陳顯兵,朱旻玥,覃芙蓉,唐尚權(quán),王鳳杰,龍波霖,袁德培
頭頂一顆珠提取液對大鼠脊髓損傷后CNTF及CNTFRα表達(dá)的影響
陳顯兵,朱旻玥,覃芙蓉,唐尚權(quán),王鳳杰,龍波霖,袁德培
目的觀察百合科延齡草屬植物頭頂一顆珠干燥根莖提取液對大鼠急性脊髓損傷模型睫狀神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(CNTF)及其受體(CNTFRα)表達(dá)的影響。方法健康成年Wistar大鼠45只,隨機(jī)分為對照組、模型組及實(shí)驗(yàn)組(n=15),模型組及實(shí)驗(yàn)組參照Allen's法建立脊髓損傷模型,對照組不損傷脊髓。實(shí)驗(yàn)組于術(shù)前2周開始給予頭頂一顆珠提取液灌胃,模型組和對照組給予同劑量蒸餾水灌胃。分別于傷后1d、7d,14d處死動物,取脊髓組織行HE染色觀察組織病理學(xué)改變,Nissl染色觀察Nissl小體的變化,并通過免疫組化染色、Western-blotting及RT-PCR檢測觀察CNTF、CNTFRα mRNA及蛋白的表達(dá)情況。結(jié)果HE染色顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)組脊髓結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰,神經(jīng)細(xì)胞水腫、壞死較模型組減輕;Nissl染色見模型組和實(shí)驗(yàn)組損傷后各時(shí)相點(diǎn)脊髓前角運(yùn)動神經(jīng)元尼氏小體減少或消失,實(shí)驗(yàn)組尼氏小體減少程度較模型組明顯減輕;免疫組化染色顯示各組脊髓均有CNTF、CNTFRα蛋白表達(dá)。RT-PCR檢測顯示傷后7、14d模型組及實(shí)驗(yàn)組脊髓組織中CNTF、CNTFRα mRNA表達(dá)水平均明顯高于對照組,且實(shí)驗(yàn)組明顯高于模型組。Western blotting檢測顯示模型組傷后14d及實(shí)驗(yàn)組傷后7、14d脊髓組織中CNTF、CNTFRα蛋白表達(dá)水平明顯高于對照組,且實(shí)驗(yàn)組傷后14d的表達(dá)水平均明顯高于模型組。結(jié)論頭頂一顆珠能上調(diào)脊髓組織中CNTF、CNTFRα的表達(dá),對脊髓損傷有一定的保護(hù)作用。
脊髓損傷;睫狀神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子;延齡草
脊髓損傷(spinal cord injury,SCI)后各種機(jī)制引起的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞壞死和凋亡在其病程進(jìn)展過程中起重要作用。由于脊髓再生能力有限,減少脊髓通路的破壞、抑制神經(jīng)元及膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞凋亡是提高脊髓損傷治療效果的關(guān)鍵[1-2]。睫狀神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(ciliary neurotrophic factor,CNTF)在中樞及周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中廣泛存在,在神經(jīng)受到損傷后與其受體CNTFRα特異性結(jié)合,對損傷后神經(jīng)的再生具有重要作用[3]。頭頂一顆珠(Trillium tschonoskiiMaxim)系百合科延齡草屬植物延齡草的干燥根莖(俗稱地珠),作為土家族地區(qū)的珍稀藥材,被土家族人奉為“神藥”,主要含有甾體皂甙、黃酮苷及倍半萜苷等有效成分[4],具有抗癌、抗炎、鎮(zhèn)痛、提高免疫力、改善心功能和降壓、抗衰老等功效[5-6]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)M重物打擊法建立脊髓損傷大鼠模型,觀察脊髓損傷后CNTF及其受體的表達(dá)變化及頭頂一顆珠提取液的影響,為頭頂一顆珠的開發(fā)利用提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
1.1 主要試劑和儀器 藥材頭頂一顆珠于2013年9月采自巴東及神農(nóng)架林區(qū),經(jīng)湖北民族學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)院中藥實(shí)驗(yàn)室鑒定為延齡草,藥材經(jīng)60℃恒溫烘箱干燥后粉碎,用75%乙醇浸泡數(shù)小時(shí)后回流提取,將提取液濾過并減壓濃縮、干燥,得到延齡草總提取物。加適量去離子水至總提取物全部溶解,采用水飽和的正丁醇萃取,減壓濃縮干燥,得到萃取物。以延齡草對照品制作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線,紫外可見光光度測定藥品總皂苷含量為14.72mg/g藥材。兔抗大鼠CNTF及CNTFRα抗體購自美國Santa Cruz公司,免疫組織化學(xué)試劑盒為武漢博士德產(chǎn)品,RT-PCR試劑盒為上海生物工程公司產(chǎn)品。德國Eppendorf公司Mastercycler pro PCR擴(kuò)增儀,Leica 1850冰凍切片機(jī),Leica 2245石蠟切片機(jī),美國Bio-Rad公司凝膠成像分析系統(tǒng)。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)分組 健康Wistar大鼠45只(由湖北省實(shí)驗(yàn)動物中心提供),體重185~255g,鼠齡4個(gè)月,隨機(jī)分為3組,每組15只。A組:對照組,常規(guī)喂養(yǎng),單純手術(shù),不打擊脊髓。B組:模型組,常規(guī)喂養(yǎng),手術(shù)并打擊脊髓。C組:頭頂一顆珠處理組,實(shí)驗(yàn)前2周開始給予濃度1g/L的頭頂一顆珠提取液2ml灌胃,每天3次(A組和B組給予同劑量蒸餾水灌胃)。A、B、C組又分為術(shù)后1d、7d和14d亞組,每個(gè)亞組5只大鼠。術(shù)后青霉素40萬U常規(guī)肌內(nèi)注射,1次/d,分籠飼養(yǎng)。
