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現(xiàn)實(shí)中的帕丁頓熊

2015-05-30 19:32:35JohnR.Platt
新東方英語·中學(xué)版 2015年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:帕丁頓玻利維亞秘魯

John R. Platt

大銀幕上的帕丁頓熊讓很多人一見鐘情,殊不知現(xiàn)實(shí)中的帕丁頓熊已是瀕危物種,更需要我們的關(guān)愛。一起來了解一下它們吧!

As the new Paddington movie has opened in U.S. theaters, let's take a look at the real-life endangered species that inspired author Michael Bond's beloved books: the Andean spectacled bear.

Species Name: Andean or spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), sometimes referred to as the Andean short-faced bear for its unique abbreviated snout1). The bears are the only member of their genus2) and the last surviving species of the Tremarctinae subfamily3), all others of which died out millennia ago.

Notable Characteristics: These mid-sized bears (about one-third the size of grizzlies4)) have black-brown fur broken only by the "spectacle" pattern of beige5) and white around their eyes and snouts. Although their teeth are adapted for eating flesh, they vastly prefer cactus6), bamboo, bromeliads7), fruit and bark8), all of which make up about 95 percent of their diets. (Sorry Paddington fans, real spectacled bears don't eat marmalade9). Also please note the complete absence of hats and raincoats on wild bears.)

Where Found: The only ursine10) species in South America, the spectacled bear ranges through much of the tropical Andes, including populations in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. (In the books, Paddington is said to have traveled to London via lifeboat from "Darkest Peru".)

IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable to extinction. The most recent population estimates put the species at about 16,000~20,000 individuals.

Major Threats: As we have seen with so many other large predators11), habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and poaching12) pose the biggest threats to spectacled bears. Logging, mining, oil exploration, agriculture and roads have whittled away at13) the bears' habitats for decades, while hunting (both for food and as retaliation for destroyed crops) results in a few hundred killed bears every year.

Notable Conservation Programs: Quite a few, actually. The Wildlife Conservation Society has been active in studying the species since 1976 and helped to establish several protected areas. They also just published a massive new study identifying many of the habitats necessary to protect the bears in Bolivia and Peru. The Spectacled Bear Conservation Society also operates in Peru, where it works with landowners and rural communities to improve relationships with bears, which frequently eat maize14) and sugarcane15) crops. The Andean Bear Foundation has similar operations in Ecuador.

鑒于新電影《帕丁頓熊》已經(jīng)在美國(guó)各大影院公映,讓我們一起來看看現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的這一瀕危物種——安第斯眼鏡熊,作家邁克爾·邦德所著的那些深受喜愛的書的靈感正源自它。

物種名稱:安第斯熊或眼鏡熊(學(xué)名Tremarctos ornatus)由于其獨(dú)一無二的超短口鼻部,有時(shí)也被稱為安第斯短面熊,是其所屬種下的唯一成員,也是眼鏡熊亞科中最后幸存的物種——該亞科的所有其他物種在數(shù)千年前就已滅絕。

顯著特征:這些熊體形中等,約為灰熊的三分之一那么大,全身長(zhǎng)滿了棕黑色的毛發(fā),唯有眼睛和口鼻周圍米白相間的“眼鏡”狀圖案破壞了這種整體性。它們雖然牙齒已經(jīng)進(jìn)化到可以吃肉,但還是極其偏愛仙人掌、竹子、鳳梨科植物、水果和樹皮——所有這些約占它們?nèi)粘o嬍车?5%。(不好意思啦,《帕丁頓熊》的粉絲們,現(xiàn)實(shí)中的眼鏡熊可不吃果醬哦。也請(qǐng)注意,野生眼鏡熊是絕對(duì)不戴帽子也不穿雨衣的。)

發(fā)現(xiàn)地:作為南美唯一的熊科物種,眼鏡熊的分布范圍遍及安第斯山脈位于熱帶的大部分地區(qū),包括委內(nèi)瑞拉、哥倫比亞、厄瓜多爾、秘魯和玻利維亞。(在有關(guān)帕丁頓熊的書中,帕丁頓熊據(jù)說是從“神秘的秘魯”搭乘救生船來到倫敦的。)

世界自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟瀕危物種紅色名錄評(píng)級(jí):易危級(jí)(編注:即未達(dá)到極?;蛘邽l危標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但是在未來一段時(shí)間內(nèi),其野生種群面臨滅絕的概率較高)。最新數(shù)據(jù)估計(jì)該物種總計(jì)約有1.6~2萬只。

主要威脅:正如我們?cè)谠S多其他大型食肉動(dòng)物身上看到的那樣,棲息地減少、棲息地遭到分割和偷獵是眼鏡熊面臨的最大威脅。幾十年來,伐木、采礦、石油勘探、農(nóng)耕和道路建設(shè)使眼鏡熊的棲息地逐漸減少,而狩獵(既是為了獲取食物,也是對(duì)眼鏡熊毀壞農(nóng)作物的報(bào)復(fù))導(dǎo)致每年都有幾百只眼鏡熊被殺。

重要保護(hù)項(xiàng)目:其實(shí)還不少。國(guó)際野生生物保護(hù)學(xué)會(huì)自1976年開始就積極地對(duì)眼鏡熊進(jìn)行研究,并協(xié)助建立了幾個(gè)保護(hù)區(qū)。他們還剛剛(編注:英文原文發(fā)表于2015年6月)公布了一項(xiàng)新的大規(guī)模研究,在玻利維亞和秘魯確定了多處保護(hù)眼鏡熊必不可少的棲息地。眼鏡熊保護(hù)協(xié)會(huì)也在秘魯展開了工作,與土地所有者和農(nóng)村社區(qū)共同合作以改善人們與眼鏡熊的關(guān)系——眼鏡熊常常吃掉玉米和甘蔗等作物。安第斯熊基金會(huì)在厄瓜多爾也有一些類似的行動(dòng)。

IUCN,即International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,指世界自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟,于1948年在瑞士格蘭德成立,旨在影響、鼓勵(lì)及協(xié)助全球各地的組織,保護(hù)自然的完整性與多樣性,并確保在使用自然資源上的公平性以及生態(tài)上的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。世界自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟瀕危物種紅色名錄(或稱IUCN紅色名錄)于1963年開始編制,是全球動(dòng)植物物種保護(hù)現(xiàn)狀最全面的名錄,是生物多樣性狀況最具權(quán)威的指標(biāo),其劃分的瀕危等級(jí)有:滅絕、野外滅絕、極危、瀕危、易危、近危、無危、數(shù)據(jù)缺乏、未予評(píng)估。

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