龔鵬
一提到英語(yǔ)虛擬語(yǔ)氣,許多同學(xué)就感到不寒而栗。作為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種屬性,要達(dá)到掌握和正確運(yùn)用的程度,有一定的難度,卻是完全可以做到的。關(guān)鍵是要找準(zhǔn)并掌握虛擬語(yǔ)氣這一高考熱點(diǎn)的切入點(diǎn)。以下是三條學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的輕松快捷的途徑。
切入點(diǎn)一、虛擬條件句
1. 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語(yǔ)+should/would/could ...+動(dòng)詞原形+其他成分+if+從句主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)(be動(dòng)詞用were)+其他成分。
例1 Sorry, I am too busy now, if I ? ? ? time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.
A. have had ? ? ? ? B. had had
C. have ? ? ? ? ? ? D. had
解析 ?D。句意為:很抱歉,現(xiàn)在我太忙,如果我有時(shí)間,我當(dāng)然會(huì)和你一起去郊游。題干是一個(gè)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句。
2. 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)+其他成分+if+從句主語(yǔ)+should/would/could ...+have done+其他成分。
例2 ?If I ? ? ? it with my own eyes, I wouldnt have believed it.
A. didnt see ? ? ? ?B. werent seeing
C. wouldnt see ? ? ?D. hadnt seen
解析 ?D。句意為:如果不是我親眼看到,我不會(huì)相信。根據(jù)后半句可以判斷是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,所以從句的謂語(yǔ)要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
3. 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語(yǔ)+should/would/could ...+動(dòng)詞原形+其他成分+if+從句主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)/should do/were to do+其他成分。
例3 Grace doesnt want to move to New York because she thinks if she ? ? ? there, she wouldnt be able to see her parents very often.
A. lives ? ? ? ? ? ? B. would live
C. having asked ? ? ?D. were to live
解析 ?D。句意為:格麗絲不想搬到紐約,因?yàn)樗肴绻谀莾荷睿龑⒉荒芘c父母經(jīng)常見(jiàn)面。句子敘述的是與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。
4. 錯(cuò)綜虛擬條件句
在有些虛擬條件句中,主、從句時(shí)間不一致,應(yīng)根據(jù)不同情況區(qū)別對(duì)待。
例4 ?If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before, he ? ? ? able to speak it much better now.
A. will be ? ? ? ? ? B. would be
C. has been ? ? ? ? ?D. would have been
解析 ?B。句意為:如果他以前多訓(xùn)練英語(yǔ),現(xiàn)在英語(yǔ)可能會(huì)講得更好。從句在敘述與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的條件,主句在敘述與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的結(jié)果。
5. 含蓄虛擬條件句
這樣的虛擬條件句不含有if從句,而是以but for/without/or/otherwise等及相關(guān)成分代替if從句,主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式與前面所述虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)相同。
例5 Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway ? ? ? his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
A. didnt write ? ? ? ?B. hadnt written
C. wouldnt write ? ? ?D. wouldnt have written
解析 ?D。句意為:沒(méi)有他戰(zhàn)時(shí)的經(jīng)驗(yàn),海明威就不可能寫出著名的小說(shuō)《永別了,武器》。根據(jù)without his wartime experience,可知是表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),主句謂語(yǔ)用would have done.
切入點(diǎn)二、虛擬建議句
1. 在含有表示“堅(jiān)持、命令、建議、要求”等含義的動(dòng)詞insist, order, command, advise, propose, suggest, recommend, ask, demand, request, require等后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中,從句的謂語(yǔ)需用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,其中 should可以省略。
例6 ?My mom suggests that we ? ? ? eat out for a change this weekend.
A. should ? ?B. might ? ?C. could ? ?D. would
解析 ?A。句意為: 我媽媽建議這個(gè)周末出去吃飯,換換口味。suggest作“建議”講,其后賓語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,從句中的謂語(yǔ)部分要用should do形式,should可以省略。
2. 在下列句型的主語(yǔ)從句中,從句的謂語(yǔ)需用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。
(1)It is+-ed分詞(required, suggested, ordered, demanded, requested等)+主語(yǔ)從句;
(2)It is+名詞(a pity, a shame, no wonder, desire, decision, wish等)+主語(yǔ)從句;
(3)It is+形容詞(important, necessary, natural, strange, proper, right, best/better等)+主語(yǔ)從句。
Dont you think it (is) necessary that he not be sent to Miami but to New York? 難道你不認(rèn)為必須把他送到邁阿密而不是紐約嗎?