1.3 脊髓急性損傷模型的制備 實(shí)驗(yàn)動物以2%戊巴比妥鈉(40mg/kg)腹腔注射麻醉后,參照改良Allen重物打擊法[7]建立大鼠急性脊髓損傷模型。將動物俯臥位固定于手術(shù)臺,背部剪毛,切除T9-T11棘突及椎板,暴露硬脊膜,用5.0g銅制重物在玻璃棒引導(dǎo)下自5cm高度自由落下撞擊暴露區(qū),以觀察到鼠尾痙攣性擺動、雙下肢猛烈收縮為建模成功的標(biāo)志。逐層關(guān)閉切口,敷料覆蓋傷口并加以固定。
1.4 標(biāo)本取材 大鼠按實(shí)驗(yàn)亞組分組達(dá)到相應(yīng)時(shí)相點(diǎn)后再次麻醉,根據(jù)不同實(shí)驗(yàn)取材方法如下:①用于RT-PCR、Western blotting檢測的大鼠活殺后取T9-T11節(jié)段置于液氮中保存?zhèn)溆?;②用于常?guī)及免疫組化檢測的大鼠,先用生理鹽水200ml經(jīng)心臟行主動脈灌注,待流出液體變清,以4%中性多聚甲醛400ml灌注30min,獲取T9-T11節(jié)段,4%中性多聚甲醛保存。
1.5 HE及Nissl染色 石蠟標(biāo)本常規(guī)切片,片厚5μm,常規(guī)行HE染色;Nissl染色時(shí)將固定標(biāo)本放入30%蔗糖至標(biāo)本沉底,冰凍切片,片厚20μm,水洗后加入工作液15min,常規(guī)脫水封片。
1.6 CNTF、CNTFRα免疫組化染色 取每組大鼠脊髓,用免疫組織化學(xué)鏈霉卵白素復(fù)合物(streptavidin peroxidase,SP)法染色,片厚10μm,以PBS代替一抗作為陰性對照。每隔5張切片取1張,共5張,用HPIAS-1000高清晰度彩色病理圖文分析系統(tǒng)對脊髓前角運(yùn)動神經(jīng)元灰度值進(jìn)行測量分析。
1.7 脊髓總RNA的提取和RT-PCR測定 大鼠活殺后取T9-T11脊髓,采用Trizol試劑盒提取總RNA。引物由上海生物工程公司合成,序列如下:CNTF,正義5'-CTTTCGCAGAGCAAACACCTC-3',反義5'-ACTGTGAGAGCTCTTGAAGGAC-3',產(chǎn)物大小497bp;CNTFRα,正義5'-AGGAGGCACCCCATGT TCAG-3',反義5'-CATGTCACCTCCAGTCGACG-3',產(chǎn)物大小603bp;GAPDH,正義5'-ACCCCTTCATT GACCTCAACTA-3',反義5'-ATTGGGGGTAGGAAC ACGGAA-3',產(chǎn)物大小613bp。其中GAPDH為內(nèi)參照。采用RT-PCR試劑盒測定CNTF及CNTFRα mRNA的表達(dá),具體操作按說明書進(jìn)行。采用凝膠圖像分析儀對電泳條帶進(jìn)行分析,測定CNTF mRNA/GAPDH mRNA和CNTFRα mRNA/GAPDH mRNA吸光度(A)的比值。
1.8 脊髓蛋白的提取和Western blotting檢測 取大鼠脊髓組織,PBS(pH 7.2)清洗2次,棄去PBS,加入1ml RIPA裂解液,冰浴條件下進(jìn)行勻漿;4℃下10 000×g,離心10min,去除沉淀,留取上清。用BCA法進(jìn)行蛋白定量,取60μg蛋白加入上樣緩沖液,煮沸5min后進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE電泳,轉(zhuǎn)PVDF膜,用PBS配制的5%脫脂奶粉室溫封閉2h,加一抗羊抗鼠CNTF IgG(200μg/ml,1:200)或CNTFRα(200μg/ml,1:200)4℃孵育過夜,PBS洗膜3次,每次15min,再加入二抗(HRP標(biāo)記的羊抗兔IgG,1:7500)37℃孵育60min,PBS洗膜3次,每次10min,暗室加發(fā)光劑2min,壓片,顯影,定影,水洗,以GAPDH為內(nèi)參照,用分子生物學(xué)圖像分析系統(tǒng)測定各目的條帶A值。
1.9 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 16.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果以表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,進(jìn)一步兩兩比較采用SNK-q檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 脊髓組織學(xué)改變 HE染色結(jié)果顯示,對照組脊髓結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,神經(jīng)元無水腫變性;模型組脊髓組織可見炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤,神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞間隙增大,細(xì)胞突起減少或消失,神經(jīng)細(xì)胞水腫、壞死;頭頂一顆珠處理組脊髓結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰,神經(jīng)細(xì)胞水腫、壞死較模型組輕。Nissl染色光鏡觀察顯示,對照組神經(jīng)元尼氏小體著色呈虎斑狀,分布均勻,模型組和頭頂一顆珠處理組損傷后各時(shí)相點(diǎn)脊髓前角運(yùn)動神經(jīng)元尼氏小體減少或消失,頭頂一顆珠處理組尼氏小體減少程度較模型組明顯減輕(圖1)。
