李暉

定語(yǔ)從句在英語(yǔ)中使用非常廣泛，尤其在交際英語(yǔ)和閱讀理解中的使用頻率更高。對(duì)這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)，高考每年都有考查。

[近年真題]

（2014年高考新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷）Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you have a habit 67 is driving your family crazy.

（2015年高考新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷）Id skipped nearby Guilin， a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 64 are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings （painting）.

分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，我們不難看出2015年高考新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷第64空填that和which都可以。它考查關(guān)系代詞that/which在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，跟2014年的新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷的考查重點(diǎn)一樣。句中的skip可以理解為go directly to some place。事實(shí)上，a dream place可以理解為省略了which is的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

另外，每年的高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解部分也會(huì)出現(xiàn)大量帶有定語(yǔ)從句的長(zhǎng)難句式。因此，在高中英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，定語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)必須攻克的難關(guān)。

[定語(yǔ)從句的備考點(diǎn)]

定語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，它在句中作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞。復(fù)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句，首先要注意它的三要素：先行詞、關(guān)系詞和從句。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞稱為先行詞，定語(yǔ)從句一般放在先行詞的后面。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which和as，關(guān)系副詞有when，where和why，它們?cè)谙刃性~和定語(yǔ)從句之間起聯(lián)系作用，同時(shí)在意義上代表先行詞并在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)任一個(gè)成分。

[定語(yǔ)從句復(fù)習(xí)的難點(diǎn)]

解決有關(guān)定語(yǔ)從句的問(wèn)題時(shí)，我們可以從四個(gè)方面來(lái)考慮：1. 確定主從句部分；2. 確定先行詞；3. 把先行詞放在從句中，看先行詞在從句中是做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)還是狀語(yǔ)；4. 選定先行詞。

定語(yǔ)從句之所以難，是因?yàn)樗c漢語(yǔ)的類似句型在組句思維上存在較大的差異，且關(guān)系詞復(fù)雜多樣，靈活性很強(qiáng)。學(xué)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句，應(yīng)該注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

1. 關(guān)系詞的確定

正確選擇關(guān)系詞是掌握定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵。同學(xué)們的困惑就在于碰到地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因類的先行詞時(shí)，不知道是用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞。如：

I still remember the day that/which we spent together in the forest.

從句還原應(yīng)該是：We spent the day together in the forest.句中the day作spend的賓語(yǔ)，所以不能用when。先行詞指代時(shí)間，只能用that/which或when/介詞+which連接。如：

I still remember the day when/on which I first came to Beijing.

從句還原應(yīng)該是I first came to Beijing on the day. the day在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

The factory that/which we will visit is large.

從句還原應(yīng)該是：We will visit the factory. the factory在定語(yǔ)從句中做visit的賓語(yǔ)。

先行詞指代地點(diǎn)，只能用that/which或where/介詞+which連接。如：

The factory where/in which his father works is large.

從句還原應(yīng)該是：His father works in the factory. the factory在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。

注意 case，situation，point，society，condition，activity，atmosphere等都能理解為表示抽象地點(diǎn)的詞，如果它們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中做狀語(yǔ)，關(guān)系詞用where，意思是“在某種情況下，到某種地步”。如：

Today we will discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language.

2.介詞+關(guān)系代詞

介詞后的賓語(yǔ)指代人時(shí)，只能用whom，不能用who或that。介詞后的賓語(yǔ)指代物時(shí)，只能用which，不能用that。

This？is？the？farm？on？which we worked together in the past.

I dont know the person to whom you talked just now.

3.Whose的用法

whose+名詞=the+名詞+of which=of which+the+名詞

whose+物=the+名詞+of whom=of whom+the+名詞

The？house，？whose window（the window？of？which/of which the window）？is？broken， belongs？to Mr？Smith.

The boy， whose father（the father of whom/of whom the father） is an engineer is Tom.

在定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)習(xí)過(guò)程中，我們應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析能力，掌握各種句式的基本特征，牢記容易出錯(cuò)的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)，并且重視在特定的語(yǔ)境中復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法。

[定語(yǔ)從句在書面表達(dá)中的應(yīng)用]

學(xué)好了定語(yǔ)從句，不僅有利于提高閱讀理解能力，也能在書面表達(dá)中寫出一些易得高分的經(jīng)典句子。

1. 寫作中常用的幾種定語(yǔ)從句

（1）關(guān)系代詞who，whom，whose，that，which，as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句是作文的一大亮點(diǎn)，尤其是which和as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句在高考范文中更是屢見(jiàn)不鮮。

A sailor who has experienced no storm will never become an excellent sailor. （2015年高考福建卷作文范文）

沒(méi)經(jīng)歷過(guò)暴風(fēng)雨的水手永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)成為一名優(yōu)秀的水手。

