李愛榮,李凈紅,張金功,宋立軍
(1.西安石油大學(xué) 地球科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,西安 710065; 2.西北大學(xué) 大陸動力學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/地質(zhì)學(xué)系,西安 710069; 3.武漢工程科技學(xué)院 地質(zhì)科學(xué)與工程學(xué)部,武漢 430200)
建南氣田志留系天然氣地球化學(xué)特征及氣源探討
李愛榮1,2,李凈紅3,張金功2,宋立軍1
(1.西安石油大學(xué) 地球科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,西安 710065; 2.西北大學(xué) 大陸動力學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/地質(zhì)學(xué)系,西安 710069; 3.武漢工程科技學(xué)院 地質(zhì)科學(xué)與工程學(xué)部,武漢 430200)
根據(jù)建南氣田及鄰區(qū)的天然氣組分、烷烴碳同位素等資料,結(jié)合區(qū)域烴源巖研究資料,研究了該區(qū)志留系天然氣的地球化學(xué)特征及其氣源特征。結(jié)果表明,建南氣田志留系天然氣為干氣,非烴氣體總含量低且無H2S氣體;烷烴氣碳同位素均小于-40‰,屬于油型氣成因,其母源為腐泥型干酪根。ln(C1/C2)-ln(C2/C3)相關(guān)性表明現(xiàn)今的志留系氣藏以原油二次裂解貢獻(xiàn)為主。結(jié)合該氣藏地質(zhì)特征綜合分析認(rèn)為,建南氣田志留系天然氣來源于志留系龍馬溪組碳質(zhì)頁巖,烷烴氣碳同位素局部倒轉(zhuǎn)為同源不同期的天然氣混合所致,即晚期原油裂解氣與早期干酪根降解氣混合。中上揚(yáng)子區(qū)廣泛分布且已成熟的志留系龍馬溪組頁巖預(yù)示志留系和石炭系的天然氣勘探前景良好。
天然氣;地球化學(xué)特征;氣源;志留系;建南氣田;川東地區(qū)
建南氣田位于川東褶皺帶東緣的石柱復(fù)向斜中部(圖1)。經(jīng)過長期勘探,縱向上已發(fā)現(xiàn)6個(gè)工業(yè)氣層,(嘉陵江組、飛仙關(guān)組、長興組、黃龍組、韓家店組及龍馬溪組)。2006年,建南氣田中國石化海相重點(diǎn)探井——Js1井于志留系韓家店組及小河壩組獲得工業(yè)氣流,韓家店組砂巖天然氣流達(dá)5.13×104m3/d[1-2]。Js1井是中國南方志留系第一口投入正規(guī)開發(fā)的致密砂巖氣井[3],表明鄂西渝東區(qū)志留系天然氣勘探具有良好的潛力,標(biāo)志著建南氣田下古生界良好的天然氣資源前景。
鄂西渝東區(qū)古生界發(fā)育多套烴源巖(震旦系陡山沱組、寒武系牛蹄塘組、奧陶系五峰組、龍馬溪組頁巖、二疊系生屑灰?guī)r、泥灰?guī)r、煤系),且都達(dá)到了高成熟、高—過成熟,都具備良好的供氣潛力[4-9]。天然氣的氣源類型、成熟度、成因類型及運(yùn)移過程導(dǎo)致天然氣組分、碳?xì)渫凰匕l(fā)生分餾,決定了現(xiàn)今天然氣的地球化學(xué)面貌。目前,對中上揚(yáng)子區(qū)志留系天然氣地球化學(xué)特征及氣源研究報(bào)道甚少。因此,根據(jù)目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)的Js1井志留系天然氣地球化學(xué)資料,結(jié)合前人已發(fā)表的川東及建南地區(qū)天然氣地球化學(xué)數(shù)據(jù),系統(tǒng)分析志留系天然氣地球化學(xué)特征,探討其氣源及成因類型,對中、上揚(yáng)子區(qū)志留系及上覆含氣層的天然氣勘探具有重要意義。
圖1 川東地區(qū)建南氣田大地構(gòu)造位置及構(gòu)造分區(qū)
1.1 烴類氣體組分
Js1井韓家店組(S2hj)天然氣以甲烷為主,甲烷含量在93.87%~95.13%,重?zé)N氣(C2-5)含量極少;C1/C1-5在0.979 1~0.982 2,C1/C2+3為0.473 3~0.555 4,為明顯的干氣;龍馬溪組(S1l)甲烷含量在38.59%~43.23%,含量相對較低,C1/C1-5在0.97左右,C1/C2+3為0.299 1~0.337 7,也為干氣(表1)。干燥系數(shù)C1/C1-5和C1/C2+3能較好地反映天然氣的成熟度和運(yùn)移效應(yīng)。隨著埋藏深度的增加,Js1井志留系天然氣的干燥系數(shù)逐漸降低(表1),C1/C1-5由0.982 2降至0.967 4,C1/C2+3則由0.555 4降至0.299 1,反映了垂向運(yùn)移的特點(diǎn)。
