張曉倩,劉少壯,綜述 胡三元,審校
(山東大學(xué)齊魯醫(yī)院,山東 濟(jì)南,250012)
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)與糖尿病同屬于代謝性疾病,已知減重手術(shù)可有效且穩(wěn)定地減輕體重,緩解糖尿病,那么減重手術(shù)是否可以用于穩(wěn)定粥樣斑塊,緩解AS 呢?目前,有大量臨床研究探討減重手術(shù)對(duì)AS 發(fā)生發(fā)展的影響,以此來確定減重手術(shù)是否對(duì)治療AS 也有效。本文就減重手術(shù)對(duì)AS 發(fā)生發(fā)展指標(biāo)的影響進(jìn)行綜述。
AS 是一種慢性炎癥疾病,炎癥牽連AS 從發(fā)病到斑塊破裂的每一個(gè)階段。傳統(tǒng)的炎癥模式開始于動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜功能受損,粘附因子表達(dá)上調(diào),脂質(zhì)沉積和浸潤,巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬脂質(zhì)形成泡沫細(xì)胞,并釋放炎癥因子,炎癥因子趨化血小板聚集,形成斑塊[1]。體內(nèi)、體外實(shí)驗(yàn)已經(jīng)證實(shí)高敏C 反應(yīng)蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)直接參與了AS 發(fā)生的炎癥反應(yīng)[2],并且是心血管疾病強(qiáng)有力的預(yù)示因子與獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因子[3-4],高水平的hs-CRP 可預(yù)測(cè)AS 斑塊的穩(wěn)定性[5]。Hanusch-Enserer 等[6]通過對(duì)腹腔鏡可調(diào)節(jié)胃束帶術(shù)后患者血hs-CRP 的檢測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后患者血清hs-CRP 水平下降[7],粥樣斑塊穩(wěn)定性增強(qiáng)。Unek 等[8]對(duì)148 位肥胖非糖尿病患者血hs-CRP、可溶性CD40 配體(sCD40L)濃度和體重指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)的檢測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)hs-CRP 和BMI 之間,sCD40L 和BMI 之間呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,說明了代謝性疾病患者的體重指數(shù)是慢性炎癥狀態(tài)很重要的決定因素。但是在Domienik-Kar?owicz 等[9]的研究中,未發(fā)現(xiàn)這一相關(guān)性?,F(xiàn)在sCD40L 被認(rèn)為是AS 炎癥反應(yīng)的生物標(biāo)志物,是AS 發(fā)展的預(yù)測(cè)因子[10]。在一次動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中,給予CD40 抗體,抑制CD40/sCD40L 炎癥通路后,AS 發(fā)展進(jìn)程顯著減緩,粥樣斑塊穩(wěn)定性增強(qiáng)[11]。CD40/sCD40L 炎癥通路在AS 的發(fā)展過程中起重要作用,它可以促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng),介導(dǎo)免疫排斥[12],sCD40L 在病態(tài)肥胖患者體內(nèi)高于正常人,減重手術(shù)后,男性血清sCD40L 濃度顯著降低,女性血清sCD40L 濃度下降不明顯[13]。近幾年新發(fā)現(xiàn)的AS 炎癥標(biāo)志物脂蛋白磷脂酶A2(lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2,LP-PLA2),是由成熟巨噬細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞合成并分泌的,被認(rèn)為可以獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)AS 事件。人血液中80%的LP-PLA2 與低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL)結(jié)合,20% 與高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)結(jié)合。它有促進(jìn)AS 的作用,也有抑制AS 發(fā)展的作用,目前研究其促進(jìn)AS 發(fā)展的作用較多[14]。AS 炎癥發(fā)展到嚴(yán)重程度,將要或者已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)向血管內(nèi)腔破裂時(shí),LP-PLA2 將會(huì)被大量釋放入血液,致使其血液內(nèi)的水平大幅升高,因此血液中LP-PLA2 的濃度就可以反映AS 斑塊的炎癥程度。Julve 等[15]對(duì)21 例行減重手術(shù)的肥胖患者進(jìn)行血清LP-PLA2 濃度測(cè)定,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后1年血清LP-PLA2 水平較術(shù)前明顯降低,但是Hanusch-Enserer 等[6]通過對(duì)32 例肥胖患者手術(shù)前后LP-PLA2 濃度的比較,未發(fā)現(xiàn)LP-PLA2 的變化差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞在某些病理?xiàng)l件下被激活,繼而表達(dá)一些黏附分子和細(xì)胞因子,黏附分子在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷和血管病變過程中起著重要作用。在體內(nèi),選擇蛋白介導(dǎo)的粘附信號(hào)有助于內(nèi)皮AS 形成[16]。