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75歲以上老年人腰椎微創(chuàng)與開放融合術(shù)的圍術(shù)期比較

2015-04-01 08:57毛克亞顧挺帥蘇祥正劉建恒
關(guān)鍵詞:單節(jié)融合術(shù)退行性

王 博,毛克亞,張 權(quán),顧挺帥,史 騰,蘇祥正,劉建恒

解放軍總醫(yī)院 骨科,北京 100853

臨床研究論著

75歲以上老年人腰椎微創(chuàng)與開放融合術(shù)的圍術(shù)期比較

王 博,毛克亞,張 權(quán),顧挺帥,史 騰,蘇祥正,劉建恒

解放軍總醫(yī)院 骨科,北京 100853

目的比較S-Tube下腰椎微創(chuàng)經(jīng)椎間孔椎體間融合術(shù)(minimally invasive transforaminal lumber interbody fusion,MISTLIF)與傳統(tǒng)開放后路腰椎椎體間融合術(shù)(posterior lumber interbody fusion,PLIF)治療75歲以上老年人單節(jié)段腰椎退性行疾病的圍術(shù)期優(yōu)勢(shì)。方法回顧性分析2010年6月- 2013年6月,接受單節(jié)段腰椎融合手術(shù)的75歲以上患者45例,20例行MIS-TLIF,25例行PLIF,比較圍術(shù)期相關(guān)指標(biāo)及并發(fā)癥。結(jié)果兩組一般資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);MISTLIF組術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥1例(5%),PLIF組5例(20%),但兩組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);MIS-TLIF組釘?shù)乐苽鋾r(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后引流量、下地時(shí)間和術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均低于PLIF組(P<0.01),兩組間手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中透視時(shí)間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05);術(shù)后3 d MIS-TLIF組腰痛VAS評(píng)分優(yōu)于PLIF組(P<0.05),術(shù)后兩組間ODI評(píng)分、腿痛VAS評(píng)分無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05),術(shù)后評(píng)分均明顯優(yōu)于術(shù)前(P < 0.05)。結(jié)論與傳統(tǒng)開放PLIF相比,S-Tube下MIS-TLIF術(shù)式治療75歲以上老年人單節(jié)段腰椎退行性疾病,具有創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)勢(shì)。

微創(chuàng)手術(shù);脊柱疾?。谎?;老年患者;圍術(shù)期

隨著社會(huì)發(fā)展,老齡人口在不斷增加。腰椎間盤突出癥、腰椎管狹窄癥、腰椎滑脫癥等腰椎退行性疾病是老年人的常見疾患,嚴(yán)重影響日?;顒?dòng)和生活質(zhì)量,外科手術(shù)治療往往是最終選擇。Cloward[1]在1953年對(duì)腰椎后路椎體間融合術(shù)(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)后,PLIF逐漸成為治療腰椎退行性疾病標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)式之一。但是該術(shù)式需要廣泛剝離牽拉椎旁軟組織,創(chuàng)傷較大,術(shù)后恢復(fù)慢。而同時(shí)老年人并存疾病較多,手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大。自Foley等[2]報(bào)道微創(chuàng)經(jīng)椎間孔腰椎椎體間融合術(shù)(minimally invasive transforaminal lumber interbody infusion,MIS-TLIF)以來(lái),MIS-TLIF在許多腰椎疾病治療中均取得優(yōu)良效果,其具有創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[3-4]。而對(duì)75歲以上老年人行MIS-TLIF圍術(shù)期的研究報(bào)道較少。本研究的目的是對(duì)75歲以上老年人單節(jié)段MIS-TLIF的圍術(shù)期指標(biāo)與開放PLIF進(jìn)行比較,探討其在老齡患者中相對(duì)傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

資料和方法

1資料 2010年6月- 2013年6月,共有45例患者納入本研究,平均年齡(77.5±1.9)歲。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)臨床癥狀表現(xiàn)為嚴(yán)重腰痛和下肢根性癥狀;2)影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)為典型的單節(jié)段腰椎間盤突出、腰椎管狹窄、Ⅰ度腰椎滑脫;3)經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格保守治療3個(gè)月及以上無(wú)效。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)多節(jié)段腰椎退行性疾??;2)Ⅱ度以上腰椎滑脫;3)臨床癥狀與影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)不相符;4)既往腰椎手術(shù)、感染、腫瘤病史者。其中傳統(tǒng)開放PLIF手術(shù)組25例,MIS-TLIF手術(shù)組20例,兩組病例全部由同一組醫(yī)生完成手術(shù)。