1.2 非烴氣體組分
非烴氣體含量低,包括CO2、N2、H2S。韓家店組天然氣中CO2含量極低,在0.06%~0.45%;N2含量為2.37%~4.58%,屬低氮?dú)獠亍}堮R溪組天然氣因被污染,導(dǎo)致非烴氣體中氮?dú)夂窟^高。龍馬溪組和韓家店組的天然氣組分特征參數(shù)都相近,表明兩者是同源,且兩者緊鄰,氮?dú)夂恳话悴粫霈F(xiàn)如此大差距。因此,龍馬溪組天然氣藏中非烴氣體應(yīng)與韓家店組相似,屬于低氮?dú)獠氐姆懂牎?/p>
表1 川東地區(qū)建南氣田Js1井志留系天然氣組分對比
志留系韓家店組氣藏的δ13C1數(shù)值為-40.2‰,其值很低,一般甲烷δ13C1在-55‰~-30‰,都屬于油型氣的范圍(圖2)。該層天然氣烷烴碳同位素存在倒轉(zhuǎn)現(xiàn)象,烷烴氣δ13C值連線束呈“M”型,具有δ13C1>δ13C2<δ13C3>δ13iC4<δ13nC4的多碳倒轉(zhuǎn)特征,但其值很輕,應(yīng)與早期伴生氣和晚期原油裂解氣混合密切相關(guān)。
3.1 天然氣有機(jī)相類型
天然氣的甲烷碳同位素通常受到源巖母質(zhì)類型和成熟度的雙重影響,以致中國的煤型氣(腐殖型氣)與油型氣(腐泥型氣)的δ13C1分布區(qū)間有重疊,難以用來區(qū)分腐殖型與腐泥型氣。乙烷等重?zé)N氣的碳同位素則要穩(wěn)定得多,主要反映成氣母質(zhì)類型。根據(jù)總結(jié)我國塔里木盆地、四川盆地及中揚(yáng)子區(qū)的海相天然氣地球化學(xué)特征[10-26],首先采用烷烴氣同位素系列區(qū)分有機(jī)成因(正系列:δ13C1<δ13C2<δ13C3<δ13C4)和無機(jī)成因(負(fù)系列:δ13C1>δ13C2>δ13C3>δ13C4),然后按δ13C2大于或小于-28‰劃分為腐殖型氣或腐泥型氣。
從表2中可以看出,Js1井中志留統(tǒng)韓家店組天然氣干燥系數(shù)C1/C1-5≥98%,δ13C1值均小于-30‰,烷烴氣系列不屬于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的負(fù)碳同位素系列,與其共生的CO2氣體的碳同位素小于-10‰,即有機(jī)成因。烷烴氣碳同位素中δ13C2值小于-28‰,具典型油型氣特征。
圖2 川東地區(qū)建南氣田Js1井 志留系韓家店組天然氣烷烴碳同位素分布
表2 川東地區(qū)建南氣田Js1井 及鄰區(qū)志留系天然氣碳同位素?cái)?shù)據(jù)
Table 2 Carbon isotopes of Silurian natural gas from well Js1 and adjacent areas, eastern Sichuan Basin ‰
井號層位δ13C1δ13C2δ13C3δ13C4δ13CO2Js1井長芯1井S2hj-40.2-44.6-42.4-43.7-14.7S2hj-40.2-44.9-42.1-43.0-12.2S1l-40.2S1l-50.3
注:長芯1井?dāng)?shù)據(jù)源自王社教[27]。
根據(jù)δ13C2-δ13C1與δ13C2兩項(xiàng)指標(biāo)可以很好的劃分有機(jī)氣的成因類型。將建南氣田與鄰區(qū)(川東北、川西北、威遠(yuǎn))的天然氣碳同位素測試結(jié)果投到δ13C2與Δ(δ13C2-δ13C1)相關(guān)圖上,Js1井志留系落在油型氣區(qū)(圖3)。
3.2 天然氣有機(jī)成因類型
國內(nèi)外學(xué)者[14,21-22,28-33]常用Behar的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P蛥^(qū)分干酪根降解氣和原油二次裂解氣。本研究中,Js1井韓家店組中天然氣的ln(C1/C2)值變化范圍小,為3.82~4.18;而ln C2/C3值明顯增大,為1.62~2.05,具原油裂解氣特征(圖4)。建南氣田石炭系天然氣變化與志留系相似,但ln(C1/C2)值變化范圍較寬,可能為干酪根降解氣和原油二次裂解氣混合導(dǎo)致。該氣區(qū)二疊—三疊系天然氣的ln(C1/C2)-ln(C2/C3)相關(guān)性較差,且干酪根降解氣的貢獻(xiàn)較大。
