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陰述法的語用闡釋

2015-03-28 16:09
懷化學(xué)院學(xué)報 2015年12期
關(guān)鍵詞:勛爵假裝面子

于 潔

(懷化學(xué)院 外國語學(xué)院, 湖南 懷化 418008)

陰述法的語用闡釋

于 潔

(懷化學(xué)院 外國語學(xué)院, 湖南 懷化 418008)

陰述法是英語中一種頗具暗威力的修辭手段,學(xué)術(shù)界少有波及,但卻常為演講高手所用。將語用與修辭融為一體,試圖從語用學(xué)視角闡述陰述法。在探討了陰述法的定義、生成和種類之后,從四個方面解析了陰述法的語用特征,繼而論述了它的五大語用修辭功能。

陰述法; 語用特征; 語用修辭功能

起源于古希臘的修辭學(xué)曾鑄造了歷史的輝煌,孕育了諸如高吉亞斯、蘇格拉底、柏拉圖、亞里士多德等大批頂級雄辯家和世界名流,時至今日仍無形地影響著西方政壇。作為重要的策略性修辭手段的陰述法雖然學(xué)界少有人論及,卻常為演講高手和辯論高手所青睞,具有奇特的暗威力。本文擬從語用學(xué)視角研究這一修辭手法。

一、陰述法概說

陰述法這一術(shù)語是根據(jù)希臘語paralipsis的內(nèi)涵翻譯而定的,初見于英語修辭學(xué)札記下篇《辭格新說》(2014),是一種在話語中假裝省略重要信息故意引人注意的修辭格[1]。

(一)陰述法的定義

J.A.Cuddon將陰述法定義為“一種說話人或作者假裝忽略或回避某事以引人關(guān)注的修辭手段”(A figurative device by which a speaker or writer feigns to ignore or pass over a matter and thus draws attention to it)[2]637。Chris Baldick也把陰述法釋為“一種說話人或作者假裝回避重要問題反而引人關(guān)注的修辭格”(A rhetorical figure in which the speaker or writer draws attention to some important matter by pretending to pass over it)[3]246。美國學(xué)者Ward Farnsworth認(rèn)為陰述法常出現(xiàn)在這樣的情況:說話人口頭上說他不愿說出某事,其實(shí)他說了——或者至少他說了一點(diǎn)(generally occurs when the speaker describes what he will not say,and so say it,or at least a bit of if,after all)。一言以蔽之,即“saying things by not saying them”[4]166??梢钥闯觯幨龇ň褪钦f話人嘴巴上說不說,實(shí)則說了。這與漢語典故“此地?zé)o銀三百兩”有某些相通之處,只不過后者是無意“暴露”,而前者則是有意“表露”。

(二)陰述法的生成

上述定義告訴我們,陰述法的生成必須具備兩個條件:一是否定回避,二是真實(shí)表露;兩者兼而有之,存于一體,常以“I say nothing of ...”“not to mention ...”等形式出現(xiàn)。例如:

(1)I’ll not mention his cruelty,his meanness.

(2)“Of course I’m not going to threaten you,but if this Budget passes the rents will go up.”(by Chesterton)

例(1)有否定回避:“I’ll not mention”,也有真實(shí)表露:“his cruelty,his meanness”。例(2)有否定回避:“I’m not going to threaten you”,也有真實(shí)表露:“if this budget passes the rents will go up”。在陰述法中,回避是假,表露是真。

(三)陰述法的種類

這里我們采用《辭格新說》的分法,把陰述法歸為兩類:“暗表露和明表露?!盵1]163

1.暗表露

暗表露指說話人表面上否定回避某事,其實(shí)話語中已有暗示:或間接表露,或部分提及。例如:

(3)I will not stoop to mention the occasion last winter when our esteemed opponent was found asleep in an alleyway with an empty bottle of vodka still pressed to his lips.

(4)I have been lately informed,by the proprietor of The World,that two papers,in which my Dictionary is recommended to the public,were written by your lordship.To be so distinguished is an honour which,being very little accustomed to favours from the great,I know not well how to receive,or in what terms to acknowledge.