2手術(shù)方法 1)傳統(tǒng)PLIF手術(shù):常規(guī)腰椎術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備,患者全麻后取俯臥位,取后正中切口,自棘突向外側(cè)剝離椎旁肌肉和軟組織,透視定位,置入4枚短尾椎弓根螺釘。切除病變椎間隙上位椎體的棘突和大部分椎板,清除黃韌帶,切除下位椎體上關(guān)節(jié)突內(nèi)緣部分,徹底減壓,將神經(jīng)根和硬膜囊拉向內(nèi)側(cè),徹底清除椎間盤和軟骨終板,自體骨粒植入椎間隙,置入單枚合適高度的椎間融合器,放入剪裁并預(yù)彎的鈦棒,加壓固定。探查無(wú)活動(dòng)性出血,置入引流管,逐層縫合切口。2)直視下MIS-TLIF手術(shù):參考毛克亞等[3]的方法,全麻后患者取俯臥位,病變間隙后正中線旁開3 cm插入2枚長(zhǎng)針頭,透視準(zhǔn)確定位手術(shù)間隙和切口位置,正位相上2針位于椎弓根中心連線,側(cè)位相上位于椎弓根延長(zhǎng)線。切開皮膚和筋膜,依次逐級(jí)置入擴(kuò)張?zhí)坠?,置入S-tube(中諾恒康)工作套管,撐開后清理殘留軟組織,顯露椎板外緣和上下關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)。直視下雙側(cè)制備釘?shù)?,攻絲,骨蠟封堵備用。切除患側(cè)或者雙側(cè)上位椎體下關(guān)節(jié)突及部分椎板,切除下位椎體上關(guān)節(jié)突反折部分,骨質(zhì)粉碎后留作植骨備用,直視下徹底減壓后清除椎間盤和軟骨終板,置入自體碎骨粒和單枚合適高度椎間融合器,然后置入椎弓根螺釘,雙側(cè)鈦棒加壓固定,X線透視確定內(nèi)固定位置良好,不放置引流,逐層縫合切口。

3觀察指標(biāo) 1)兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中X線透視時(shí)間、制備釘?shù)罆r(shí)間、術(shù)中失血量、圍術(shù)期輸血量、術(shù)后引流量、術(shù)后下地時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間;2)術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥情況;3)術(shù)前1 d、術(shù)后1個(gè)月使用Oswestry功能障礙指數(shù)(oswestry disability index,ODI)[5]對(duì)腰背、下肢功能進(jìn)行評(píng)分;術(shù)前1 d、術(shù)后3 d、術(shù)后1個(gè)月采用視覺模擬評(píng)分(visual analogue scores,VAS)[6]進(jìn)行腰痛和腿痛評(píng)分。

4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)以表示;定量資料經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)呈正態(tài)分布,采用兩獨(dú)立樣本均數(shù)比較的t檢驗(yàn)、多個(gè)樣本均數(shù)比較的方差分析;定性資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

結(jié) 果

1兩組一般資料比較 兩組患者在性別、年齡、臨床診斷、手術(shù)節(jié)段、術(shù)前并存疾病等方面差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表1)。所有患者均順利完成手術(shù),無(wú)二次手術(shù)患者,均痊愈出院。

2兩組患者圍術(shù)期相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較 兩組患者手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中X線透視時(shí)間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05);MIS-TLIF組制備釘?shù)罆r(shí)間小于PLIF組(P<0.01);MIS-TLIF組失血量小于PLIF組(P<0.01);MIS-TLIF組所有患者均未輸血,未放置引流,輸血量、引流量與PLIF組差異顯著(P<0.01);MIS-TLIF組術(shù)后下地時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均小于PLIF組(P<0.01)(表2)。

3兩組患者并發(fā)癥情況 MIS-TLIF組術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥1例(5%),為短暫心肌缺血,休息、吸氧后緩解;PLIF組術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥5例(20%),其中3例為傷口愈合不良;1例腦梗死,經(jīng)改善腦灌注治療后恢復(fù)良好;1例硬膜撕裂。PLIF組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高,但是兩組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表3)。