2.2 脊髓組織CNTF、CNTFRα免疫組化染色檢測結(jié)果 CNTF、CNTFRα免疫組化陽性染色均棕黃色顆粒,位于胞質(zhì)中。3組均有CNTF、CNTFRα表達(dá),模型組及頭頂一顆珠處理組傷后1、7、14d表達(dá)均增強(qiáng),且頭頂一顆珠處理組表達(dá)高于模型組(圖2)。
2.3 脊髓組織CNTF及CNTFRα mRNA表達(dá)水平RT-PCR檢測結(jié)果顯示,與對照組比較,模型組及頭頂一顆珠處理組脊髓中CNTF和CNTRFα mRNA表達(dá)水平隨傷后時(shí)間延長逐漸增強(qiáng),且頭頂一顆珠處理組表達(dá)水平高于模型組(表1,圖3)。
2.4 脊髓組織CNTF、CNTFRα蛋白表達(dá)水平Western blotting檢測結(jié)果顯示,模型組傷后14d時(shí)脊髓組織中CNTF、CNTFRα蛋白表達(dá)明顯高于對照組,頭頂一顆珠處理組傷后7d及14d時(shí)CNTF蛋白表達(dá)明顯高于對照組,傷后1、7、14d時(shí)CNTFRα蛋白表達(dá)明顯高于對照組,且傷后14d時(shí)CNTFR蛋白表達(dá)明顯高于模型組,傷后7d及14d時(shí)CNTFRα蛋白表達(dá)明顯高于模型組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,圖4,表2)。
圖1 各組脊髓運(yùn)動神經(jīng)元尼氏小體變化(Nissl ×100)Fig. 1 The Nissl body of spinal cord motor neurons (Nissl ×100)A. Group A, Nissl body of spinal cord motor neurons; B. Group B, Nissl body of spinal cord motor neurons reduced; C. Group C, compared with the model group, the change of spinal cord motor neurons was slight
圖2 各組脊髓運(yùn)動神經(jīng)元CNTF和CNTFRα的表達(dá)(SP ×200)Fig. 2 Expression of CNTF and CNTFRα on motor neuron of the spinal cord in rats (SP ×200)A. Group A, expression of CNTF; B. Group B, 7d post-injury, expression of CNTF; C. Group C, 7d post-injury, expression of CNTFα
表1 各組脊髓組織CNTF、CNTFRα mRNA的表達(dá)(±s,n=5)Tab. 1 Expression of CNTF and CNTFRα mRNA in the spinal cord in rats (±s,n=5)
表1 各組脊髓組織CNTF、CNTFRα mRNA的表達(dá)(±s,n=5)Tab. 1 Expression of CNTF and CNTFRα mRNA in the spinal cord in rats (±s,n=5)
(1)P<0.05 compared with group A; (2)P<0.05 compared with group B
Group CNTF mRNA CNTFRα mRNA 1d 7d 14d 1d 7d 14d A 0.15±0.02 0.14±0.03 0.15±0.03 0.25±0.02 0.24±0.03 0.27±0.01 B 0.14±0.05 0.27±0.03(1) 0.49±0.04(1) 0.34±0.05 0.40±0.04(1) 0.55±0.04(1)C 0.19±0.07 0.38±0.01(1)(2) 0.62±0.02(1)(2) 0.34±0.04 0.55±0.01(1)(2) 0.78±0.02(1)(2)
圖3 各組脊髓組織CNTF和CNTFRα mRNA表達(dá)檢測Fig. 3 Agarose gel electrophoresis of RT-PCR products of CNTF and CNTFRα mRNALane 1. Group C, 14d post-injury; Lane 2. Group C, 7d postinjury; Lane 3. Group C, 1d post-injury; Lane 4. Group B, 14d postinjury; Lane 5. Group B, 7d post-injury; Lane 6. Group B, 1d postinjury; Lane 7. Group A, 14d post-injury; Lane 8. Group A 7d postinjury;Lane 9. Group A 1d post-injury; M. Marker
圖4 各組脊髓組織CNTF、CNTFRα蛋白表達(dá)水平的Western blotting檢測結(jié)果Fig. 4 Protein expression of CNTF and CNTFRα in spinal cord of each group detected by Western blotting
表2 各組脊髓組織CNTF、CNTFRα蛋白表達(dá)(±s,n=5)Tab. 2 Protein expression of CNTF and CNTFRα in spinal cord of each group (±s,n=5)
表2 各組脊髓組織CNTF、CNTFRα蛋白表達(dá)(±s,n=5)Tab. 2 Protein expression of CNTF and CNTFRα in spinal cord of each group (±s,n=5)
(1)P<0.05 compared with group A; (2)P<0.05 compared with group B