例(3)的說話人“I”用否定式假裝回避,不想說出他看到的一幕:“I will not stoop to mention the occasion last winter”,但是實(shí)際上他已經(jīng)說出了那一幕,他的“對手”(opponent)拿著空空的伏特加酒瓶,狼狽地睡在小巷子的凄慘場景,與他之前給對手加上的修辭詞“我們那位令人尊敬的(our esteemed)形成了鮮明的對比和反襯。本例通過陰述法和反語兩種修辭技巧的運(yùn)用,把說話人“I”想要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)淋漓盡致地表達(dá)出來,間接地表露對手就是一個非常可憐卑賤的人,根本就談不上“令人尊敬”(esteemed)。

例(4)節(jié)選自塞繆爾·約翰遜先生給查斯特菲爾德勛爵信(Samuel Johnson’s letter to Lord Chesterfield)中的一句話。在這句話中,主人公“Samuel Johnson”(I)佯作非常榮幸能得到查斯特菲爾德勛爵的垂青“To be so distinguished is an honour”,但隨后他馬上予以否認(rèn),說他很不習(xí)慣大人物(the great)的支持和幫助(favours)(being very little accustomed to favours from the great),不知如何接受(I know not well how to receive,or in what terms to acknowledge)勛爵的饋贈。本例約翰遜先生通過運(yùn)用陰述法狠狠地挖苦、批評了查斯特菲爾德勛爵的投機(jī)取巧行為。

2.明表露

明表露指說話人表面上假裝否定回避某事,事實(shí)上其真實(shí)意圖在話語中已明顯地表露出來。例如:

(5)“Ssh,”said Grace Makutsi,putting a finger to her lips.“It’s not polite to talk about it.So I won’t mention the Double Comfort Furniture Shop,which is one of the businesses my fiance owns,you know.I must not talk about that.But do you know the store,Mma?If you save up,you should come in some day and buy a chair.”

(6)It would be superfluous in me to point out to your lordship that this is war.

(7)Inow forget your wrongs.Clodia,I set aside the memory of my pain that you caused.

例(5)主人公的“Grace Makutsi”用“I won’t mention the Double Comfort Furniture Shop”假裝回避,說她不想談未婚夫的“雙適家具店”,而她的真實(shí)意圖是想要她的媽媽去未婚夫所開的家具店買椅子“But do you know the store,Mma?If you save up,you should come in some day and buy a chair.”這兩句話已明確表露女主人的心態(tài)。本例采取先假裝否定,后在句子的字里行間明確地表達(dá)她自己的真實(shí)想法。

例(6)說話人用“It would be superfluous in me to ...”假裝回避,但實(shí)際上說話人已經(jīng)說出了他的真實(shí)意思“這是一場戰(zhàn)爭”(this is war)。本例通過運(yùn)用陰述法,突出了戰(zhàn)爭的可怕性。

例(7)的主人公“I”佯作回避“I now forget your wrongs....”,則實(shí)暗示他根本就沒有把聽話人的錯誤放到一邊。相反,他對聽話人給他造成的痛苦念念不忘,根本就沒有像他所說的原諒聽話人“I set aside the memory of my pain that you caused”。本例通過運(yùn)用陰述法,說明說話人心中另有想法。

二、陰述法的主要語用特征

語言學(xué)家認(rèn)為,語用學(xué)研究的一個重要方面就是說話人意義,即說話人如何通過特定的話語表達(dá)特定的意圖,重點(diǎn)放在影響這種意圖表達(dá)和理解的語言和語用因素[5]8。如前所述,陰述法是語言交際中的一種策略性的修辭手段,而其中必有其特定的語用特征。

(一)違背質(zhì)的準(zhǔn)則

按照Grice的觀點(diǎn),人們在進(jìn)行交際活動時必須遵循一定的原則,這就是合作原則,其中包括說話必須真實(shí)。然而從陰述法的內(nèi)涵和實(shí)例可以看出,話語中的否定回避是假,即說了與事實(shí)不相符合的虛假的話。顯然,這就違背了合作原則中的質(zhì)的準(zhǔn)則。

