馬艷 李亮 劉二勇 成詩(shī)明
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·論著·
涂陰肺結(jié)核流行傳播特點(diǎn)與隨訪預(yù)后的文獻(xiàn)結(jié)果分析
馬艷 李亮 劉二勇 成詩(shī)明
目的 回顧不同國(guó)家和地區(qū)涂陰肺結(jié)核流行傳播的特點(diǎn),涂陰肺結(jié)核治療與不治療隨訪后的結(jié)果、涂陰肺結(jié)核對(duì)密切接觸者的感染危險(xiǎn),分析涂陰肺結(jié)核對(duì)結(jié)核病控制的影響。方法 由課題專(zhuān)家和檢索人員討論后確定檢索詞(6個(gè)檢索詞,分別為涂陰肺結(jié)核、痰涂片陰性、傳播與流行、治療及預(yù)后、接觸者、隨訪),共檢索12個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)3個(gè)衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)網(wǎng)站(世界衛(wèi)生組織網(wǎng)、國(guó)家衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)及美國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心)和搜索引擎Google Scholar。納入發(fā)表于1960—2014年中的所有描述或評(píng)價(jià)涂陰肺結(jié)核流行及傳播概況、治療隨訪等資料和數(shù)據(jù)的文獻(xiàn),共檢索到946篇文章(排除觀點(diǎn)性文章、信件、社論、評(píng)論、文獻(xiàn)目錄、會(huì)議摘要等),對(duì)符合條件的16篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果 涂陰肺結(jié)核不治療進(jìn)行18~65個(gè)月隨訪觀察,患者痰菌轉(zhuǎn)陽(yáng)率為為40.0%(70/175)~57.9%(88/152)不等,死亡率為15.0%(50/334);完成治療后隨訪觀察,患者痰菌轉(zhuǎn)陽(yáng)或胸片發(fā)生典型惡化者占3.9%(4/103)~32.7%(49/150),死亡率為3.2%(2/63)~36.0%(54/150);對(duì)涂陰肺結(jié)核患者的密切接觸者進(jìn)行篩查隨訪,潛伏感染率為9.1%(13/143)~79.4%(27/34),5.7%(3/52)~9.0%(18/200)的密切接觸者發(fā)展為活動(dòng)性肺結(jié)核。結(jié)論 加強(qiáng)對(duì)涂陰肺結(jié)核患者的早期診斷和治療管理,對(duì)減少結(jié)核病的傳播、控制結(jié)核病疫情具有重要的流行病學(xué)意義。
結(jié)核, 肺/傳播; 接觸者追蹤; 隨訪研究; 預(yù)后; 評(píng)價(jià)分析
有研究表明,在發(fā)展中國(guó)家每發(fā)現(xiàn)1例涂陽(yáng)肺結(jié)核患者,約有1.22例涂陰和肺外結(jié)核病患者被發(fā)現(xiàn)[1];相對(duì)于涂陽(yáng)肺結(jié)核而言,涂陰肺結(jié)核的傳染性是涂陽(yáng)肺結(jié)核的22%[2]。雖然涂陰肺結(jié)核患者在傳染的強(qiáng)度上低于涂陽(yáng)肺結(jié)核患者,但由于涂陰肺結(jié)核患者占活動(dòng)性肺結(jié)核患者的比例較大,故涂陰肺結(jié)核的疾病負(fù)擔(dān)較重。世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)年報(bào)表明,2012年全球共登記520萬(wàn)新發(fā)結(jié)核病患者,其中新發(fā)涂陰患者占36.5%(190萬(wàn)/520萬(wàn))[3];2013年我國(guó)涂陰肺結(jié)核患者占肺結(jié)核患者的60.1%[4],不同國(guó)家涂陰肺結(jié)核患者的比例在15%~75%不等[5]。在結(jié)核病的傳播和致病方面,涂陰肺結(jié)核也是不可忽視的。在一些高收入國(guó)家,13%~17%的肺結(jié)核患者都是涂陰肺結(jié)核傳播的[2,6];另外,在人類(lèi)免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染的高流行地區(qū),涂陰肺結(jié)核患者的預(yù)后較差,社會(huì)負(fù)擔(dān)重[7]。盡管涂陰肺結(jié)核患者的社會(huì)負(fù)擔(dān)很重,不過(guò)涂陽(yáng)肺結(jié)核仍然是結(jié)核病防治的重點(diǎn),并取得了明顯成效;涂陰肺結(jié)核較涂陽(yáng)肺結(jié)核患者在防控、診斷與治療方面更為復(fù)雜,了解涂陰肺結(jié)核流行傳播特點(diǎn),對(duì)涂陰肺結(jié)核患者的診斷和治療具有重要的流行病學(xué)意義,對(duì)完善涂陰肺結(jié)核控制策略是十分必要的。
一、文獻(xiàn)的納入與檢索詞
選取1960—2014年發(fā)表的與涂陰肺結(jié)核的傳播、流行、預(yù)防、控制、治療、隨訪及預(yù)后復(fù)發(fā)等相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)。中文檢索詞有6個(gè),包括“涂陰肺結(jié)核、痰涂片陰性、傳播與流行、治療及預(yù)后、接觸者、隨訪”。英文檢索詞與中文一致,包括“sputum-negative tuberculosis,sputum smear negative, transmission and epidemiology,treatment and diagnosis,contacts,follow-up”;用and或or連接各個(gè)檢索詞,結(jié)合各庫(kù)的特點(diǎn)和要求分別制定相應(yīng)的檢索方式。
