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胰腺癌血清學(xué)標(biāo)記物在胰腺癌初期診斷中的研究進(jìn)展

2015-04-15 16:56強(qiáng),鞏
關(guān)鍵詞:生存期敏感度胰腺癌

曾 強(qiáng),鞏 燕

解放軍總醫(yī)院 健康管理研究院,北京 100853

胰腺癌血清學(xué)標(biāo)記物在胰腺癌初期診斷中的研究進(jìn)展

曾 強(qiáng),鞏 燕

解放軍總醫(yī)院 健康管理研究院,北京 100853

胰腺癌是目前最難診斷和治療的惡性腫瘤之一,研究開發(fā)方便實(shí)用的血清標(biāo)記物篩查早期胰腺癌有重要的臨床意義。目前,胰腺癌血清學(xué)標(biāo)記物的研究主要包括胰腺癌特異表達(dá)的分子、基因突變、異常甲基化DNA、microRNA和循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞。聯(lián)合多種血清學(xué)標(biāo)記物有助于其早期診斷,未來的研究應(yīng)側(cè)重于篩選胰腺癌高危人群,形成高度敏感性和特異性的標(biāo)記物,提高胰腺癌早期診斷水平。

胰腺癌;血清標(biāo)記物;早期診斷

胰腺癌是目前最難診斷和治療的惡性腫瘤之一,80%以上的胰腺癌確診時(shí)已處于晚期,其中位生存期在8個(gè)月左右[1-4]。開發(fā)方便實(shí)用的血清標(biāo)記物篩查早期胰腺癌有重要的臨床意義[5]。目前,胰腺癌血清學(xué)標(biāo)記物的研究包括胰腺癌特異表達(dá)的蛋白質(zhì)分子、基因突變、異常甲基化DNA、microRNA和循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞等,本文就其研究進(jìn)展做一綜述[6-9]。

1 胰腺癌特異的蛋白質(zhì)分子或蛋白譜

1.1 抗黏蛋白1抗體(PAM4-based MUC1) PAM4是一種由RIP1小鼠胰腺癌移植瘤中獲得的抗黏蛋白1(mucin-1,MUC-1)的單克隆抗體,MUC-1是一種高度糖基化的黏蛋白,可以促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,進(jìn)而影響胰腺癌患者的生存時(shí)間[10]。Gold等[11-13]采用EILSA法測定胰腺癌、慢性胰腺炎及健康人群血清MUC-1表達(dá)水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)PAM4診斷胰腺癌的敏感度為81%,特異度為95%,對1期和2期的敏感度分別為62%和86%,并且診斷特異性優(yōu)于糖類抗原19-9(carbohydrate antigen19-9,CA19-9)(85% vs 68%)。通過免疫組化方法檢測非侵襲性胰腺腫瘤,如胰管上皮內(nèi)瘤變及導(dǎo)管內(nèi)乳頭狀黏液瘤的敏感性為87.3%,特異性為92.1%,提示該抗體所針對的抗原通常在胰腺癌發(fā)生的早期表達(dá),對其進(jìn)行檢測有助于胰腺癌的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和診斷。

1.2 高流動(dòng)蛋白1(extracellular high mobility group box-1,HMGB1) HMGB1被認(rèn)為是一種核蛋白,其細(xì)胞外形式類似細(xì)胞因子發(fā)揮作用,參與如炎癥、細(xì)胞遷移、組織再生等許多重要的病理過程,有助于腫瘤的生長和侵襲[14-15]。比較正常、慢性胰腺炎和胰腺癌患者血清HMGB1水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)它與胰腺癌及分期有關(guān),ROC曲線和Logistic回歸分析證實(shí)HMGB1作為預(yù)測胰腺癌單一或多重生物標(biāo)記物之一,其靈敏度/特異性優(yōu)于CA 19-9或癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA),Kaplan-Meier生存分析顯示高水平HMGB1的胰腺癌患者(>30 ng/ml,中位生存期192 d)較低水平HMGB1患者(≤30 ng/ml,中位生存期514 d)預(yù)后差,Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型顯示,高血清HMGB1組較低血清HMGB1組患胰腺癌相對危險(xiǎn)比為3.077。與CA19-9和CEA進(jìn)行比較,HMGB1是胰腺癌診斷和預(yù)后評(píng)價(jià)更為理想的標(biāo)記物[16]。