因此,這些可溶性粘附分子--細(xì)胞間粘附分子-1(intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)、血管間粘附分子-1(vascular adhesion molecule-1,VCAM-1)、sE-選擇素,sP-選擇素可作為血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙生物標(biāo)記的指標(biāo)。ICAM-1、VCAM-1 在血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表面的表達(dá)增加,促使單核細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞及淋巴細(xì)胞與血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞相結(jié)合,通過釋放蛋白酶、氧自由基直接損傷血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,損傷后的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性增高,允許LDL 等大分子物質(zhì)進(jìn)入內(nèi)皮下成為粥樣斑塊的主要成分。血清中可溶性細(xì)胞間粘附分子-1(soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1,sICAM-1)和可溶性血管間粘附分子-1(soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1,sVCAM-1)濃度與粥樣斑塊的厚度有關(guān)[17]?;罨难“灞磉_(dá)P-選擇素,激活的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)E-選擇素和P-選擇素。血漿P-選擇素是增加冠心病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的獨(dú)立標(biāo)志物[18],已經(jīng)注意到在高膽固醇血癥大鼠的主動(dòng)脈P-選擇素的表達(dá)增加[19]。在體外,抑制P-選擇素后顯示血小板聚集減少和血小板-白細(xì)胞粘附減少[20]。在P-選擇素基因敲除的小鼠,粥樣斑塊生長減慢,新生內(nèi)膜增厚減少[21]。在動(dòng)物模型中破壞P 選擇素配體-1(P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1,PSGL-1)降低了AS 的危險(xiǎn)性[22],異常高的P-選擇素水平遺傳工程小鼠模型表現(xiàn)出AS 易感性的增加[23]。減重手術(shù)后,AS 患者血清sICAM-1 濃度顯著降低[24-25]。Hanusch-Enserer 等[6]對(duì)行腹腔鏡可調(diào)節(jié)胃束帶術(shù)的32 名肥胖患者血清中的sICAM-1、sVCAM-1、sE-選擇素、BMI 進(jìn)行檢測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后1年,sICAM-1、sVCAM-1、sE-選擇素的血清濃度與術(shù)前相比顯著降低,并且sE-選擇素與BMI 呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。但也有研究指出,E-選擇素水平與體重指數(shù)無關(guān)。
纖溶酶原激活物抑制物-1(plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1,PAI-1)是組織型纖溶酶原激活物(tissue plasminogen activator,tPA)的生理性抑制劑,是纖溶系統(tǒng)的主要抑制因子。Schneileman 等1992年首次報(bào)道了人AS 血管中PAI-1表達(dá)增強(qiáng),且PAI-1 mRNA 水平與AS 病變嚴(yán)重程度一致。目前認(rèn)為,纖溶系統(tǒng)功能失衡有助于AS 的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,血管損傷處及血清中PAI-1 增多是AS 發(fā)生的主要原因。PAI-1作為纖溶酶原活化過程的重要調(diào)節(jié)者,不僅影響血栓形成,還參與平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖遷移和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)積聚,誘導(dǎo)LDL 與血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增生結(jié)合,大量沉積于細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),促進(jìn)脂紋和粥樣斑塊形成,從而促進(jìn)AS 的發(fā)生發(fā)展。減重手術(shù)可顯著降低血清中PAI-1 濃度,從而減小AS 的危險(xiǎn)性,穩(wěn)定斑塊[6,26-27]。有人提出建議,減重手術(shù)帶來積極的成果,是因?yàn)樾g(shù)后PAI-1 水平的降低[28]。
脂質(zhì)和脂蛋白代謝紊亂在AS 的發(fā)生和粥樣斑塊形成過程中起重要作用。LDL 膽固醇可以促進(jìn)AS 的形成,HDL 抑制AS 的形成,許多AS 患者表現(xiàn)為血清中高水平的LDL 膽固醇和低水平的HDL 膽固醇[29]。我們了解到在過去的20年里,降低LDL 膽固醇預(yù)防和緩解AS 是極為成功的[30]。目前,臨床上普遍用降脂藥物治療粥樣硬化疾病,并有一定療效,說明降低水平的膽固醇和甘油三酯可以緩解AS。近年來對(duì)減重手術(shù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),減重手術(shù)可有效并穩(wěn)定地降低LDL膽固醇、極低密度脂蛋白膽固醇和甘油三酯,升高HDL 膽固醇[31-32]。
