馬燕,趙建美
(南通大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院,江蘇南通226001)
非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)是原發(fā)于淋巴結(jié)和結(jié)外淋巴組織等處的血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤,約占我國全部惡性淋巴瘤的90%,具有發(fā)病地區(qū)差異性、臨床表現(xiàn)多樣性、病理類型復(fù)雜性等特點(diǎn)[1]。NHL的發(fā)病率位于全部惡性腫瘤的第12位,并且正以每年3%的速度增長[2~4]。但是,NHL 發(fā)病的分子機(jī)制、特異性診斷和治療靶點(diǎn)等問題,至今尚未闡明。
P27kip1是于1994年P(guān)olyak等發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種熱穩(wěn)定蛋白,是能編碼198個(gè)氨基酸的多肽,位于人類12號染色體12p12.-12p13.1交界處,包含2個(gè)外顯子和1個(gè)內(nèi)含子,負(fù)性調(diào)控細(xì)胞周期,參與細(xì)胞分化及凋亡。c-Jun激活區(qū)結(jié)合蛋白1(Jab1)是Claret等發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種編碼38 kD的可溶性核蛋白,位于染色體8q13,在動(dòng)植物中均高度保守。Jab1被認(rèn)為是基因調(diào)節(jié)激活蛋白的共活化蛋白,參與細(xì)胞增殖的調(diào)控。S期激酶相關(guān)蛋白2(Skp2)是在人成纖維細(xì)胞中克隆出來的,位于人類染色體5p13,長31 962 bp,編碼的蛋白質(zhì)由436個(gè)氨基酸殘基構(gòu)成,分子質(zhì)量約為45 kD,在細(xì)胞增殖調(diào)控過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。本研究對P27kip1、Jab1、Skp2的生物學(xué)特性及其與NHL發(fā)生、發(fā)展關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展綜述如下。
細(xì)胞周期依賴性蛋白激酶(CDK)是調(diào)控細(xì)胞周期的核心物質(zhì),在G1期具有催化活性,調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞通過G1期的速度。P27kip1是一種廣譜的細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶抑制劑(CKIs),屬于細(xì)胞周期依賴性激酶抑制劑cip/kip家族,能夠與多種細(xì)胞周期蛋白-CDK(cyclin-CDK)復(fù)合物結(jié)合并抑制其活性,抑制G1/S相變,使細(xì)胞周期阻滯在G1期,抑制細(xì)胞增殖,參與細(xì)胞分化及凋亡。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),P27kip1能夠誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞分化,其過表達(dá)能夠增加少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化能力[5];PTEN 通過 p-Akt調(diào)節(jié) P27kip1,從而調(diào)節(jié)聽覺祖細(xì)胞的增殖和分化[6];P27kip1表達(dá)下降,腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡率也下降[7];在乳腺癌中組蛋白脫乙酰酶抑制劑辛二酰雙羥肟酸通過調(diào)節(jié)P21、P27kip1、Bcl-2等,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞周期阻滯和凋亡[8]。
c-Jun能夠與P27kip1在細(xì)胞核中相互作用,并使P27kip1蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移到細(xì)胞質(zhì)。Jab1是c-Jun蛋白的活化劑,能夠促進(jìn) P27kip1磷酸化及降解。Jab1是P27kip1與出核因子CRM1的接合器,誘導(dǎo)P27kip1從核內(nèi)輸出并降解。因此,下調(diào)Jab1表達(dá)可增加P27kip1在G1/S期的表達(dá),誘導(dǎo) P27kip1在細(xì)胞核積聚[9]。COP9信號體導(dǎo)致的c-Jun直接磷酸化作用取決于c-Jun與 COP9信號體亞單位 Jab1的相互結(jié)合。COP9信號體可能優(yōu)先磷酸化通過C-端相互作用形成的c-Jun二聚體,過表達(dá)的Jab1可增強(qiáng)AP-1依賴性的膠原蛋白酶啟動(dòng)子的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,原因可能是Jab1誘導(dǎo)并激活c-Jun復(fù)合物與AP-1位點(diǎn)間結(jié)合。P53基因是一種抑癌基因,能以高親和力結(jié)合天然的COP9信號體,通過其N-末端,P53與Jab1發(fā)生相互作用。COP9信號體能特異性介導(dǎo)人P53蛋白磷酸化,以泛素-26S蛋白酶體依賴性方式進(jìn)行降解[10]。