4兩組患者ODI及腰、腿痛VAS評(píng)分 兩組術(shù)前1 d及術(shù)后1個(gè)月ODI評(píng)分均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05),各組術(shù)后1個(gè)月ODI均較術(shù)前1 d明顯下降(P<0.01)(圖1)。兩組間術(shù)前1 d腰痛VAS評(píng)分無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05),術(shù)后3 d MIS-TLIF組腰痛VAS評(píng)分低于PLIF組(P<0.01),術(shù)后1個(gè)月兩組間腰痛VAS評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組各自組內(nèi)術(shù)后3 d、術(shù)后1個(gè)月腰痛VAS評(píng)分均顯著低于術(shù)前1 d(P<0.01)(圖2)。兩組間術(shù)前1 d、術(shù)后3 d、術(shù)后1個(gè)月腿痛VAS評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),兩組各自組內(nèi)術(shù)后3 d、術(shù)后1個(gè)月腿痛VAS評(píng)分均明顯低于術(shù)前1 d(P<0.01)。見圖3。

表1 兩組退行性腰椎疾病患者一般資料Tab. 1 Clinical data about patients with degenerative lumbar diseases in two groups (n, %)

表2 兩組退行性腰椎疾病患者圍術(shù)期指標(biāo)比較Tab. 2 Comparison of perioperative characteristics of patients with degenerative lumbar diseases between two groups

表3 兩組退行性腰椎疾病患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥情況Tab. 3 Postoperative complications of patients with degenerative lumbar diseases in two groups (n, %)

圖 1 兩組退行性腰椎疾病患者手術(shù)前后ODIFig. 1 ODI of patients with degenerative lumbar diseases in twogroups before and after operationaP>0.05,bP<0.01. Preop: preoperative; POD: postoperative days

圖 2 兩組退行性腰椎疾病患者手術(shù)前后腰痛VASFig. 2 VAS of low back pain of patients with degenerative lumbardiseases in two groups before and after operationaP>0.05,bP<0.01,cP<0.01. Preop: preoperative; POD: postoperative days

圖 3 兩組退行性腰椎疾病患者手術(shù)前后腿痛VASFig. 3 VAS of leg pain of patients with degenerative lumbar diseasesin two groups before and after operationaP>0.05,bP<0.01. Preop: preoperative; POD: postoperative days

討 論

隨著社會(huì)發(fā)展,我國(guó)逐漸進(jìn)入老齡化社會(huì),腰椎退行性疾病患者逐漸增加,癥狀表現(xiàn)為腰腿痛、間歇性跛行等,嚴(yán)重影響生活質(zhì)量,對(duì)于保守治療無(wú)效者通常需要手術(shù)治療[7]。而老年患者常常合并多種基礎(chǔ)疾病,手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高。本研究中,兩組患者術(shù)前合并并存疾病率均較高,MIS-TLIF組有70%,PLIF組有68%,高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病為老年患者常見并存疾病,并且同時(shí)合并其中兩種甚至同時(shí)合并3種疾病的患者也存在。研究表明,骨科老年患者圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較一般骨科患者高[8-9]。如何在保證老年患者手術(shù)效果的同時(shí)減少手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷、縮短住院時(shí)間、加快術(shù)后恢復(fù)成為醫(yī)患雙方共同關(guān)注的問題。

傳統(tǒng)開放后路腰椎椎體間融合術(shù)因其可靠的療效在治療腰椎退行性疾病中得到了極為廣泛的應(yīng)用[10-11]。但其對(duì)椎旁多裂肌等軟組織造成廣泛剝離和長(zhǎng)時(shí)間牽拉,創(chuàng)傷大,導(dǎo)致術(shù)中失血較多;同時(shí)由于其對(duì)骨性結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞會(huì)導(dǎo)致部分患者術(shù)后殘留腰背疼痛,延緩術(shù)后恢復(fù)。在本研究中,PLIF組術(shù)后3 d腰痛VAS評(píng)分高于MIS-TLIF組(P<0.01),可能與椎旁肌肉的廣泛剝離及脊柱后柱結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞有關(guān)。PLIF術(shù)式清理椎間隙、置入椎間融合器等操作需將硬膜囊向內(nèi)牽拉,容易造成硬膜損傷及神經(jīng)根過(guò)度牽拉,引起腦脊液漏、術(shù)后下肢癥狀加重等并發(fā)癥。本研究中,PLIF組有1例硬膜撕裂,是由于椎間盤鈣化,硬膜囊活動(dòng)度極小,在牽拉過(guò)程中造成損傷。PLIF組中有3例患者出現(xiàn)術(shù)后切口愈合不良,可能與PLIF手術(shù)切口較長(zhǎng),在顯露過(guò)程中電刀使用較多有關(guān);同時(shí)其中2例患者合并有糖尿病,長(zhǎng)切口更加不易愈合。