1.3 胰島素樣生長因子結(jié)合蛋白2(insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2,IGFBP2)和間皮素(mesotelin,MSLN) 采用EILSA法在84例胰腺癌患者、40例慢性胰腺炎和84名健康對照中,測定血清IGFBP2和MSLN水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)血清IGFPB2和MSLN診斷胰腺癌的靈敏度分別為22%(P=0.032)和17%(P=0.002),較CA19-9低。然而,IGFBP2和(或) MSLN兩者聯(lián)合確診了CA19-9漏診的28例胰腺癌中的18例,這提示,血清IGFBP2和MSLN單獨(dú)診斷胰腺癌敏感性低,但在聯(lián)合診斷時(shí)具參考價(jià)值[17]。

1.4 蛋白譜 基于質(zhì)譜的血清肽譜是一種有前途的發(fā)現(xiàn)新的疾病相關(guān)蛋白質(zhì)的工具,Zapico-Muniz等[18]通過基質(zhì)輔助激光解吸/電離-飛行時(shí)間質(zhì)譜比較健康對照、慢性胰腺炎和胰腺癌患者的血清肽譜,忽略性別和年齡的影響,聯(lián)合2種血清肽譜和CA19-9診斷胰腺癌靈敏度為89.9%,特異度為92.7%,聯(lián)合3種血清肽譜區(qū)分胰腺癌與健康對照及慢性胰腺炎,其敏感度98.2%,特異度97.1%。Ehmann等[19]通過陰離子交換色譜法 確定載脂蛋白A-Ⅱ,轉(zhuǎn)甲狀腺素蛋白和載脂蛋白AI與胰腺癌相關(guān),與健康對照組相比,它們在胰腺癌血清中水平均下降至少2倍。同樣經(jīng)此種方法確定血小板第4因子與胰腺癌有關(guān)[20]。采用2-維-凝膠電泳比較胰腺癌及對照血清標(biāo)本,進(jìn)行差異蛋白質(zhì)分析顯示,甘露糖結(jié)合凝集素2和肌球蛋白輕鏈激酶2蛋白表達(dá)上調(diào),免疫印跡證實(shí)它們在胰腺癌組織表達(dá)升高[21]。聯(lián)合蛋白質(zhì)芯片技術(shù)及2維凝膠電泳發(fā)現(xiàn)熱休克蛋白27(heat shock protein 27,HSP27)在胰腺癌與健康對照組表達(dá)差異,通過ELISA法檢測35例胰腺癌患者和37名健康個(gè)體血清樣本,HSP27診斷胰腺癌靈敏度為100%。特異度為84%[22]。以上研究提示,血清差異蛋白有望作為胰腺癌早期診斷的潛在標(biāo)記物。

2 K-ras基因突變

已知胰腺癌K-ras基因突變的發(fā)生率很高。Chen等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在30例(共91例)患者血漿中K-ras12號(hào)密碼子突變率為33%(30/91),其中17個(gè)突變?yōu)閏.35G>A(p.G12D),11個(gè)突變?yōu)閏.35G>T(p.G12V),只有2個(gè)為c.34G>C(p. G12R)。K-ras12號(hào)密碼子突變與腫瘤TNM分期(P=0.033)和肝轉(zhuǎn)移(P=0.014)有關(guān)。K-ras突變患者的中位生存時(shí)間少于野生型K-ras基因患者(3.9個(gè)月vs 10.2個(gè)月,P<0.001),另一項(xiàng)研究在30例胰腺癌患者的血漿和腫瘤組織,40例慢性胰腺炎患者血漿中,采用突變等位基因特異性擴(kuò)增法和直接測序法檢測12號(hào)密碼子突變,同時(shí)檢測腫瘤標(biāo)記物如CA19-9、CEA、CA50、CA242。在70%腫瘤組織樣品中檢測到K-ras突變,但在血漿DNA樣品中未檢測到K-ras突變,60%具有K-ras突變的患者CA199、CEA、CA50和CA242升高,但其靈敏度(20.00% ~ 56.67%)和特異度均偏低(56.67% ~ 77.5%)。這些數(shù)據(jù)表明,在血清中的K-ras基因突變用于篩選胰腺癌患者以及胰腺腫瘤高危進(jìn)展人群的方法尚需進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證[24]。

