艾媛 郭霞 陸曉茜 高舉
(四川大學(xué)華西第二醫(yī)院兒科,四川 成都 610041)
臨床論著
化療相關(guān)肝靜脈阻塞綜合征5例報(bào)道并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)*
艾媛 郭霞 陸曉茜 高舉△
(四川大學(xué)華西第二醫(yī)院兒科,四川 成都 610041)
目的:分析兒童腫瘤患者化療相關(guān)肝靜脈阻塞綜合征(Hepatic veno-occlusive disease,HVOD)的臨床特征和預(yù)后情況,提高臨床診治水平。方法:回顧性總結(jié)我院近3年診治的5例化療相關(guān)HVOD患兒的臨床特征及診治經(jīng)過(guò)。結(jié)果:基礎(chǔ)疾病包括急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病4例和腺泡型橫紋肌肉瘤1例。年齡2歲10月至14歲,男性1例,女性4例。ALL患者并發(fā)HVOD均發(fā)生于CAT鞏固化療階段,腺泡型橫紋肌肉瘤患兒HVOD于IVA方案后第5天起病。5例患兒臨床上均存在顯著肝臟腫大、腹水、體重增加、高膽紅素血癥和肝酶升高,符合Baltimore診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。血小板顯著降低和輸注無(wú)效為本組HVOD重要臨床特征。此外,患者存在嚴(yán)重骨髓抑制,胸部CT檢查證實(shí)2例患兒存在明確的肺部感染。腹部多普勒超聲波檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)2例患者門靜脈血流異常。經(jīng)積極對(duì)癥支持治療和前列腺素E1輸注,5例患兒均病情恢復(fù),無(wú)死亡病例。結(jié)論:HVOD為腫瘤患兒化療相關(guān)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,6-硫鳥嘌呤(6-TG)為化療相關(guān)HOVD常見(jiàn)化療藥物。注重識(shí)別HVOD臨床表現(xiàn),動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)肝功、出凝血和腹部超聲波檢查,依據(jù)病情嚴(yán)重程度盡早給予綜合性治療措施,有助于避免病情進(jìn)展,降低死亡率。
肝靜脈阻塞綜合征;化療;臨床特征;兒童
肝靜脈阻塞綜合征(Hepatic veno-occlusive disease,HVOD),現(xiàn)一般命名為“肝靜脈竇阻塞綜合征”(Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome,SOS),以黃疸(高膽紅素血癥)、肝臟腫大和體重增加為主要臨床表現(xiàn),多見(jiàn)于造血干細(xì)胞移植預(yù)處理、血液和實(shí)體腫瘤化療后[1-5],嚴(yán)重時(shí)可危及患者生命。目前國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)兒童血液腫瘤患者化療后并發(fā)HVOD的臨床報(bào)道較少。本文回顧性分析我院近年診斷的5例HVOD病例的臨床資料,總結(jié)臨床特征和預(yù)后情況,以期早期識(shí)別HVOD的危險(xiǎn)因素、提高兒童腫瘤患者HVOD臨床診治水平。
1.1 臨床資料
1.1.1 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
采用1987年制定的Baltimore標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1-5]:總膽紅素34 μmol·L-1,并具有下述3項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中任意2項(xiàng):⑴. 肝臟腫大(可伴肝區(qū)疼痛);⑵. 腹水;⑶. 體重增加5%
1.1.2 臨床資料
5例HOVD患兒的一般臨床資料和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查情況見(jiàn)表1。
1.2 診治經(jīng)過(guò)
本組5例患者于化療開(kāi)始后13天(4例ALL)和5天(腺泡型橫紋肌肉瘤)出現(xiàn)顯著血小板減少,同時(shí)出現(xiàn)明顯腹脹、肝臟進(jìn)行性長(zhǎng)大及肝區(qū)疼痛和腹水,腹圍和體重增加。實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查顯示存在不同程度黃疸、肝酶升高,3例患兒發(fā)生鼻衄和黑便等出血表現(xiàn)。5例患兒PT、APTT均延長(zhǎng),DDI和FDF水平升高,表明存在DIC。腹部超聲波檢查顯示5例患者均存在肝臟腫大和腹水,4例患兒尚存在不同程度胸腔積液。病例1和3彩色多普勒超聲檢查明確發(fā)現(xiàn)門靜脈血液返流和血流頻譜異常。根據(jù)Baltimore標(biāo)準(zhǔn),本組5例患兒均診斷為化療后并發(fā)HVOD。此外,5例患兒均存在化療相關(guān)性中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏,并有發(fā)熱,胸部CT檢查證實(shí)病例2和3存在明確的肺部感染。5例患兒均根據(jù)病情給予抗感染、利尿、還原性谷胱甘肽輸注和口服熊去氧膽酸等措施,并輸注紅細(xì)胞懸液、輻照機(jī)采血小板和新鮮冰凍血漿。病例2~5尚給予前列腺素E1輸注。
表1 5例HVOD患兒臨床資料
注:ALL(SR,HR):急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病(標(biāo)危組,高危組);RMS:橫紋肌肉瘤;CTX:環(huán)磷酰胺,6-TG:硫鳥嘌呤,Ara-c:阿糖胞苷,VCR:長(zhǎng)春新堿,IFO:異環(huán)磷酰胺,Act:放線菌素D。
經(jīng)上述治療10~16天后,5例HVOD患兒均黃疸消退,血清膽紅素水平恢復(fù)正常,其他實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)完全或部分恢復(fù)正常,無(wú)死亡病例。