MIS-TLIF手術(shù)自Foley等[2]報(bào)道以來(lái),得到廣泛應(yīng)用[12]。據(jù)報(bào)道,在65歲以上老年人中,MIS-TLIF手術(shù)效果良好,與年輕患者相比并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率無(wú)顯著差異[13]。但2011年我國(guó)人均預(yù)期壽命已達(dá)76歲[14],越來(lái)越多的老年人要求更高的生活質(zhì)量,故本研究將研究對(duì)象年齡定位為75歲以上患者。MIS-TLIF采用旁正中入路,經(jīng)肌肉間隙通過(guò)套管逐級(jí)擴(kuò)張,鈍性分離肌肉及軟組織,可以保留附著在椎板和棘突的肌肉功能[15]。研究證實(shí),其對(duì)肌肉的損傷較小[16],術(shù)后短期腰背疼痛減輕,有利于老年患者的早期下地活動(dòng)及恢復(fù)。同時(shí),MIS-TLIF經(jīng)肌肉間隙入路,避免了大量椎旁肌肉的剝離,縮短了顯露時(shí)間,從手術(shù)開始到制備椎弓根螺釘釘?shù)罆r(shí)間較PLIF明顯縮短。經(jīng)椎間孔入路減少了對(duì)硬膜囊和神經(jīng)根的牽拉,降低了硬膜撕裂和神經(jīng)損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。MIS-TLIF術(shù)中出血少,本研究中無(wú)患者需要輸血,可不放置引流管[17],進(jìn)一步縮短了術(shù)后下地時(shí)間和住院時(shí)間。兩組間ODI、腰痛腿痛VAS評(píng)分均明顯優(yōu)于術(shù)前,除術(shù)后3 d腰痛VAS評(píng)分,兩組間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,表明MIS-TLIF與PLIF臨床效果同樣可靠,與其他報(bào)道相符[18]。據(jù)報(bào)道,MIS-TLIF手術(shù)較傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低[19],本研究中MIS-TLIF組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率(5%)低于PLIF組(20%),但可能由于樣本量較小,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。

綜上,在75歲以上老年患者單節(jié)段腰椎融合術(shù)圍術(shù)期指標(biāo)中,MIS-TLIF相對(duì)PLIF具有創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快的優(yōu)勢(shì)。但MIS-TLIF目前局限于單節(jié)段腰椎微創(chuàng)融合治療,對(duì)常見腰椎間盤突出癥、腰椎管狹窄癥及Ⅰ度腰椎滑脫可取得良好治療效果,但在Ⅱ度以上的腰椎滑脫治療中應(yīng)用難度較大,不能完全取代開放手術(shù)。在術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的研究中還需擴(kuò)大樣本量,增加隨訪時(shí)間。

1 Cloward RB. The treatment of ruptured lumbar intervertebral discs by vertebral body fusion. I. Indications, operative technique, after care[J]. J Neurosurg, 1953, 10(2): 154-168.

2 Foley KT, Holly LT, Schwender JD. Minimally invasive lumbar fusion[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2003, 28(15 Suppl): S26-S35.

3 毛克亞,王巖,肖嵩華,等.微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療單節(jié)段腰椎管狹窄癥的療效評(píng)價(jià)[J].中國(guó)脊柱脊髓雜志,2011,21(2):113-117.

4 毛克亞,王巖,肖嵩華,等.直視下微創(chuàng)與切開進(jìn)行單節(jié)段經(jīng)椎間孔腰椎融合術(shù)的臨床效果比較[J].中國(guó)矯形外科雜志,2012,20(9):769-773.

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6 Jones AD, Wafai AM, Easterbrook AL. Improvement in low back pain following spinal decompression: observational study of 119 patients[J]. Eur Spine J, 2014, 23(1):135-141.