From this experience， I have learnt that questioning can serve as a bridge that can help us seek the truth. （2015年高考湖北卷作文范文）

從這次經(jīng)歷中，我領(lǐng)悟到質(zhì)疑可以成為幫助我們尋求真相的橋梁。

（2）關(guān)系副詞when，where，why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

The reason why？people？celebrate？the festival is that they believe it is the time when the moon is at its fullest and brightest in the whole year， and people？will？gather together eating mooncakes and appreciating the full moon. （2013年高考遼寧卷滿分作文）

人們慶祝這個(gè)節(jié)日的原因是，他們相信這時(shí)候是一年中月亮最滿、最亮的時(shí)候，人們還會(huì)聚在一起吃月餅、賞滿月。

（3）“介詞+which/whom”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

Yesrs of school life have taught me a lot of things， of which what strikes me most is that we should take care not to hurt others with our words， deliberately or by accident. （2013年高考湖北卷滿分作文）

多年的校園生活教會(huì)了我很多東西，其中使我印象最深的是我們應(yīng)該盡量不要用言語(yǔ)傷害別人，無(wú)論是有意還是無(wú)意。

2. 定語(yǔ)從句的寫法

定語(yǔ)從句造句可采用“三步法”：

第一步：寫出兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句；第二步：在一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句中找出一個(gè)要修飾的詞匯，這個(gè)詞必須在兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句中都有；第三步：把另一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句改成定語(yǔ)從句，要特別注意引導(dǎo)詞的選擇。例如：

第一步：（1）The foreigner is from Canada.（2）He visited our class yesterday.

第二步：在句（1）中找出一個(gè)要修飾的詞匯：the foreigner。

第三步：用句（2）充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句，the foreigner是先行詞，句（2）中的代詞he指代the foreigner且在句子中作主語(yǔ)，故用who或that作引導(dǎo)詞。

The foreigner who/that visited our class yesterday is from Canada.

3. 定語(yǔ)從句寫作的幾個(gè)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

（1）誤用關(guān)系詞

誤：I live in Beijing， where is the capital of China.

正：I live in Beijing， which is the capital of China.

誤：I have a friend， whos name is Liu Mei.

正：I have a friend， whose name is Liu Mei.

（2）句子殘缺

誤：There were many students took part in the English competition.

正：There were many students who took part in the English competition.

誤：Those who in favor of the proposal， please raise your hands.

正：Those who are in favor of the proposal， please raise your hands.

（3）有多余詞

誤：The film I saw it last night was really very good.

正：The film I saw last night was really very good.

誤：Last week， I returned to the village where I grew up there in my childhood.

正：Last week， I returned to the village where I grew up in my childhood.

（4）定語(yǔ)從句與并列句的混淆

誤：In fact， smoking is a bad habit， it does great harm to peoples health.

正：In fact， smoking is a bad habit， and it/which does great harm to peoples health.

誤：His parents told him many times not to play beside the river， it didnt help.

正：His parents told him many times not to play beside the river， but it/which didnt help.

最后，筆者針對(duì)近兩年全國(guó)卷中對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的直接考查，給出了一篇定語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)篇訓(xùn)練題和10道單句語(yǔ)法填空。希望能夠有助于同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句。

語(yǔ)篇訓(xùn)練

As is known to all， China covers more than 9.6 million square kilometers， 1 is the third largest country in the world. The Chinese nation consists of 56 nationalities， 2 the Han Ethnic Group is the largest， making up 90% of the whole. Besides， there are many big rivers in China， the most important 3 are the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. There was a time 4 Chinese economy was far behind many other countries in the world. However， with the development of economy， the days are gone forever 5 the Chinese people were looked down upon， 6 all Chinese are proud.

單句語(yǔ)法填空

7. （2015年高考湖北卷改編） The director， Jack shared a dorm-room in the Film Academy， has already made four films. （share）

8. （2015年高考福建卷改編） China Today attracts a worldwide readership， shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.

9. （2015年高考重慶卷改編） He wrote many childrens books， nearly half of were published in the 1990s.

10. （2015年高考四川卷改編） The books on the desk， covers are shiny， are prizes for us.

11. （2015年高考江蘇卷改編） The number of smokers， is reported， has dropped by 17 percent in the past one year.

12. （2014年高考江西卷改編） Among the many dangers sailors have to face， probably the greatest of all is fog.

13. （2014年高考山東卷改編） A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.

14. （2014年高考安徽卷改編） The exact year

Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.

15. （2014年高考北京卷改編） I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week， my classmates recommended to me.

16. （2014年高考重慶卷改編） Well reach the sales targets in a month we set at the beginning of the year.

參考答案 1. which 2. among which 3. of which 4. when 5. when 6. of which 7. with whom 8. which 9. which 10. whose 11. as 12. that/which 13. whose 14. that/which 15. which 16. that/which