上述綜合分析表明,韓家店組和龍馬溪組天然氣組分、干燥系數(shù)及甲烷碳同位素都十分相似,具有同源的特征。根據(jù)前人對中上揚(yáng)子古生界烴源巖研究成果分析,中上揚(yáng)子區(qū)下震旦統(tǒng)陡山沱組頁巖、寒武系牛蹄塘組(水井沱組)頁巖及上奧陶統(tǒng)五峰組—下志留統(tǒng)龍馬溪頁巖組屬于腐泥型,后兩者屬于區(qū)域性烴源巖,也是區(qū)域性蓋層。建南氣田所處的鄂西渝東區(qū)志留系烴源巖十分發(fā)育,為Ⅰ型干酪根,且都達(dá)到高—過成熟階段,具有良好的供烴條件[1-2,33-34]。Js1井志留系氣藏具有超壓特征,氣藏底部為五峰組—龍馬溪組厚層頁巖,頂部為韓家店組厚層泥巖,封閉性好,志留系下伏天然氣和上覆部分煤系天然氣充注難以實(shí)現(xiàn)。因此,志留系天然氣為自生自儲自蓋型,與前人[35-37]研究認(rèn)為的超壓流體封存箱成藏模式相匹配。
圖3 川東地區(qū)建南氣田及川東氣區(qū)不同層位 天然氣同位素δ13C2與Δ(δ13C2-δ13C1)相關(guān)圖
圖4 川東地區(qū)建南氣田及川東不同層位 天然氣的ln(C1/C2)-ln(C2/C3)相關(guān)圖
烷烴存在多項(xiàng)性碳同位素倒轉(zhuǎn),常受多因素復(fù)雜條件的影響。不同地質(zhì)環(huán)境中同位素倒轉(zhuǎn)的原因也是不同,導(dǎo)致同位素倒轉(zhuǎn)的因素一般以某1個(gè)或某2個(gè)因素主導(dǎo)。戴金星對天然氣碳同位素倒轉(zhuǎn)研究認(rèn)為有多種因素[38]:(1)有機(jī)烷烴氣和無機(jī)烷烴氣相混合;(2)煤成氣和油型氣的混合;(3)同型不同源氣或同源不同期氣的混合;(4)天然氣的某一或某些組分被細(xì)菌氧化;(5)地溫增高;(6)后生δ13C擴(kuò)散速率或地層水對烷烴氣溶解等因素引起分餾。
地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)分析表明,建南氣區(qū)深部斷裂并不發(fā)育,無機(jī)氣的混入可能性不大。氣藏地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)排除了上部煤成氣混入的可能性。同時(shí),近4 km的超壓氣藏中細(xì)菌氧化的可能性較小。
根據(jù)烷烴氣同位素特征參數(shù)ln(C1/C2)-ln (C2/C3)相關(guān)性分析,Js1井志留系天然氣以原油裂解氣為主。而烷烴氣同位素中δ13C1>δ13C2部分倒轉(zhuǎn)且δ13C2特別輕,該現(xiàn)象主要是受同源不同期氣混合所致。志留系龍馬溪組優(yōu)質(zhì)烴源巖在生油階段會產(chǎn)生大量的濕氣,而重?zé)N氣中乙烷含量最高且同位素較輕。另外,早期原油后生過程產(chǎn)生裂解氣也比干酪根晚期裂解氣要輕。
從已發(fā)表的關(guān)于建南氣田及川東地區(qū)石炭系天然氣地球化學(xué)資料來看,中上揚(yáng)子石炭系天然氣地球化學(xué)特征(CH4含量為93.47%,N2含量為4.12%,CO2含量為0.79%,C1/C1+為98.31,δ13C1為-35.0‰~-37.9‰,δ13C2為32.76‰~-41.44‰)[19,27,39]與志留系天然氣相似度甚高,都具有原油裂解氣特征(圖4)。戴金星曾指出,四川盆地黃龍組天然氣來自志留系,同位素倒轉(zhuǎn)為早期伴生氣與晚期裂解氣混合造成的[39]。中上揚(yáng)子區(qū)石炭系天然氣來源于志留系也指示志留系天然氣同位素倒轉(zhuǎn)可能也受到后生δ13C擴(kuò)散速率或地層水對烷烴氣溶解等因素引起分餾影響。另外,地球化學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)證實(shí)建南氣田石炭系天然氣原始母源為志留系烴源巖,與早期從地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)方面得到的認(rèn)識一致,中揚(yáng)子鄂西渝東區(qū)志留系烴源巖廣泛分布且生烴潛力大,石炭系天然氣的勘探潛力甚好。
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(編輯 黃 娟)