3 抑癌基因的甲基化

除基因突變外,抑癌基因的甲基化在腫瘤包括胰腺癌在內(nèi)其發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用,研究它有望找到胰腺癌早期的標(biāo)記物。Yi等[25]經(jīng)全基因轉(zhuǎn)錄組在胰腺癌細(xì)胞系鑒定出新的發(fā)生DNA甲基化的腫瘤特異性基因后,使用納米粒子處理的甲基化磁珠技術(shù)分析患者血清中BNC1和ADAMTS1基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域DNA甲基化,結(jié)果提示143例胰腺癌中BNC1和ADAMTS1基因甲基化率分別為92%和68%,在Ⅲ期胰腺上皮內(nèi)瘤變兩者甲基化率接近100%,在Ⅰ期浸潤性癌其甲基化率為97%,42例胰腺癌患者血清中,BNC1敏感度為79%,ADAMTS1敏感度為48%,BNC1特異度89%,ADAMTS1特異度92%。聯(lián)合兩種標(biāo)記物的靈敏度提高為81%,特異度僅為85%。Park等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胰腺癌患者NPTX2甲基化率與慢性胰腺炎相比顯著升高(P=0.016),其敏感度和特異度分別為80%和76%,NPTX2基因甲基化水平隨腫瘤進(jìn)展顯著增高。

除單個(gè)基因甲基化的研究外,有報(bào)道采用甲基化譜進(jìn)行胰腺癌的早期診斷。Melnikov等[27]納入30例胰腺癌患者,根據(jù)性別和年齡匹配原則入選30例健康對照組,比較兩者血漿甲基化譜,確定了包括CCND2、SOCS1、THBS1、PLAU、VHL在內(nèi)的基因組,聯(lián)合診斷胰腺癌敏感度為76%,特異度為59%,可應(yīng)用于胰腺癌早期診斷。

4 MicroRNA

MicroRNA是小的非編碼轉(zhuǎn)錄體,參與包括腫瘤發(fā)生在內(nèi)的多種細(xì)胞生理病理過程。最近的研究表明,血漿/血清中穩(wěn)定地檢測到微RNA(miRNA)。與健康對照組相比,miR-200家族的兩個(gè)成員中miR-200a和miR-200b在胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎患者的血清中均顯著升高(P<0.000 1),受試者工作曲線下面積分別為0.861和0.85[8]。由于胰腺癌顯示極端低氧特征,Ho等[28]推測miR-210(在低氧下誘導(dǎo),與腫瘤不良反應(yīng)有關(guān))可作為胰腺癌篩選或監(jiān)控的診斷性標(biāo)記物,從血漿直接提取miRNA并逆轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA,celmiR-54作為正常對照,采用qRT-PCR檢測miR-210和cel-miR-54,與正常對照相比,胰腺癌患者miR-210表達(dá)超過4倍以上(P<0.001)。有研究報(bào)道,胰腺癌患者血漿miR-221濃度顯著高于胰腺良性腫瘤(P=0.016)和健康對照組(P<0.001);在術(shù)后樣品中顯著減少(P=0.018),與遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移(P=0.041)和非切除狀態(tài)有關(guān)(P=0.021)[29]。

以上研究提示,胰腺癌相關(guān)血漿miR的測定可作為腫瘤檢測、監(jiān)測腫瘤動(dòng)力學(xué)和評(píng)價(jià)預(yù)后的生物標(biāo)記物,并可能有助于胰腺癌的臨床治療決策。

5 循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞

胰腺癌常常經(jīng)血液轉(zhuǎn)移至遠(yuǎn)處器官,如肝、肺和骨骼系統(tǒng)。循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞(circulating tumor cells,CTCs)是具有進(jìn)入循環(huán)系統(tǒng)能力的腫瘤細(xì)胞,這些細(xì)胞群在腫瘤遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移中發(fā)揮舉足輕重的作用。臨床研究顯示,血液中CTCs的存在與乳腺癌、結(jié)直腸癌、前列腺癌的進(jìn)展有關(guān),并用來預(yù)測轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤的生存期[30]。Kurihara等[31]檢測胰腺癌患者的CTCs水平,預(yù)測胰腺癌的生存期,26例胰腺癌患者中11例CTC陽性,15例CTC陰性(Ⅱ期1例,Ⅲ期1例,Ⅳa期7例,Ⅳb期6例),CTC陽性和陰性患者的中位生存時(shí)間(median survival time,MSTS)分別為110.5 d和375.8 d (P<0.001)。對于Ⅳb患者,CTC陽性和陰性患者的MSTS分別為52.5 d和308.3 d (P<0.01)。這項(xiàng)研究表明檢測外周血的CTCs可能有助于胰腺癌患者的預(yù)后判斷。

