夏永兵
中國.云南省心理衛(wèi)生中心(云南昆明)650301
據(jù)中國地震臺(tái)網(wǎng)測(cè)定,北京時(shí)間2014年8月3日19時(shí)46分在云南省昭通市巧家縣(北緯27.0度,東經(jīng)103.4度)發(fā)生3.1級(jí)地震,震源深度8公里。16個(gè)縣城震感明顯,巧家縣地震傷員258例。在黨和政府、各界同胞的關(guān)懷和支援下,地震傷員被迅速送到巧家縣中醫(yī)院、巧家仁安醫(yī)院、巧家縣人民醫(yī)院和興遠(yuǎn)醫(yī)院進(jìn)行救治。在救治的同時(shí),同事和筆者對(duì)巧家縣地震傷員地震后心理狀態(tài)和心理恢復(fù)進(jìn)行了問卷調(diào)查,并積極對(duì)震后心理變化較大的患者進(jìn)行心理引導(dǎo)[1-2],以促進(jìn)患者身心康復(fù),以良好的心理狀態(tài)迎接未來的人生。
2014年8月23日到9月11日筆者和同事對(duì)巧家縣共計(jì)258例就診者進(jìn)行前瞻性觀察性研究,其中巧家縣中醫(yī)院22例、巧家仁安醫(yī)院141例、巧家縣人民醫(yī)院86例和興遠(yuǎn)醫(yī)院9例。其中:骨科89人,普外63人,急診54人,內(nèi)科20人,兒科10人。危急23人,重度127人,輕度108人。住院時(shí)間4~31天,平均(9.34±6.53)天?;颊呒{入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為神志清晰者,排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為伴有非地震導(dǎo)致?lián)p傷者。最終獲得210例,其中重度103例,輕度107例。住院期間對(duì)患者進(jìn)行心理訪規(guī)。我市倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)此項(xiàng)研究,所有研究對(duì)象簽署知情同意書。
國際疾病傷害及死因分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第十版(The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision,ICD-10)抑郁、恐懼和品行障礙,見表1。
表1 ICD-10標(biāo)準(zhǔn)抑郁、焦慮和品行障礙
采用SPSS 11.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(±s)表示,組間比較使用多個(gè)樣本均數(shù)比較的方差分析方法(ANOVA)。計(jì)數(shù)資料的結(jié)果采用卡方(χ2)檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為有顯著性差異。
重傷和輕傷各個(gè)時(shí)間段之間心理狀態(tài)差距具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=12.522,P=0.000)。輕傷者心理狀態(tài)較重傷者普遍好,恢復(fù)也快,見表2。
兩組入院和出院的品行障礙在組間和組內(nèi)之間均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。兩組入院抑郁發(fā)作和廣泛焦慮均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。出院時(shí)重傷組與輕傷組相比具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(t=3.243,P<0.05)。重傷組和輕傷組入院和出院時(shí)相比具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(t=4.532,P<0.05),見表3。
表2 地震后重傷和輕傷患者不同時(shí)間段心理狀態(tài)
表3 地震后重傷和輕傷患者入院和出院時(shí)的心理狀態(tài)
地震后患者直面家屬和朋友的死亡、親人由于各種原因不能陪伴,睡眠不安,飲食不衛(wèi)生,醫(yī)藥短缺等各種問題均會(huì)影響患者的情緒,導(dǎo)致抑郁或者焦慮,品行障礙[7-11]。心理狀態(tài)不佳會(huì)影響病情的治療,特別是對(duì)于擔(dān)心有余震,家庭死亡人數(shù)較多,家中損失極其嚴(yán)重,患者自身傷殘,還有親人生死未明等情況時(shí),患者更是不能積極地配合治療。筆者在本文對(duì)地震后患者的心理恢復(fù)情況進(jìn)行一般的描述性分析。
隨著治療的延長和病情的好轉(zhuǎn),患者的心理狀態(tài)ICD-10得分升高明顯。特別是輕度受傷患者恢復(fù)較快,心理狀態(tài)也普遍能調(diào)節(jié)到良好,抑郁和焦慮情緒迅速消退,快于重度受傷患者。輕度受傷患者能較快恢復(fù)良好的心理狀態(tài),與輕度受傷患者的病情、與人溝通、親人和醫(yī)生的關(guān)懷以及重拾自信這些方面分不開[12-13]。重度受傷患者損失嚴(yán)重,不能釋懷,哭泣,抱怨多,有不安全感,較長的時(shí)間內(nèi)難以接受突然而來的噩耗,因此恢復(fù)較慢[14-16]。對(duì)于重度患者,有學(xué)者[17-18]建議政府和社會(huì)各界多加關(guān)懷,以促進(jìn)其康復(fù)。
醫(yī)院通過創(chuàng)造良好的就醫(yī)條件,過硬的診療技術(shù),及時(shí)進(jìn)行各項(xiàng)關(guān)懷和幫助使患者出院時(shí)比入院時(shí)有更佳的心理狀態(tài)。急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和延遲性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)在出院時(shí)均減少[19-20]。重傷和輕傷患者品行障礙問題并不突出。一方面由于平時(shí)受到的教育,另一方面地震之后疲勞,難以把精力放在別的方面[10]。
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