Geochemical characteristics and origin of natural gas from the Silurian in Jiannan gas field
Li Airong1,2, Li Jinghong3, Zhang Jingong2, Song Lijun1
(1.SchoolofEarthScienceandEngineering,Xi’anShiyouUniversity,Xi’an,Shaanxi710065,China;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofContinentalDynamics/DepartmentofGeology,NorthwestUniversity,Xi’an,Shaanxi710069,China;3.GeologyScienceandEngineeringDepartment,WuhanUniversityofEngineeringScience,Wuhan,Hubei430200,China)
The geochemical characteristics and origin of the gas are studied according to gas composition and carbon isotope data from the Jiannan and adjacent areas and combined with regional hydrocarbon source rock data. Results show that the Silurian natural gas in the Jiannan gas field is dry. The content of non-hydrocarbon gas is low, and no H2S exists. The carbon isotopes ofn-alkanes are lower than -40‰, indicating a petroliferous gas origin from sapropel kerogens. The correlation between ln(C1/C2) and ln(C2/C3) shows that the present day Silurian gas mainly comes from the secondary cracking of crude oil. The analyses of geologic features indicate that the Silurian gas in the Jiannan gas field source from the carbonate shale in the Longmaxi Formation. The local reversal of alkane carbon isotopes can be explained by the mixing of late stage crude oil cracking gas and early stage kerogen degradation gas. The Longmaxi shale is mature and widespread in the middle and upper Yangtze region, indicating it is a good prospect for natural gas exploration in Silurian and Carboniferous.
natural gas; geochemical characteristics; gas source; Silurian; Jiannan gas field; eastern Sichuan Basin
1001-6112(2015)04-0500-06
10.11781/sysydz201504500
2014-09-04;
2015-05-20。
李愛榮(1976—),女,博士,講師,從事油藏描述、油氣田地質(zhì)與開發(fā)的教學(xué)與研究工作。E-mail:lar9503@163.com。
李凈紅(1985—),男,碩士,講師,從事油氣成藏地球化學(xué)研究。E-mail:oil-and-gas@sohu.com。
國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41072096)資助。
TE122.1
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