Group CNTF 449±80 406±62 581±104(1) 445±72 320±55 525±58(1)C 491±76 581±68(1) 844±83(1)(2) 486±40(1) 592±66(1)(2) 903±38(1)(2)CNTFRα 1d 7d 14d 1d 7d 14d A 311±62 320±35 318±50 279±42 264±54 255±52 B
脊髓損傷是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷,目前其預(yù)防和治療是神經(jīng)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域研究的熱點(diǎn)。研究表明,脊髓損傷對機(jī)體的損害是由兩種機(jī)制引起的,即原發(fā)損傷和繼發(fā)損傷。原發(fā)損傷是指創(chuàng)傷本身對神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的損傷,主要包括神經(jīng)細(xì)胞壞死、軸索斷裂等;繼發(fā)損傷是在原發(fā)損傷后逐漸形成的,并伴隨一系列細(xì)胞內(nèi)代謝和基因的改變,包括水腫、炎癥反應(yīng)、局部缺血、興奮性氨基酸的釋放、脂質(zhì)過氧化、鈣離子超載等,最終導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡[8-9]。原發(fā)損傷是不可逆的,但通過早期積極、正確的醫(yī)療干預(yù)可預(yù)防和減輕繼發(fā)損傷。
CNTF是目前研究比較多的營養(yǎng)因子之一,它不僅對體內(nèi)外多種神經(jīng)元及神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的存活具有促進(jìn)作用,而且在促進(jìn)軸突再生、防止受損神經(jīng)元退變、維持運(yùn)動神經(jīng)元功能、誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元和膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化等方面也具有重要作用[10-12]。神經(jīng)元能否維持正常的生理功能與神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子密切相關(guān),研究證實(shí)新生大鼠神經(jīng)元在軸突切除后易發(fā)生變性、壞死,與神經(jīng)內(nèi)營養(yǎng)因子含量過低有關(guān),神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子的減少是誘發(fā)神經(jīng)元退變的原因[13-14]。本課題組前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在正常狀態(tài)下脊髓灰質(zhì)前角運(yùn)動神經(jīng)元中均有CNTF及CNTFRα表達(dá),不同年齡組的含量存在一定差異,幼年組表達(dá)最高,其后逐步下降,這可能與不同年齡段對神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子的需求不同有一定關(guān)系,同時(shí)還發(fā)現(xiàn)損傷后1d脊髓中CNTF及CNTFRα蛋白表達(dá)升高,損傷后7d、14d CNTF及CNTFRα蛋白和mRNA表達(dá)逐步升高,其后表達(dá)逐漸降低,推測在神經(jīng)損傷后神經(jīng)元及其周圍的細(xì)胞可分泌更多的CNTF和CNTFRα,以促進(jìn)神經(jīng)損傷的修復(fù)[15]。CNTF具有多種生物活性,可減輕神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的損傷,對損傷的神經(jīng)元特別是運(yùn)動神經(jīng)元具有保護(hù)作用。CNTF在中樞及周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中廣泛存在,其受體由CNTFRα、LIFR-β、gp130組成,其中CNTFRα是CNTF的特異性結(jié)合蛋白,在CNTF參與神經(jīng)損傷修復(fù)過程中具有重要作用。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),采用頭頂一顆珠提取液干預(yù)后,脊髓損傷后1d時(shí)CNTF和CNTFRα的表達(dá)與模型組比較沒有明顯區(qū)別,但隨著時(shí)間延長,傷后7d及14d時(shí)CNTF和CNTFRα的表達(dá)明顯高于模型組(P<0.05),表明頭頂一顆珠干預(yù)后脊髓組織中CNTF、CNTFRα蛋白及mRNA表達(dá)上調(diào),對脊髓損傷具有一定的保護(hù)作用,但其具體的機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步深入研究。
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Effect of extract ofTrillium tschonoskiiMaxim on ciliary neurotropic factor and its receptor α in rats suffering from spinal cord injury
CHEN Xian-bing1, ZHU Min-yue2, QIN Fu-rong2, TANG Shang-quan2, WANG Feng-jie1, LONG Bo-lin2, YUAN De-pei31Key Laboratory of Biologic Resource Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Enshi, Hubei 445000, China