目前認(rèn)為基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)的增多與斑塊的不穩(wěn)定性密切相關(guān)。MMP 能夠降解細(xì)胞外所有的基質(zhì)成分,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AS 斑塊中MMP 蛋白及活性明顯升高,MMP 升高可降解纖維帽中的膠原纖維,易導(dǎo)致纖維帽變薄,甚至破裂。其中MMP-2 和MMP-9 在減重手術(shù)穩(wěn)定粥樣斑塊的機(jī)制中研究較多。大量研究表明,相對(duì)于體重正常的患者,病態(tài)肥胖患者的MMP-9 水平更高[33],是AS 形成的誘使因素。有研究指出MMP-2、MMP-9 與BMI 呈正相關(guān)[34],減重手術(shù)后,血漿MMP-2、MMP-9 濃度隨體重的下降而下降[35]。在Domienik-Kar?owicz 等[9]的研究中,減重手術(shù)后MMP-2 水平顯著下降,降低了粥樣斑塊的不穩(wěn)定性;血漿MMP 和BMI 之間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的相關(guān)性。但在Hanusch-Enserer[6]的研究結(jié)果中,術(shù)后MMP-9 下降,MMP-2 升高。
脂聯(lián)素(adiponectin,APN)是脂肪細(xì)胞分泌的一種激素蛋白,可以抑制炎癥反應(yīng)、改善胰島素敏感性、抗AS,被認(rèn)為是人類健康長壽的有利因素。APN 是一個(gè)心血管保護(hù)因子,能抑制炎性細(xì)胞因子,增加NO 的生成,抑制平滑肌細(xì)胞的增殖,抑制內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的凋亡,從而緩解AS[36-37]。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),生理濃度的APN 就可以抑制VCAM-1、ICAM-1、E-選擇素的形成[38]。人血中APN 水平低于7 000 ng/ml(低脂聯(lián)素血癥)被認(rèn)為是心血管并發(fā)癥的高危險(xiǎn)因素[39]。目前,對(duì)血清APN 濃度對(duì)AS 病程影響的研究較多,在病態(tài)肥胖患者體內(nèi),APN 濃度低于正常對(duì)照組,心血管疾病的發(fā)病率高于對(duì)照組。血漿APN 濃度與BMI 呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系[40],與動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度也呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系[41]。減重手術(shù)在減輕患者體重的同時(shí)升高血清APN 濃度[9,24],穩(wěn)定了粥樣斑塊。
目前,減重手術(shù)在減重和治療糖尿病方面已取得很大成果。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AS 發(fā)病機(jī)制中的許多細(xì)胞因子都與BMI 有相關(guān)性。減重手術(shù)后,BMI 的降低可引起與AS 發(fā)生發(fā)展有關(guān)的一些細(xì)胞因子的改善,從而緩解AS。已知hs-CRP 是一種非特異性炎癥細(xì)胞因子,并通過增加炎性細(xì)胞浸潤,擴(kuò)增氧化應(yīng)激,損害內(nèi)皮功能及減少NO 產(chǎn)生,加速AS 的形成和斑塊的破裂[42],APN 是心血管事件的保護(hù)因子。有研究指出,BMI 與hs-CRP 正相關(guān),與APN 負(fù)相關(guān),hs-CRP/APN 的比值可以作為AS 臨床事件進(jìn)展的一個(gè)有用的預(yù)測(cè)值[43]。
減重手術(shù)顯著降低動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度,減緩AS 的進(jìn)程,并抑制粥樣斑塊發(fā)生鈣化[44-46]。內(nèi)臟脂肪可以產(chǎn)生與AS 發(fā)生密切相關(guān)的細(xì)胞因子和脂肪因子[47],Lear 等[48]指出內(nèi)臟脂肪與動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度和粥樣斑塊明顯相關(guān)。減重手術(shù)可有效減少內(nèi)臟脂肪,降低動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度[49]。目前,也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(nuclear transcription factor kappa B,NF-kB)和c-Jun 氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)炎癥通路是AS 發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要炎癥反應(yīng)媒介,減重手術(shù)可能通過抑制動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜巨噬細(xì)胞和平滑肌細(xì)胞中的NF-kB 和JNK 炎癥通路緩解AS[50]。Chen 等[51]通過非肥胖大鼠模型試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了十二指腸空腸吻合術(shù)抑制NF-kB-JNK 交叉反應(yīng)炎癥通路后,可以緩解AS。
減重手術(shù)對(duì)AS 影響的研究多是臨床研究手術(shù)與AS 生物標(biāo)志物指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性,尚缺乏對(duì)其機(jī)制的研究,動(dòng)物模型研究也很局限。很多矛盾結(jié)果的存在,讓我們不得不思考,在臨床研究中性別、年齡等混雜因素可能影響實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,所以要想為治療AS 開辟新的思路,減重手術(shù)的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)研究必不可少,其可為AS 的病理生理提供新的認(rèn)識(shí),從而達(dá)到用非侵入性的治療方法緩解AS 的目的。
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