HOVD為造血干細(xì)胞移植和腫瘤患者化療后的一種并發(fā)癥,以黃疸、肝臟腫大、肝功能損害和液體潴留為顯著臨床特征,嚴(yán)重情況下可導(dǎo)致腎功損害、腦病和多器官功能衰竭。HVOD最常發(fā)生于造血干細(xì)胞移植術(shù)后,發(fā)生率各家報(bào)道差異很大(5%~60%)[6]。Coppell JA等統(tǒng)計(jì)了1979~2007年國(guó)際上造血干細(xì)胞移植患者HVOD發(fā)病情況的135篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,結(jié)果顯示平均發(fā)病率13.7%(共計(jì)24920例移植病例中發(fā)生HVOD3425例),重度HVOD病死率高達(dá)84.3%[6]。臨床上采用的Baltimore標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或Seattle修訂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)最初都是針對(duì)造血干細(xì)胞移植患者制定的,規(guī)定于移植后21天或20天內(nèi)出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的臨床表現(xiàn)[1-3]。放療和化療患者也可發(fā)生HVOD。目前研究表明,無(wú)論造血干細(xì)胞移植或化療相關(guān)性HVOD,其關(guān)鍵發(fā)病機(jī)制在于藥物、毒素等損傷肝靜脈竇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,最終導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞腫脹、靜脈竇擴(kuò)張淤血,以及Kuffer細(xì)胞和星形細(xì)胞聚集、纖維蛋白原沉積和紅細(xì)胞外滲等病理改變,肝臟微循環(huán)障礙,因此目前推薦命名為SOS[4-5]。
總體上,化療相關(guān)HVOD較造血干細(xì)胞移植相關(guān)HVOD病情輕,總體預(yù)后較好,兩者的危險(xiǎn)因素也有所不同。移植前肝功能損害、乙型和丙型肝炎病毒感染、肝硬化、包含環(huán)磷酰胺或白消安的預(yù)處理以及全身照射為發(fā)生造血干細(xì)胞移植相關(guān)HVOD的危險(xiǎn)因素[4,7]。多種化療藥物與HVOD發(fā)生有關(guān),包括環(huán)磷酰胺、異環(huán)磷酰胺、更生霉素、巰基嘌呤、硫鳥嘌呤等[2,5]。6-巰基嘌呤(6-mercaptopurine, 6-MP)和6-硫鳥嘌呤(6-thioguanine, 6-TG)為兒童急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病(Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL)鞏固和維持化療重要藥物組成,通過(guò)抑制嘌呤代謝而發(fā)揮顯著細(xì)胞毒效應(yīng)[8]。美國(guó)兒童腫瘤協(xié)作組(Children cancer group,CCG)CCG-1952臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,維持化療期間接受6-MP(1010例)和6-TG(1017例)的兩組兒童ALL的總生存率并無(wú)顯著性差異,但6-TG維持化療組HVOD和嚴(yán)重血小板減少發(fā)生率高達(dá)25%,因而該臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)束前就將6-TG全部更換為6-MP[9]。本研究尚發(fā)現(xiàn)6-TG維持化療組嚴(yán)重血小板減少發(fā)生率也顯著高于6-MP,部分病例晚期發(fā)生門靜脈高壓[10]。德國(guó)COALL-92臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果也表明,ALL患兒6-TG維持化療期間血小板減少發(fā)生率為6-MP化療組的7.5倍[11]。2007年國(guó)內(nèi)6-MP曾停產(chǎn)較長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間,多采用6-TG替代6-MP。蘇州大學(xué)附屬兒童醫(yī)院曹嵐等報(bào)道了4例ALL患兒CAT(環(huán)磷酰胺+阿糖胞苷+6-硫鳥嘌呤)方案維持化療后發(fā)生HOVD[12],本文4例ALL并發(fā)HVOD也均發(fā)生于CAT方案鞏固化療期間。
CCG-1952臨床試驗(yàn)顯示,6-TG維持化療兒童ALL病例組嚴(yán)重血小板減少發(fā)生率約5%[9]。本組4例ALL患兒6-TG維持化療后持續(xù)性血小板減少,反復(fù)血小板輸注難以有效提升血小板水平,這與6-TG導(dǎo)致肝靜脈竇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷、微循環(huán)DIC和血小板消耗密切相關(guān),為臨床上診斷HVOD的重要線索,應(yīng)積極完善DIC方面的相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,盡可能排除血小板減少和血小板輸注無(wú)效的其他原因。
目前國(guó)際上有兩個(gè)HVOD診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即Baltimore標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和Seattle修訂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1-5]。Baltimore標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更嚴(yán)格,符合該診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的病例病情一般更重。美國(guó)CCG對(duì)1996~2000年期間206例ALL患兒化療相關(guān)HOVD的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示,肝臟腫大、腹水、右上腹疼痛和體重明顯增加的發(fā)生率分別為91%、42%、41%和13%[9]。本文5例HVOD符合這一診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),均存在肝臟長(zhǎng)大、肝區(qū)疼痛、腹水和體重增加。但臨床表現(xiàn)并無(wú)特異性,應(yīng)排除急性移植物抗宿主病(graft-versus-host disease,GVHD)、嚴(yán)重感染所致膽汁淤積、心力衰竭和腫瘤器官浸潤(rùn)等[2]。
實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查為HVOD重要診斷條件。高膽紅素血癥為HVOD必要診斷條件,絕大部分病例伴有肝酶升高,兩者反映存在肝臟的組織病理學(xué)損傷。最近國(guó)外學(xué)者提出根據(jù)總膽紅素水平、肝酶水平和體重增加程度劃分HVOD病情[1,13]。國(guó)外研究顯示,腹部多普勒彩色超聲檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)門靜脈血流減緩、雙向血流或反向血流有助于HVOD診斷和預(yù)后評(píng)估[2]。CCG報(bào)道的合并HVOD的206例ALL患兒中168例Doppler超聲檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)腹水,其中11例存在門靜脈反向血流,而本文5例中2例發(fā)現(xiàn)門靜脈血流異常,提示無(wú)創(chuàng)性Doppler超聲檢查在HVOD診斷方面可能具有重要價(jià)值。