2Medical College,3College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei 445000, China
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81260521), the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2014CFB613), and the Fund of the Key Laboratory of Biologic Resource Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province (PKLHB1513)
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect ofTrillium tschonoskiiMaxim extract on the expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and its receptor (CNTFRα) after spinal cord injury in rats.MethodsForty-five rats were equally and randomly divided into control group (group A), model group (group B) andTrillium tschonoskiiMaxim treated group (group C). Allen's weight drop method was used to reproduce acute spinal cord injury (SCI) model in rats of the group B and C. In group C, the rats were gavaged withTrillium tschonoskiiMaxim extract 2 weeks before the injury, while rats in group A and B were fed a same quantity of distilled water. 1, 7 or 14 days after injury, the rats were sacrificed to observe the structure of nerve cells after HE and Nissl staining, and the expression of CNTF and CNTFRα with immunohistochemical method, RT-PCR and Western blotting.ResultsHE staining showed that the structure of spinal cord in the the rats group C was more discernible, with milder edema and necrosis of nerve cells, as compared with that of group B. Nissl staining showed that Nissl bodies were decreased or disappeared in anterior horn motor neurons in both group B and C, but it was significantly less marked in group C than that in group B. Immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting and RT-PCR revealed that the protein and mRNA of CNTF and CNTFRα were positively expressed in rats of every group. The mRNA levels of CNTF and CNTFRα in group C were higher than those in group B.ConclusionsExtract ofTrillium tschonoskiiMaxim can up-regulate the expression of CNTF and CNTFRα, and plays a protective role against injury to spinal cord.
spinal cord injuries; ciliary neurotrophic factor;Trillium tschonoskii
R651.21
A
0577-7402(2015)08-0622-05
10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2015.08.04
2014-11-28;
2015-06-27)
(責(zé)任編輯:胡全兵)
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81260521);湖北省自然科學(xué)基金(2014CFB613);生物資源保護(hù)與利用湖北省重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室基金(PKLHB1513)
陳顯兵,醫(yī)學(xué)碩士,副教授。主要從事脊髓損傷與修復(fù)的研究
445000 湖北恩施 生物資源保護(hù)與利用湖北省重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(陳顯兵、王鳳杰);445000 湖北恩施 湖北民族學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)院(朱旻玥、覃芙蓉、唐尚權(quán)、龍波霖);445000 湖北恩施 湖北民族學(xué)院中醫(yī)藥學(xué)院(袁德培)