(二)違背方式準(zhǔn)則

合作原則中的方式準(zhǔn)則要求說話人在交際中把話語說得清楚明白,避免晦澀。然而陰述法中的假回避和真表露往往給人模棱兩可的感覺。例如,例(1)的說話人表面上不愿說出對方的“cruelty”和“meanness”,事實(shí)上卻又說了;例(3)的說話人表面上稱不想提及去年冬天他所看到的場景,實(shí)際上他已經(jīng)說了對手可憐兮兮的一幕,不過是以反語的形式說的,表達(dá)含蓄隱晦,極盡挖苦之能事。這就明顯地違背了方式準(zhǔn)則——話語缺乏明確的直白。

(三)符合同情準(zhǔn)則

Leech(1983)的禮貌原則是合作原則的補(bǔ)充。禮貌原則認(rèn)為,在交際活動中說話人有時候違背合作原則,把話說間接,乃是出于禮貌的需要。而陰述法中的否定回避在一定程度上減少了對方的反感,顯示了禮貌。確切地說,它符合了禮貌原則中的同情準(zhǔn)則。

(四)體現(xiàn)正面面子策略

Brown & Levinson的面子理論認(rèn)為,面子是每個社會成員想為自己爭取的公開的自我形象。人們在交際活動中希望彼此維護(hù)對方的面子,并隨著面子威脅程度的增大而采取較高程度的禮貌策略[5]46。而陰述法中的否定回避恰好體現(xiàn)說話人用佯裝閃避方式緩解面子威脅,體現(xiàn)了維護(hù)對方正面面子所采取的一種策略。

三、陰述法的語用修辭功能

從語用修辭的角度看,陰述法有以下幾種主要的功能。

(一)“口蜜腹劍”、暗中傷人

陰述法的生成機(jī)制——假回避,真表露賦予它“口蜜腹劍”暗中傷人的語用修辭功能。從(4)可以看出,塞繆爾·約翰遜先生表面上回避了查斯特菲爾德勛爵的偽善給他所帶來的不快,稱自己所編著的字典能得到勛爵的推薦是一種莫大的榮幸,不知該以什么方式接受這份榮耀,似乎在為勛爵說好話,非常贊賞他的行為。其實(shí)話語已暗中表露對方就是投機(jī)取巧者,真可謂“口蜜腹劍”、暗中傷人。

(二)留有余地、促人想象

陰述法的另一語用修辭功能就是在話語中留下一定空間,讓聽話人去沉思,去想象。如在例(2)中房東對他的租戶說“I’m not going to threaten you,but if this Budget passes the rents will go up.”。話語中留下一定空間促使租戶去想象“if this Budget passes the rents will go up”的嚴(yán)重后果。又如:

(8)I don’t know any other way to meet it except this.I don’t want to quarrel with him—to call him a liar;but when I corn square up to him I don’t know what else to call him if I must tell the truth out.(by Lincoln)

此例的“I”一邊說他不知道如何面對“it”,并說他不想“quarrel with him”,一邊又說當(dāng)他直面對方時如需講真話,不知“what else to call him”。這就給聽者留下值得深思、值得想像和猜測的地方——到底如何“call him”為好?

(三)顯示禮貌、減少反感

陰述法中的回避雖然是假,但在客觀上顯示了禮貌,給對方留有一定面子,減少對方的反感。如例(6)的假回避“It would be superfluous in me to point out to your lordship that ...”(我向您指出這事也許是多余的……)比其真表露“I would like to point out that ...”要“客氣”得多,這自然減少了對方的反感。又如:

(9)I will say nothing of his manners,though they have always been swinish;or of his morals,though they have always been hyehaish.(by Lind)

盡管話語中“泄露”了“they have always been swinish”和“they have always been hyenaish”,但說話人的假回避“I will say nothing of his manners”多少給對方留了面子,因而減少了對方的反感。

(四)假裝回避、引人關(guān)注

陰述法的又一大語用修辭功能就是假裝回避,引人關(guān)注。由于陰述法的假省略、假回避,故意不說全某事,其結(jié)果反而引人更加重視,更加注意。例如:

(10)The first of the family which we have to do with,James,was a dirty,cowardly miscreant,of whom the less said the better.(by Borrow)

(11)I shall make no mentions to your passions—I will not talk to you about the hard and painful childhood which he has experienced,about his diligent and hard-striving youth,about his adulthood of uniformly animated and generous zeal for the justice cause,and about his peaceful life in his last years in the world.Doesn’t he set a good example for us to learn?