Han等[32]通過BM7(靶向黏蛋白1,mucin1)和VU1D9抗體(靶向上皮細(xì)胞黏附分子,EpCAM)的免疫磁性富集,評(píng)價(jià)34例全身治療前胰腺癌患者和40例健康對照者CTCs的水平,通過實(shí)時(shí)定量RT-PCR分析KRT19、MUC1、EPCAM、CEACAM5和BIRC5基因的表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示47.1%胰腺癌CTCs陽性患者,與CTC陰性患者比較,具有較短的中位無進(jìn)展生存期(progression free survival,PFS),CTCs陽性患者的中位PFS時(shí)間66.0 d,CTC陰性患者的中位PFS 138.0 d (P=0.01)。

一項(xiàng)國際多中心隨機(jī)研究納入79例患者,化療開始前及治療2個(gè)月后進(jìn)行CTC篩選,5%患者檢測到一個(gè)或多個(gè)CTCs,治療2個(gè)月后,9%的患者檢測到CTCs(總檢出率為11%)。CTC陽性與較差的腫瘤分化程度有關(guān)(P=0.04),CTC陽性總生存期更短(RR=2.5,P=0.01)。CTC檢測可作為一種有前途的判斷胰腺癌患者預(yù)后的工具[33]。一篇薈萃分析結(jié)果也顯示,CTC陽性與較差無進(jìn)展生存期顯著相關(guān)(HR=1.89,95% CI=1.25 ~ 4.00,P<0.001),與CTC陰性患者相比,CTC陽性胰腺癌患者表現(xiàn)出較差的整體存活率,(HR=1.23,95% CI=0.88 ~ 2.08,P<0.001)。按種族亞組分析表明,亞洲人和白種人群中CTC陽性患者具有更差的生存期(均P<0.05)。以上研究提示,在外周血中檢測CTC可能是一種很有前途的用于胰腺癌檢測和預(yù)后的生物標(biāo)記物[34]。

6 結(jié)語

胰腺癌的發(fā)生涉及多個(gè)基因、信號(hào)途徑、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、miRNA等相互作用,聯(lián)合多種血清學(xué)標(biāo)志物有助于其早期診斷;Ginesta等[35]在61例細(xì)針抽吸胰腺腫塊(43胰腺癌和18例慢性胰腺炎)中,進(jìn)行HRH2、EN1、SPARC、CDH13和APC基因的甲基化狀態(tài)和K-ras基因突變分析,結(jié)果提示基因甲基化對胰腺癌敏感度73%,特異度100%;K-ras突變敏感度77%,特異度100%;聯(lián)合分析其敏感度升高到84%,特異度100%。已有研究報(bào)道采用HMGB1與CA19-9、PAM4和CA 19-9、miR-16和CA19-9聯(lián)合后提高了胰腺癌檢測的靈敏性和特異性[36-38]。新型血清標(biāo)記物的研究及標(biāo)記物的聯(lián)合使用提高了胰腺癌診斷診斷和預(yù)后評(píng)估的敏感性和特異性,已在多個(gè)臨床試驗(yàn)中證實(shí),由于為較小的樣本量,研究結(jié)果可能仍處初步階段,對于胰腺癌早期診斷的臨床試驗(yàn)仍需進(jìn)一步完善。

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Serological markers of pancreatic cancer in early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer

ZENG Qiang, GONG Yan
Health Management and Research Institute, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China

Pancreatic cancer is a kind of malignant tumor which is very diff i cult to diagnose and cure. Researches in developing convenient serological markers in screening the early curable stage of pancreatic cancer have important clinical signif i cance. At present, the study of serological marker of pancreatic cancer includes the molecular of pancreatic cancer-specif i c expression, gene mutations, abnormal methylation of gene DNA, microRNA and circulating tumor cells. Combinations of different serological markers can contribute to the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, and further researches should focus on the screening of high-risk groups with pancreatic cancer and the development of highly sensitive and specif i c markers, in order to improve the diagnostic level of pancreatic cancer.

pancreatic cancer; serum markers; early diagnosis

R 730.3

A

2095-5227(2015)02-0184-04

10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.02.025

時(shí)間:2014-10-11 10:23

http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20141011.1023.002.html

2014-08-07

全軍十一五計(jì)劃保健專項(xiàng)(10BJZ18)

Supported by the 11th Five Years Programs for Health Care Plan of Chinese PLA (10BJZ18)

曾強(qiáng),男,博士,研究員,主任,教授。研究方向:健康管理。Email: zq301@126.com

The fi rst author: ZENG Qiang. Email: zq301@126.com

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