HVOD處理主要依據(jù)臨床嚴(yán)重程度給予對(duì)癥支持治療,包括限制液體攝入和利尿等措施。目前臨床上使用的抗凝及促纖溶藥物包括重組組織纖溶酶原激活物、低分子肝素,但存在出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎使用。前列腺素E1在預(yù)防HVOD方面具有重要作用[1-5]。本文4例患兒給予了前列腺素E1,臨床上均未出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重難以控制的出血。去纖苷(defribrotide)為預(yù)防和治療HVOD很有前途的藥物[14-17],國(guó)外臨床研究顯示療效確切肯定,但國(guó)內(nèi)尚無(wú)藥物供應(yīng),而且價(jià)格昂貴,筆者尚無(wú)臨床使用經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
總之,HVOD為腫瘤患者化療后一種嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)高度重視與HVOD發(fā)生密切相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素,密切觀察臨床表現(xiàn),動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)肝功和出凝血方面的實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,力爭(zhēng)早期明確診斷、及時(shí)處理。
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Clinical analysis of five cases of chemotherapy-associated hepatic veno-occlusive disease in children and literature review*
Ai Yuan, Guo Xia, Lu Xiao-xi, Gao Ju△
(Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, West China Second Hospital,Sichuan University, Sichuan Chengdu 610041)
Objective:To review the clinical features of chemotherapy-associated hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD), in order to improve the clinical diagnosis and management of HVOD. Methods: The clinical data of 5 children with chemotherapy-associated HVOD diagnosed in our hospital from September 2013 to January 2015 was analyzed retrospectively. Results: Patients enrolled in this study included 4 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 1 child with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (aRMS), including 4 girls and 1 boy, aged from 2 year and 10 months to 14 years. HVOD occurred during CAT (cyclophosphamide+cytosine arabinoside +6-thioguanine) consolidation chemotherapy in 4 children with ALL, and 5 days after IVA (Ifosfamide+Vincristine+Actinomycin ) induction therapy in the patient with aRMS. Clinically, the 5 cases complicated with chemotherapy-associated HVOD were all characterized by hepatomegaly with right upper quadrant pain, ascites, weight gain, hyperbilirubinemia and elevated liver enzymes, consistent with the Baltimore diagnostic criteria of HVOD. In addition, the patients presented with profound thrombocytopenia at the onset of HVOD, which were refractory to repeated platelet transfusions. Myosuppression was also quite severe and pneumonia was documented by chest CT scanning in 2 cases. Of note, abnormal or reverted blood flows in the portal veins were disclosed by abdominal Doppler ultrasonography. With patient-tailored symptomatic and supportive therapeutic measures, including prostaglandin E1, all 5 patients recovered. Conclusion: HVOD is sometimes complicated during chemotherapy, and 6-TG is associated with an increased risk of HOVD. Close observation of common clinical manifestation of HOVD, dynamic laboratory investigations of liver function and coagulation, and imaging studies are important in the early diagnosis and prompt management of HVOD, which aids in preventing disease progression and mortality.
Hepatic veno-occlusive disease; Chemotherapy; Clinical features
四川省應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):2015JY0044)
艾媛,女,住院醫(yī)師,主要從事兒童血液及腫瘤性疾病研究,Email:33310251@qq.com。
△通訊作者:高舉,男,教授,主要從事兒童血液及腫瘤性疾病研究,Email:gaoju651220@126.com。
2015-6-6)