二、檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)包括綜合性和專(zhuān)業(yè)性英文文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),綜合性中文文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),以及衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)網(wǎng)站、Google 搜索引擎。
1.綜合性英文文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù):PubMed、Scopus、ISI Web of Knowledge、ScienceDirect、Campbel l Library、Embase(1975—2012)、African Healthline。
2.綜合性中文文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù):中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、中國(guó)期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(CNKI)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、維普數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。
3.衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)網(wǎng)站: 國(guó)家衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)、WHO及美國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心。
此外,利用Google 搜索引擎查找未發(fā)表文獻(xiàn)和彌補(bǔ)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的遺漏。
三、文獻(xiàn)納入排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:(1)報(bào)告涂陰肺結(jié)核傳播與流行、治療與不治療觀察隨訪等有關(guān)的論文;(2)研究類(lèi)型為系統(tǒng)綜述、Meta分析、個(gè)案研究、觀察性研究、病例對(duì)照研究及實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,僅納入中文及英文文獻(xiàn)。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:(1)信息不完整或不清晰;(2)觀點(diǎn)性文章、書(shū)信、文獻(xiàn)目錄等; (3)重復(fù)發(fā)表或同一研究。
四、 質(zhì)量控制
本研究作為描述性系統(tǒng)綜述,嚴(yán)格根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)選擇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行篩選,所選用的資料進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格質(zhì)量檢查、核對(duì)(包括資料完整性檢查和正確性檢查、文獻(xiàn)全面檢索、變量提取等內(nèi)容);根據(jù)本系統(tǒng)綜述關(guān)鍵詞等相關(guān)信息預(yù)先設(shè)計(jì)表格,以便進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)中相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)提取,主要包括涂陰肺結(jié)核感染、傳播流行,以及隨訪復(fù)發(fā)、死亡等情況,從而保證研究的質(zhì)量。
一、 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果
初檢得到946篇文獻(xiàn),其中818篇與涂陰肺結(jié)核的流行傳播、復(fù)發(fā)預(yù)后等無(wú)關(guān),92篇屬于觀點(diǎn)性或評(píng)論性文章,20篇未能搜索到全文,最終納入16篇文獻(xiàn),其中中文文獻(xiàn)2篇,英文文獻(xiàn)14篇。
二、納入文獻(xiàn)的一般情況
納入文獻(xiàn)的國(guó)家有印度、中國(guó)、馬拉維、貝寧、英國(guó)、德國(guó)、南非、伊朗及尼泊爾等國(guó)家。納入文獻(xiàn)的研究人群包括涂陰肺結(jié)核患者、涂陰肺結(jié)核患者的接觸者等。納入的文獻(xiàn)有涂陰肺結(jié)核接觸者的感染發(fā)病、涂陰肺結(jié)核不治療隨訪觀察及治療隨訪觀察等。
三、涂陰肺結(jié)核治療與不治療患者的隨訪及其密切接觸者的篩查情況
涂陰肺結(jié)核患者不治療進(jìn)行18~65個(gè)月隨訪觀察,患者痰菌轉(zhuǎn)陽(yáng)率為為40.0%(70/175)~57.9%(88/152)不等,死亡率為15%(50/334)[8-12];在完成治療后隨訪觀察,患者痰菌轉(zhuǎn)陽(yáng)或胸片發(fā)現(xiàn)病情惡化者占3.9%(4/103)~32.7%(49/150)不等,死亡率為3.2%(2/63)~36.0%(54/150)不等[13-19];對(duì)涂陰肺結(jié)核患者的密切接觸者進(jìn)行篩查隨訪,潛伏感染率為9.1%(13/143)~79.4%(27/34)不等[20-23](表1)。
表1 16篇文獻(xiàn)中涂陰肺結(jié)核患者治療與不治療的隨訪預(yù)后及其密切接觸者的篩查情況
續(xù)表1
