīng)用高強(qiáng)抗生素防治細(xì)菌感染[3,4],及補(bǔ)充電解質(zhì)等對(duì)癥治療,但因缺乏特效的防治藥物,最終死于敗血癥和多器官衰竭。因此開發(fā)安全有效的輻射防護(hù)劑逐漸引起科學(xué)家的重視。
氨磷汀(WR2721)是一種磷酸化巰基胺,作為細(xì)胞廣譜保護(hù)藥,被FDA批準(zhǔn)用于頭頸部腫瘤的輻射保護(hù)藥。WR2721在體內(nèi)通過(guò)其活性成分WRl065發(fā)揮作用,清除放射引起的氧自由基,保護(hù)正常細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)造血細(xì)胞恢復(fù)[5-7]。研究表明,WR2721對(duì)放射引起的小腸損傷有保護(hù)作用[8,9],但對(duì)大劑量照射引起的腸型急性放射病的輻射保護(hù)作用很少報(bào)道。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過(guò)照射后骨髓細(xì)胞移植建立腸型急性放射病模型,客觀地評(píng)價(jià)WR2721對(duì)腸型急性放射病的輻射保護(hù)作用,探討防護(hù)作用的初步機(jī)制,為其應(yīng)用于腸型急性放射病的治療提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
1.1 試劑 WR2721購(gòu)自解放軍軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院條件處;5-溴脫氧尿嘧啶核苷購(gòu)自北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司;抗尿嘧啶核苷抗體購(gòu)自北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司;小鼠二步試劑法(PV-6002)購(gòu)自北京中山金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司;甲醛溶液購(gòu)自天津市福晨化學(xué)試劑有限公司;伊紅染液(AR-0731) 購(gòu)于北京鼎國(guó)昌盛生物技術(shù)有限責(zé)任公司;蘇木紫染液購(gòu)于北京鼎國(guó)昌盛生物技術(shù)有限責(zé)任公司 ;肝素鈉注射液購(gòu)自江蘇萬(wàn)邦生化醫(yī)藥股份有限公司;胎牛血清購(gòu)自北京元亨金馬生物技術(shù)開發(fā)有限公司。
1.2 動(dòng)物來(lái)源與給藥 C57BL/6小鼠,雄性,體重22~23 g,購(gòu)自北京華阜康生物科技股份有限公司,每籠5只飼養(yǎng)在軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院SPF級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)飼料經(jīng)60Co-γ射線照射除菌后喂養(yǎng),飲用水消毒后供小鼠自由飲用。實(shí)驗(yàn)分組每組10只,對(duì)照組照前腹腔注射生理鹽水0.2 ml, WR2721給藥組照射前30 min腹腔注射WR2721 150 mg/kg。
1.3 照射 將裝有實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的有機(jī)玻璃盒置于鉛板背面,接受劑量率約為55 cGy/min的屏蔽后的全身照射。
1.4 小鼠照后骨髓細(xì)胞移植 將供體小鼠處死,取雙側(cè)股骨,沖出骨髓細(xì)胞,1300 r/min離心5 min,去掉上清,收集骨髓細(xì)胞,1640培養(yǎng)液定容至4 ml,重懸沉淀,制備骨髓單細(xì)胞懸液。取10 μl細(xì)胞懸液,用3%冰醋酸稀釋后計(jì)數(shù),根據(jù)計(jì)數(shù)結(jié)果,調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度。受體小鼠經(jīng)尾靜脈移植骨髓細(xì)胞5×106個(gè)/只。
1.5 隱窩細(xì)胞微克隆實(shí)驗(yàn) 取材前3 h Brdu 120 mg/kg摻入,每只0.2 ml腹腔注射。剖腹取小腸,每只小鼠各截取5個(gè)1 cm的腸管,放在包埋盒里,固定于10%福爾馬林24 h。小腸組織經(jīng)過(guò)脫水、包埋、切片等前期處理,檸檬酸鈉水浴30 min,鹽酸酸化25 min、胃蛋白酶消化12 min,3%H2O215 min,血清封閉1 h后,抗Brdu抗體4 ℃過(guò)夜,小鼠二步法(PV-6002)1 h,DAB顯色10 sec,蘇木染色1 min,脫水封片。DAB染色為深棕色的細(xì)胞為陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞,逐個(gè)腸環(huán)計(jì)數(shù),每組至少15個(gè)腸環(huán)。
1.6 HE染色 剖腹取小腸,每只小鼠各截取5個(gè)1 cm的腸管,放在包埋盒里,固定于10%甲醛溶液24 h。小腸組織經(jīng)過(guò)脫水、包埋、切片等前期處理,蘇木染色1 min,伊紅染色15 s,脫水后封片。
2.1 小鼠腸型急性放射病模型的建立 腸型急性放射病小鼠主要是胃腸損傷,即使給予骨髓移植恢復(fù)造血,也不能延長(zhǎng)存活時(shí)間,死亡時(shí)間在7~10 d。正常小鼠在分別接受 13、14、15、16 Gy照射后6 h進(jìn)行健康小鼠骨髓細(xì)胞移植,結(jié)果顯示:13 Gy照射組小鼠存活率為70%;14 Gy照射組存活率為50%;15 Gy、16 Gy照射組小鼠均在7 d內(nèi)死亡,平均存活時(shí)間分別為(6.0±0.9) d,(5.3±0.9) d(圖1A)。通過(guò)HE染色觀察小腸形態(tài)發(fā)現(xiàn),13Gy與14Gy照射組與正常小鼠相比小腸絨毛開始脫落、縮短,絨毛數(shù)量減少;15Gy、16Gy照射組小腸絨毛脫落明顯、數(shù)量明顯減少,上皮不完整(圖1B,1C)。綜合以上結(jié)果說(shuō)明15Gy、16Gy這兩個(gè)照射劑量下可達(dá)到腸型急性放射病損傷程度,腸型急性放射病模型建立成功。