例(10)已經(jīng)表露“The first of the family ... was a dirty,cowardly miscreant”,卻要假裝回避:“of whom the less said the better”??烧f話人越是回避,聽者越有興趣關(guān)注他的真情表露,這跟我國的民間故事“此地?zé)o銀三百兩”有某種相似之處:打出掩飾的幌子卻正好暴露了所要掩飾(回避)的內(nèi)容,越發(fā)引人注意。例(11)的說話人假裝回避他不想提及“his hard and painful childhood”,“his great youth”、“his diligent and hard-striving youth”,“his adulthood of uniformly animated and generous zeal for the justice cause”,“his peaceful life in his last years in the world”??伤詤s止的假回避反倒招來更多的關(guān)注,起到了強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。

(五)似是而非、詼諧幽默

陰述法中看似有相矛盾的假回避,但真表露有時能產(chǎn)生詼諧幽默之功效。譬如,在“I will not call him an idiot because he once received higher education”中,假回避“I will not say ... because he once received higher education”與真表露“he is an idiot”看似不可思議,然而這種不可思議卻造成了帶諷刺意味的詼諧效果。又如,在“It is an original novel,but it is not for me to say so”(by Trollope)中,回避和表露“but it is not for me to say so(指original novel)”同樣產(chǎn)生了詼諧幽默的語用修辭效果??梢婈幨龇ǚ峭话悖€可以起到限制爭辯,緩解沖突的作用。

綜觀全文,一是從語用學(xué)角度研究陰述法是一種嘗試,二是所選實(shí)例全出自政治家、名作家之手(口),三是由以上研究我們看到陰述法的內(nèi)涵以及它的生成機(jī)制,陰述法的主要語用特征以及它的語用修辭功能決定了它在話語中,尤其在演講或辯論中具備的巨大威力。

[1]段勝峰,覃先美.辭格新說[M].海口:海南出版社,2014.

[2]Cuddon,J.A.Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory[M].Penguin Books,1999.

[3]Baldick,Chris.Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms[M].Oxford university Press,2008.

[4]Farnsworth,Ward.Farnsworth’s Classical English Rhetoric[M].Godine Publisher,2011.

[5]何自然,陳新仁.當(dāng)代語用學(xué)[M].北京:外語中教學(xué)與研究出版社,2007.

[6]姜燕燕.缺席的在場——小說《床笫之間》中的視點(diǎn)和省敘[J].名作欣賞,2013(4).

[7]林雪萍.《麥琪的禮物》的敘述視角透視[J].廣西民族大學(xué)學(xué)報(哲學(xué)社會科學(xué)版),2008(6).

[8]覃先美,段勝峰.修辭學(xué)的多維視角[M].??冢汉D铣霭嫔纾?014.

[9]王麗娜.論現(xiàn)代小說創(chuàng)作中的視角越界現(xiàn)象[D].北京:首都師范大學(xué),2009.

Pragmatic Interpretation on English Paralipsis

YU Jie

(SchoolofForeignLanguages,HuaihuaUniversity,Huaihua,Hunan418008)

Paralipsis,seldom dealt with in our academic circles,is an implicit but effective rhetorical device in the English language,which is often taken advantage of by masters of speech and masters of debate.This paper,blending pragmatics with rhetoric,makes an attempt to expound English paralipsis from the pragmatic perspective.The paper first clarifies the definition,components and classification of English paralipsis,then makes an analysis of its characteristics from four aspects.The paper also elaborates its five pragmatic rhetorical functions.

paralipsis; pragmatic characteristics; pragmatic rhetorical functions

2015-11-26

于 潔,1963年生,女,山東威海人,教授,研究方向:翻譯理論與實(shí)踐。

H315.9

A

1671-9743(2015)12-0100-03

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