當(dāng)每毫升痰中有5000~10 000條抗酸桿菌時(shí),痰涂片的敏感度只有50%~60%[24],而每毫升痰中有10~100條抗酸桿菌時(shí),痰培養(yǎng)就能檢測(cè)出80%的結(jié)核病患者,相對(duì)于培養(yǎng)而言,痰涂片敏感度在30%~80%不等[25-27]。因此,涂陰肺結(jié)核存在一定的痰培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性比例。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),如果涂陰肺結(jié)核患者不予治療,對(duì)其進(jìn)行18~65個(gè)月隨訪觀察,其細(xì)菌學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)陽(yáng)患者占40.9%~57.9%不等,其中可能存在一定比例的痰培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性患者。文獻(xiàn)資料表明,由于13%~17%的活動(dòng)性肺結(jié)核是由涂陰肺結(jié)核傳播的,另外如果不予治療轉(zhuǎn)為活動(dòng)性肺結(jié)核后,又將成為主要的傳染源;因此,對(duì)于痰涂片陰性的肺結(jié)核患者,同時(shí)應(yīng)進(jìn)行痰培養(yǎng)、分子診斷技術(shù)(GeneXpert、 線(xiàn)性探針、基因芯片等)及免疫學(xué)診斷技術(shù)等診斷新技術(shù),并結(jié)合胸部X線(xiàn)檢查及臨床表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行綜合診斷。但一些高負(fù)擔(dān)低收入國(guó)家,涂陰肺結(jié)核的診斷主要依靠痰涂片、胸片、臨床表現(xiàn)等進(jìn)行診斷,此時(shí)應(yīng)增加痰涂片次數(shù)及提高檢查的綜合質(zhì)量保證措施,保證痰標(biāo)本制片、染色的質(zhì)量,同時(shí)多人參與讀片等可提高檢出率[28-29]。有研究表明1次痰涂片的敏感度只有22%~43%,隨著查痰次數(shù)的增加其敏感度也在增加,當(dāng)有 2 d 以上的2~3次痰涂片時(shí),能檢測(cè)出50%~70%的活動(dòng)性肺結(jié)核患者[30]。Lambert 等[31]在埃塞俄比亞的一項(xiàng)研究表明, 通過(guò)采取高質(zhì)量措施,在對(duì)涂陰患者進(jìn)行復(fù)核后,使涂陽(yáng)結(jié)核病患者比例由原來(lái)的48% 升至 65%。如 Chum等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在坦桑尼亞基層采用顯微鏡檢查的涂陰新發(fā)肺結(jié)核患者中,有 29%在國(guó)家參比實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查為涂陽(yáng)患者。2005年我國(guó)政府將痰涂片陰性肺結(jié)核患者納入免費(fèi)治療范圍,提出成立涂陰肺結(jié)核診斷小組,提高涂陰肺結(jié)核的診斷質(zhì)量[33]。但是,涂陰肺結(jié)核的診斷由于受到痰涂片質(zhì)量、胸片質(zhì)量及讀片水平和一些輔助檢查條件的影響,過(guò)診和漏診的問(wèn)題不可避免[34-35]。
在非洲的一些HIV感染高流行國(guó)家,結(jié)核病的發(fā)病率成倍地增加[36-37],涂陰肺結(jié)核患者報(bào)告率也有所增長(zhǎng)[38]。在馬拉維,涂陰肺結(jié)核患者幾乎呈3倍的增加[39];贊比亞的HIV感染率高達(dá)20%[40],在一些像贊比亞這樣低收入的高結(jié)核病負(fù)擔(dān)國(guó)家,結(jié)核病主要靠痰涂片檢查診斷。由于痰涂片敏感度較低,在缺乏有效的診斷工具的前提下,就可能導(dǎo)致患者的診斷延誤。無(wú)論是患者還是醫(yī)生診斷延誤或治療延誤,都會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者的療效降低、結(jié)核病患者的住院效果不好[41],涂陰肺結(jié)核患者的預(yù)后較差[42-43]。本研究結(jié)果表明,在HIV感染高流行地區(qū)的涂陰肺結(jié)核患者治療期間及其隨訪期間,死亡率達(dá)3.2%~36.0%不等[13-19],痰菌轉(zhuǎn)陽(yáng)或胸片發(fā)生惡化改變者占3.9%~32.7%不等。因此,在HIV高流行地區(qū)迫切需要有更為有效的結(jié)核病診斷新技術(shù)來(lái)提高涂陰肺結(jié)核的檢出率。
一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的研究表明,對(duì)涂陰肺結(jié)核的密切接觸者通過(guò)胸片、結(jié)核菌素(PPD)試驗(yàn)、T-SPOT.TB及QFT-G試驗(yàn)等進(jìn)行篩查有很好的效果;報(bào)告顯示,患者分別是9歲男孩及15歲女孩的同學(xué)密切接觸者中,分別有9.0%及5.8%發(fā)展為活動(dòng)性肺結(jié)核,其密切接觸者的感染率分別是42.5%及32.7%[20-21]。德國(guó)的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查報(bào)告,通過(guò)對(duì)1例18歲涂陰肺結(jié)核患者的143名接觸者(接觸者為醫(yī)院的醫(yī)務(wù)工作者)應(yīng)用QFT-G試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行篩查,有13例(9.1%)接觸者為陽(yáng)性[22]。另有研究表明,家中有涂陰肺結(jié)核患者的家庭密切接觸者患結(jié)核病的危險(xiǎn)性是家中無(wú)結(jié)核病患者人群的1.7倍[23]。由于涂陰肺結(jié)核患者占肺結(jié)核患者的比例高、對(duì)密切接觸者也具有感染的危險(xiǎn),故加強(qiáng)對(duì)涂陰肺結(jié)核患者的早期診斷和治療,將具有更為重要的預(yù)防和控制結(jié)核病流行的意義。