3. 在“主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)”的句型中,如果主語(yǔ)是order, command, advice, proposal, suggestion, demand, request, requirement等,表語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)需用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,其中should可以省略。
The demand is that manuscripts should be written on one side only. 按照要求,手稿只能單面謄寫。
4. 名詞order, command, advice, proposal, suggestion, demand, request, requirement等后面接that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)需用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,其中 should可以省略。
He gave orders that the work should be started at once. 他下令立即開始工作。
5. for fear that, in case, lest等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中,用“should+原形動(dòng)詞”表示“唯恐”。
He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged. 他小心拿著儀器,唯恐把它摔碎了。
切入點(diǎn)三、虛擬想像句
1. 在wish的賓語(yǔ)從句、as if /as though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從和狀語(yǔ)從句和if only后從句的謂語(yǔ)要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
(1)表達(dá)與說(shuō)話的時(shí)間同時(shí)的動(dòng)作,從句的謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去時(shí),be多用were;
(2)表達(dá)在說(shuō)話的時(shí)間之前的動(dòng)作時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí);
(3)表達(dá)在說(shuō)話的時(shí)間之后的動(dòng)作時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
例7 ?I wish I ? ? ? at my sisters wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
A. will be ? ? ? ? ? B. would be
C. have been ? ? ? ?D. had been
解析 ?D。句意為:上個(gè)周二我本希望參加我姐姐的婚禮,但那時(shí)我在紐約出差??疾閣ish引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
例8 ?It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I ? ? ? it?
A. had done ? ? ? ? B. have done
C. did ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. am doing
解析 ?A。句意為:打破玻璃的是約翰,為什么你和我說(shuō)話,好像是我打破了一樣。根據(jù)前一句中的was說(shuō)明打破玻璃是在說(shuō)話時(shí)間之前的的事情,因此虛擬條件從句要使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
2. 在would rather后賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)多用過(guò)去時(shí),表示在說(shuō)話之前的動(dòng)作也可用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
例9 ?We would rather our daughter ? ? ?at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.
A. would stay ? ? ? ?B. has stayed
C. stayed ? ? ? ? ? ?D. stay
解析 ?C。句意為:我們寧愿我們的女兒待在家里,但是這是她的選擇,她已經(jīng)不再是孩子了。根據(jù)句意可知是與現(xiàn)在情況相反的愿望,從句的謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
3. 在句型It is (high/about) time (that) ...后面也跟虛擬語(yǔ)氣的從句,從句的謂語(yǔ)中常用過(guò)去式,間或用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,意為“該是……的時(shí)候了”。
It is time (that) we went home 我們?cè)摶丶伊恕?/p>
[練習(xí)]
請(qǐng)解答下列高考真題:
1. (2015·陜西)Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I ? ? ? as well as her.
A. dance ? ? ? ? ? B. will dance
C. had danced ? ? ? D. danced
2. (2015·江蘇)It might have saved me some trouble ? ? ? the schedule.
A. did I know ? ? ? B. have I known
C. do I know ? ? ? ?D. had I known
3. (2015·安徽)It is lucky we booked a room, or
we ? ? ? nowhere to stay now.
A. had ? ? ? ? ? ? B. had had
C. would have ? ? ? D. would have had
4. (2014·北京)We ? ? ? back in the hotel now if you didnt lose the map.
A. are ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. were
C. will be ? ? ? ? ? D. would be
5. (2014·福建) ? ? ?no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.
A. Were there ? ? ? B. Had there been
C. If there are ? ? ? D. If there have been
6. (2014·湖南)If Mr. Dewey ? ? ? present, he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.
A. were ? ? ? ? ? ?B. had been
C. should be ? ? ? ?D. was
7. (2014·天津) ? ? ? the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.
A. Did he catch ? ? B. should be catch
C. has he caught ? ?D. Had he caught
8. (2014·浙江)They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation, or they ? ? ? to our help.
A. would have come ?B. could come
C. have come ? ? ? ?D. had come
[參考答案]
1. D。句意為:Ellen是一個(gè)很棒的舞蹈演員。但愿我能和她跳得一樣好。I wish“但愿”后面接賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,和現(xiàn)在相反用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
2. D。句意為:如果我早知道日程安排,可能會(huì)省去我一些麻煩。主句是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,if虛擬條件句中含有had時(shí),可將if省去,同時(shí)將had提前構(gòu)成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
3. C。句意為:我們很幸運(yùn)地訂到了房間,否則的話,我們現(xiàn)在就會(huì)無(wú)處可去了??疾榈氖莖r引導(dǎo)含蓄虛擬條件句,根據(jù)now可知,是對(duì)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行虛擬,因此用would+動(dòng)詞原形。
4. D。句意為:如果你沒(méi)有把地圖丟了,我們現(xiàn)在就會(huì)在賓館里了??疾榈氖莍f條件狀語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反時(shí),根據(jù)從句的did可知本句是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。
5. A。句意為:如果沒(méi)有現(xiàn)代的電信業(yè),要想得到世界各地的消息,我們就不得不等幾個(gè)星期??疾榈氖莍f條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示與現(xiàn)在相反,在if被省略的時(shí)候,要使用部分倒裝。
6. B。句意為:如果Mr. Dewey在場(chǎng),他就會(huì)向那里的人提供保證。考查的是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,因此從句中使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
7. D。句意為:如果他趕上了早班火車,他就不會(huì)開會(huì)遲到了。本題是一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反。當(dāng)條件句中的if省略的時(shí)候,要把had提前形成部分倒裝。
8. A。句意為:在我們進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)調(diào)查的這幾個(gè)月里,他們?cè)趪?guó)外,要不然,他們就會(huì)來(lái)幫助我們的。本句是一個(gè)含蓄的虛擬條件句,因?yàn)榍懊婢渲惺褂玫氖莣ere,說(shuō)明這個(gè)虛擬語(yǔ)氣是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反。