Skp2和細(xì)胞周期依賴的基因調(diào)控密切相關(guān),在細(xì)胞增殖調(diào)控過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。Skp2是泛素-蛋白連接酶(SCF)復(fù)合物底物識別亞基F-box家族的一員,其功能是作為SCF復(fù)合物底物識別亞基,特異性識別磷酸化的底物,并介導(dǎo)其泛素化降解,從而使細(xì)胞從G1期進(jìn)入S期,控制細(xì)胞周期有序進(jìn)行。Kokontis等[11]研究表明,前列腺癌細(xì)胞中Skp2過表達(dá)能夠阻止P27積聚,并增加Cdk2活性,阻止雄激素對細(xì)胞增殖和細(xì)胞周期的抑制作用。E2F-1是細(xì)胞內(nèi)重要的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,對細(xì)胞的增殖、分化和凋亡都發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵性作用。E2F-1在G1/S期快速降解是E2F-1特異性的同Skp2相互作用的結(jié)果,破壞Skp2與E2F-1的相互作用可下調(diào)E2F-1泛素化,增加其穩(wěn)定性。在腫瘤組織中E2F-1過表達(dá)抑制細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)因子如cyclin D1、Skp2、c-Myc表達(dá)。Myc作為癌蛋白轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,與細(xì)胞的生長、分化、增殖和腫瘤發(fā)生相關(guān)。Skp2在E2F-1轉(zhuǎn)錄激活和泛素化降解過程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用,作用機(jī)制是依賴于Myc增強(qiáng)c-Myc誘導(dǎo)的S期轉(zhuǎn)變,進(jìn)而活化c-Myc靶基因。Skp2是c-Myc轉(zhuǎn)錄輔因子,能夠調(diào)節(jié)c-Myc蛋白的穩(wěn)定性以及 c-Myc依賴的轉(zhuǎn)錄[12]。此外,c-Myc與Skp2能夠協(xié)調(diào)P27降解和血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖[13]。
P27kip1能夠與多種cyclin-CDK復(fù)合物結(jié)合并抑制其活性,使Rb蛋白被cyclin-CDK有效磷酸化,抑制E2F轉(zhuǎn)錄因子釋放及下游基因轉(zhuǎn)錄,從而阻斷細(xì)胞周期的進(jìn)程[14]。細(xì)胞內(nèi)P27kip1蛋白表達(dá)受到多種機(jī)制的調(diào)節(jié),其中最為重要的是細(xì)胞周期依賴性底物特異性的蛋白水解途徑。目前,對于介導(dǎo)P27kip1出核轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)及降解的機(jī)制還不清楚。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),提高細(xì)胞內(nèi)Jab1/CNS5的表達(dá)水平,可以誘導(dǎo)CDK特異性下調(diào),從而使P27kip1的出核轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)明顯增加[15]。最近已有研究表明,Skp2在P27kip1的降解過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[16]。P27kip1本身并不具備典型的NES序列,不能有效地被出核因子CRM1識別。Jab1含有富含亮氨酸的 NSE序列,能夠直接與P27kip1結(jié)合,為 P27kip1提供 NES,從而實(shí)現(xiàn) P27kip1的出核轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。人為提高細(xì)胞內(nèi)Jab1的表達(dá)水平后,P27kip1的出核轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)明顯增加,并且CRM1和26S蛋白酶體依賴性的蛋白降解加快。
P27kip1降解的限速因子為SCF型泛素鏈接酶復(fù)合體,包括Skp2作為特殊的底物識別位點(diǎn)。Skp2在惰侵襲性淋巴瘤中的表達(dá)水平明顯高于惰性淋巴瘤,并且在大多數(shù)淋巴瘤亞型中Skp2和P27的表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān)[17]。套細(xì)胞淋巴瘤組織Skp2蛋白過表達(dá)抑制P27Kip1的表達(dá)水平;通過小干擾RNA技術(shù)抑制Skp2 表達(dá)后,P27kip1和 P21WAF1 表達(dá)水平增加[18]。此外,在結(jié)腸癌、乳腺癌等組織中也發(fā)現(xiàn)Skp2具有控制P27kip1表達(dá)水平的重要作用[19]。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抑制 P27kip1能夠促進(jìn)淋巴瘤生長[20]。Zhang 等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),P27kip1在淋巴瘤組織中表達(dá)水平降低,且隨著病理等級的增加,P27kip1降低更明顯。此外,在淋巴瘤Jurkat細(xì)胞中P27kip1蛋白表達(dá)下降,并且細(xì)胞核內(nèi)P27kip1顯著降低[22]。低P27kip1表達(dá)與 NHL不良預(yù)后有關(guān)[23]。在淋巴瘤Jurkat細(xì)胞中Jab1過表達(dá)導(dǎo)致P27kip1水平下降,加快細(xì)胞周期G1/S期的進(jìn)程[24];淋巴瘤細(xì)胞U937血清饑餓后P27kip1蛋白表達(dá)增加,Jab1表達(dá)降低[25];間變性大細(xì)胞性淋巴瘤(NHL的一種特殊類型)組織中Jab1表達(dá)水平增加與P27kip1表達(dá)水平下降及不良預(yù)后有關(guān)[26]。在眼附屬器NHL組織中,Skp2高表達(dá)與腫瘤的發(fā)生有關(guān)[21];Skp2在NHL組織中表達(dá)水平顯著高于反應(yīng)增生性淋巴結(jié),與其增殖活性及侵襲性呈正相關(guān)[27];在彌漫性大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤組織中Skp2表達(dá)增高,且與侵襲性參數(shù)如晚期、結(jié)外轉(zhuǎn)移及高增殖有關(guān)[28];Skp2在惰性淋巴瘤組織中的表達(dá)明顯低于侵襲性淋巴瘤,并且 Skp2和P27kip1的表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān)[29]。
總之,P27kip1、Jab1、Skp2均參與細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控,Jab1、Skp2功能異常導(dǎo)致P27kip1水平下降、功能缺失,可能參與NHL的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。
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