2.2 WR2721對(duì)腸型急性放射病小鼠存活的影響 對(duì)照組、WR2721給藥組同時(shí)接受15 Gy照射,照后6 h移植健康小鼠骨髓細(xì)胞,結(jié)果如圖2所示:對(duì)照組聯(lián)合骨髓細(xì)胞移植后小鼠在10 d內(nèi)死亡,平均存活時(shí)間為(5.6±0.5) d,WR2721給藥組聯(lián)合骨髓細(xì)胞移植后存活率提高到80%。應(yīng)用Mantel log-rank方法進(jìn)行生存分析, WR2721組P<0.0001,與IR組相比差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)果表明,WR2721能顯著提高腸型急性放射病小鼠的存活率。
2.3 WR2721對(duì)腸型急性放射病小鼠隱窩及黏膜損傷的保護(hù)作用 3.5 d隱窩細(xì)胞微克隆實(shí)驗(yàn)是評(píng)價(jià)隱窩干細(xì)胞再生能力的重要指標(biāo),5個(gè)或5個(gè)以上陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞計(jì)為一個(gè)再生隱窩, Brdu標(biāo)記細(xì)胞增殖,在隱窩細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)上更準(zhǔn)確、清楚、主觀判斷成分減低,誤差更小。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)照組隱窩細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯減少,平均隱窩數(shù)為(6.1±0.7)個(gè);WR2721給藥組平均隱窩細(xì)胞數(shù)為(28.0±1.1)個(gè),P<0.0001,與對(duì)照組相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,WR2721可以明顯促進(jìn)隱窩細(xì)胞的再生(圖3A)。
圖1 腸型急性放射病模型的建立
圖2 WR2721對(duì)腸型急性放射病小鼠存活的影響
小腸絨毛3~5 d更新1次,如果隱窩干細(xì)胞不能補(bǔ)充損傷的上皮細(xì)胞,小腸絨毛就會(huì)脫落。HE染色觀察照后5 d小鼠小腸黏膜,如圖3B所示對(duì)照組小鼠絨毛大部分脫落,殘存的絨毛高度縮短,上皮細(xì)胞連接不完整,隱窩細(xì)胞減少;與對(duì)照組相比,WR2721給藥組小鼠絨毛高度增加,脫落減少,用Image-pro plus6.0軟件對(duì)絨毛高度進(jìn)行測(cè)量,對(duì)照組絨毛高度(51.48±2.04)μm,WR2721給藥組絨毛高度(73.29±3.24)μm,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.0001)。
目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外研究和開發(fā)了多種對(duì)骨髓型急性放射病有效的輻射防護(hù)劑,如5-AED、rhTPO、rhlL-12,但對(duì)腸型急性放射病有效的防護(hù)藥物還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn),因此開發(fā)有效的腸型急性放射病防護(hù)藥物成為研究熱點(diǎn)。動(dòng)物存活作為評(píng)價(jià)藥物的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo),應(yīng)用全身照射,胃腸和造血等多器官受損,很難分辨出小鼠是死于胃腸損傷還是造血損傷,因此本
圖3 WR2721對(duì)腸型急性放射病小鼠隱窩細(xì)胞及絨毛的影響
實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)用照后6 h聯(lián)合骨髓細(xì)胞移植,早期進(jìn)行造血重建,避免造血損傷對(duì)存活的遠(yuǎn)期影響,客觀的評(píng)價(jià)WR2721對(duì)腸型急性放射病的防護(hù)作用。
輻射直接導(dǎo)致小腸隱窩快速增殖的上皮細(xì)胞死亡,隱窩干細(xì)胞無(wú)法補(bǔ)充和更新小腸絨毛處的上皮細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致絨毛的死亡、脫落[10]。近年來(lái),隱窩干細(xì)胞特征標(biāo)志的不斷被發(fā)現(xiàn),Bmi1和Hopx蛋白分別是+4位隱窩干細(xì)胞特征標(biāo)志;Bmi1陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞主要分布于小腸上1/3處,而Hopx陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞分布在全部小腸,這些細(xì)胞為小腸隱窩多功能干細(xì)胞,且Lgr5陽(yáng)性CBC細(xì)胞和Bmi1或Hopx陽(yáng)性+4位隱窩干細(xì)胞可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換[11,12]。Lgr5標(biāo)記的連續(xù)分裂的隱窩干細(xì)胞主要用于維護(hù)腸黏膜穩(wěn)態(tài)重建,而Bmi1標(biāo)記的靜態(tài)的隱窩干細(xì)胞主要參與放射等損傷后的腸黏膜重建[13]。