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(本文編輯:薛愛(ài)華)
Analysis on epidemic features and prognosis of smear-negative tuberculosis
MAYan*,LILiang,LIUEr-yong,CHENGShi-ming.
*CentralofficeofBeijingTuberculosisandThoracicTumorResearchInstitute,Beijing101149,China
Correspondingauthor:CHENGShi-ming,Email:smcheng@chinatb.org
Objective Systematic review on epidemic and transmission features of smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis, and the results of these patients with and no after-treatment follow-up, their infection risk to close contacts, and to analyze smear-negative tuberculosis impact to TB control. Methods To determine key words by experts’ discussion, include smear negative tuberculosis/sputum-negative tuberculosis, sputum smear negative, transmission and epidemiology, contacts, follow-up, we searched 12 database, 3 health agencies websites (World Health Organization network, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and search engines Google Scholar, Our inclusion criteria were research papers that describing or evaluating epidemic and transmission, treatment and follow up of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis, 946 studies (published in 2000—2013) were retrieved, except view articles, letters, news, editorials, reviews, bibliography and conference summary,16 full papers were included and analyzed. Results Sputum bacteria positive conversion rate was 40.0%(70/175)-57.9%(88/152), mortality was 15.0%(50/334) by 18-65 months follow-up for smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis patients without trealment; sputum bacteria positive conversion or chest radiograph typicality changes accounted for 3.9(4/103)-32.7%(49/150) and mortality was 3.2%(2/63)-36.0%(54/150) follow-up after treatment; latent infection rate was 9.1%(13/143)-79.4%(27/34) in their close contacts and 5.7%(3/52)-9.0%(18/200) of close contacts developed active tuberculosis by follow-up screening. Conclusion To strengthen early diagnosis, treatment and management of smear-negative tuberculosis, is of epidemiological significance to reduce transmission and control tuberculosis epidemic.
Tuberculosis, pulmonary/transmission; Contact tracing; Follow-up studies; Prognosis; Evaluation analysis
10.3969/j.issn.1000-6621.2015.05.011
“十二五”國(guó)家科技重大專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(2014ZX10003001-002)
101149 北京市結(jié)核病胸部腫瘤研究所中心辦公室(馬艷);首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京胸科醫(yī)院(李亮;)中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心結(jié)核病預(yù)防控制中心(劉二勇、成詩(shī)明)
成詩(shī)明,Email: smcheng@chinatb.org
2015-04-03)