7 Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Martin BI, et al. Trends, major medical complications, and charges associated with surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis in older adults[J]. JAMA, 2010, 303(13): 1259-1265.

8 Koenig K, Huddleston JI 3rd, Huddleston H, et al. Advanced age and comorbidity increase the risk for adverse events after revision total hip arthroplasty[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2012, 27(7):1402-1407.

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10 Steffee AD, Sitkowski DJ. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion and plates[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1988, 227:99-102.

11 Turner JA, Ersek M, Herron L, et al. Patient outcomes after lumbar spinal fusions[J]. JAMA, 1992, 268(7):907-911.

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13 Wu WJ, Liang Y, Zhang XK, et al. Complications and clinical outcomes of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for the treatment of one- or two-level degenerative disc diseases of the lumbar spine in patients older than 65 years[J]. Chin Med J (Engl),2012, 125(14):2505-2510.

14 World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2013[EB/OL]. http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2013/ en.

15 Peng CW, Yue WM, Poh SY, et al. Clinical and radiological outcomes of minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2009, 34(13):1385-1389.

16 周亮,劉鄭生,毛克亞,等.MIS-TLIF與PLIF治療單節(jié)段退行性腰椎疾病的肌肉損傷比較[J].解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2013,38(12):972-975.

17 徐教,毛克亞,王巖,等.單節(jié)段微創(chuàng)經(jīng)椎間孔腰椎體間融合術(shù)后放置引流管必要性的研究[J].中國(guó)矯形外科雜志,2013,21(15):1491-1496.

18 周亮,劉鄭生,肖嵩華,等.MIS-TLIF與PLIF治療單節(jié)段退行性腰椎疾病的療效比較[J].解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2013,34(12):1221-1224.

19 肖波,毛克亞,王巖,等.微創(chuàng)經(jīng)椎間孔腰椎椎體間融合術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)后路腰椎椎體間融合術(shù)并發(fā)癥的比較分析[J].脊柱外科雜志,2013,11(1):23-27.

Comparison of perioperative characteristics between minimally invasive transforaminal lumber interbody infusion and posterior lumber interbody fusion in patients older than 75 years

WANG Bo, MAO Keya, ZHANG Quan, GU Tingshuai, SHI Teng, SU Xiangzheng, LIU Jianheng
Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China

MAO Keya. Email: maokeya@sina.com

ObjectiveTo investigate the perioperative characteristics between minimally invasive transforaminal lumber interbody fusion (MIS-TILF) and posterior lumber interbody fusion (PLIF) in the treatment of single-level lumbar degenerative disease in patients older than 75 years.MethodsClinical data about 45 cases older than 75 years with single-level lumbar degenerative disease who underwent lumber operation from June 2010 to June 2013 were retrospectively analyzed, including 20 cases underwent direct vision MIS-TILF, and 25 cases underwent traditional open PLIF. Comorbidities were investigated before surgery, and the perioperative characteristics were compared between the two groups.ResultsThere were no significant differences in gender, age, lesion location and comorbidities (P>0.05). The mean age of patients in MIS-TLIF group was 77.2±2.0 years while it was 77.8±1.9 years in PLIF group. There were 1 complication with an incidence of 5% in MIS-TILF group and 5 complications with an incidence of 20% in PILF group but no significant difference was found between two groups (P>0.05). There were less blood loss, ambulation time and hospitalization time in MIS-TLIF group than in PLIF group (P<0.01). The back pain VAS of MIS-TLIF group at 3 days postoperative were better than that in PLIF group (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in postoperative leg pain VAS and ODI scores between the two groups (P>0.05).ConclusionCompared with PLIF, MIS-TLIF has advantages of less trauma and quick recovery in patients older than 75 years with single-level lumbar degenerative disease.

minimally invasive surgery; spinal diseases; lumber vertebrae; aged; perioperative period

R 687.3

A

2095-5227(2015)05-0407-05

10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.05.001

時(shí)間:2015-02-04 10:40

http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150204.1040.001.html

2014-11-17

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(51372276)

Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51372276)

王博,男,在讀碩士,醫(yī)師。研究方向:脊柱外科。Email: wangbosmmu@163.com

毛克亞,男,博士,主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師。Email: mao keya@sina.com

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