WR2721對(duì)腸型急性放射病的輻射防護(hù)作用機(jī)制復(fù)雜,推測(cè)其可能的機(jī)制:一方面WR2721提高細(xì)胞核P53的積累,細(xì)胞周期阻滯,促進(jìn)DNA的修復(fù)[14,15],減少凋亡[16],促進(jìn)隱窩干細(xì)胞的增殖;另一方面,放射不僅引起干細(xì)胞的損傷,還會(huì)影響造血微環(huán)境。電離輻射可誘導(dǎo)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡,導(dǎo)致血管功能障礙、出血,以及新血管生成困難增加[17,18]。有研究表明,WR2721增加微血管密度、血管厚度,促進(jìn)新生血管形成,促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖[19-21],這可能也是其對(duì)腸型急性放射病有輻射防護(hù)作用的原因。另外,WR2721可以減少血漿IL-2水平,抑制放射引起的免疫反應(yīng)和提高粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子,這些都有利于放射損傷的組織修復(fù)[22]。WR2721對(duì)腸型急性放射病的輻射防護(hù)作用是否通過(guò)上述機(jī)制介導(dǎo),還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
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(2015-01-20收稿 2015-03-09修回)
(責(zé)任編輯 岳建華)
Protective effect and mechanism of amifostine on intestinal acute radiation sickness
ZHAO Zhiwei1,2, CUI Yu2,WANG Limei2, SHAN Yajun2,TANG Hongwei3,and CONG Yuwen2.
1.Graduate School,Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221000, China;2.Institute of Radiation Medicine,Academy of Military Medical Science,Beijing 100850,China;3.Department of Gastroenterology,The General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Beijing100039,China
Objective To study the radioprotection effect and mechanism of amifostine (WR2721) on intestinal acute radiation sickness. Methods Based on the intestinal acute radiation sickness model, C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group and group WR2721. Bone marrow cells from healthy mice were transplanted after 15 Gy60Co-γ shielded body irradiation. Then the survival rate in 30 d after irradiation, and the number of proliferative crypt cells and the small intestine mucosa situation with micro-cloning survival assay of mouse crypt cells at 3.5d post-irradiation were observed . Results The mice in control group died within 10 days, survival rate in WR2721 administrered group increased to 80%; in the control group and WR2721 drug group, the average number of crypts were 6.1±0.7, 28±1.1, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.0001); in control group and WR2721 administered group, villus heights were(51.48±2.04)μm, (73.29±3.24)μm, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.0001). Conclusions WR2721 has significantly radioprotective effect on intestinal acute radiation sickness by improving the survival rate of mice, promoting crypt cells regeneration and protecting the intestinal mucosa.
WR2721;radioprotection;intestinal acute radiation sickness; mechanism
國(guó)家新藥創(chuàng)制重大專項(xiàng)(2013ZX09J13102-02C);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(81272997)
趙致維,碩士研究生,醫(yī)師,E-mall:happyzhaozhiwei@163.com
1.221000,徐州醫(yī)學(xué)院;2.100850北京,解放軍軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院放射研究所;3.100039 北京,武警總醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科
唐紅衛(wèi),E-mall:thwwjp@hotmail.com
R818