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高劑量伊馬替尼治療慢性髓細(xì)胞白血病慢性期療效與安全性的Meta分析

2015-07-25 05:01李浩付美蘭
中國全科醫(yī)學(xué) 2015年17期
關(guān)鍵詞:異質(zhì)性劑量文獻(xiàn)

李浩,付美蘭

慢性髓細(xì)胞白血病 (CML)是起源于造血干細(xì)胞的惡性增殖性疾病,主要由9號染色體與22號染色體發(fā)生易位t(9;22)(q34;q11),其產(chǎn)生的BCR-ABL融合基因編碼生成具有酪氨酸酶活性的癌蛋白,該蛋白是CML發(fā)病和疾病進(jìn)展的主要分子基礎(chǔ)[1-2]。伊馬替尼 (IM)經(jīng)過各期臨床試驗(yàn),被美國食品和藥品管理局 (FDA)批準(zhǔn)作為CML一線治療藥物[3-4],其推薦應(yīng)用劑量為400 mg/d[5-7],顯示出卓越的臨床療效[8-9]。目前,IM的最佳劑量仍有爭議,應(yīng)用多大的劑量可以拮抗藥物與靶細(xì)胞結(jié)合的限制機(jī)制,并對BCR-ABL激酶結(jié)構(gòu)域的點(diǎn)突變?nèi)悦舾?,目前尚不十分明確。非RCT報(bào)道顯示,應(yīng)用高劑量IM治療CML慢性期 (CML-CP)的患者可更快地達(dá)到完全細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)反應(yīng) (CCyR)和主要分子生物學(xué)緩解 (MMR)[10-14],并在 CML加速期 (CML-AP)、急變期 (CML-BP)患者中也具有較好的療效[15-16]。為進(jìn)一步明確高劑量IM在CML-CP患者中的療效與安全性,本研究采用Meta分析方法對國內(nèi)外相關(guān)RCT進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)評價,以期為臨床用藥提供指導(dǎo)。

1 資料與方法

1.1 文獻(xiàn)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)研究類型為RCT;(2)研究對象為骨髓細(xì)胞學(xué)、細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)及分子生物學(xué)確診的CML-CP患者,年齡≥18歲,性別不限,無其他腫瘤病史;(3)試驗(yàn)組干預(yù)措施為高劑量IM(≥600 mg/d),對照組為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量IM(400 mg/d);(4)觀察指標(biāo)包括CCyR發(fā)生率、MMR發(fā)生率、總生存率 (OS)、無疾病進(jìn)展生存率(PFS)及不良反應(yīng)中至少1項(xiàng),其中不良反應(yīng)包括血液系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng) (貧血、中性粒細(xì)胞減少和血小板減少)和非血液系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng) (皮疹、肌痛、消化系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng)和水腫)。排除資料不完整和重復(fù)報(bào)告的文獻(xiàn)。

1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索 計(jì)算機(jī)檢索 PubMed、EMBase、中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)、中國生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫 (CBM)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫、維普中文科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫 (VIP),并手工檢索相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的雜志,對納入的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大檢索,檢索時間為建庫至2014年6月,不限語種。英文檢索詞“high dose,imatinib,Glivec,chronic myeloid leukemia,CML,BCR-ABL”,中文檢索詞“伊馬替尼,格列衛(wèi),白血病”,由2位研究者按照納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獨(dú)立篩選文獻(xiàn),有爭議時由第三方協(xié)助解決。

1.3 資料提取 由2位研究者獨(dú)立采用事先設(shè)計(jì)的表格提取信息,主要內(nèi)容包括:第一作者、發(fā)表時間、樣本量、研究對象性別、中位年齡、劑量、預(yù)后風(fēng)險評估分級和觀察指標(biāo)。

1.4 納入文獻(xiàn)的質(zhì)量評價 依據(jù)Cochrane風(fēng)險偏倚評估工具對納入的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評估[17],內(nèi)容包括隨機(jī)分配方法、分配隱藏、是否采用盲法、有無不完整結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)、有無選擇性報(bào)告結(jié)果及其他偏倚。

1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用Cochrane協(xié)作網(wǎng)提供的RevMan 5.2軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,采用Q檢驗(yàn)評價文獻(xiàn)間異質(zhì)性,若P<0.05或I2>50%提示各文獻(xiàn)間存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析,反之采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析;二項(xiàng)分類資料采用相對危險度 (RR)和95%可信區(qū)間 (95%CI)表示。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征 初檢相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)579篇,閱讀文題及摘要后獲得12篇相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),閱讀全文,最終納入6篇英文文獻(xiàn)[18-23],共納入CML-CP患者2 045例,其中試驗(yàn)組1 112例,對照組933例。納入文獻(xiàn)基本特征見表1,文獻(xiàn)篩選流程見圖1。

2.2 質(zhì)量評價 6篇文獻(xiàn)[18-23]隨機(jī)序列的產(chǎn)生方法和分配隱藏情況均未進(jìn)行描述,5篇文獻(xiàn)[18-22]為開放性非盲試驗(yàn),1篇文獻(xiàn)[23]未介紹是否使用盲法。各文獻(xiàn)結(jié)果報(bào)告完整,不存在選擇性報(bào)告,無其他偏倚存在 (見表2)。

表2 納入文獻(xiàn)的質(zhì)量評價Table 2 Quality assessment of included literatures

表1 納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征Table 1 General characteristics of included literatures

圖1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程圖Figure 1 Flow chart of literature screening

2.3 Meta分析結(jié)果

2.3.1 CCyR 發(fā)生率 2 篇文獻(xiàn)[18,22]報(bào)道了治療后 3 個月CCyR發(fā)生率,各文獻(xiàn)間存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性 (χ2=4.95,P=0.03,I2=80%),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析。兩組治療后3個月CCyR發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義〔RR=2.08,95%CI(0.73,5.90),P=0.17,見圖 2〕。5 篇文獻(xiàn)[18-22]報(bào)道了治療后6個月CCyR發(fā)生率,各文獻(xiàn)間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性 (χ2=5.74,P=0.22,I2=30%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析。試驗(yàn)組治療后6個月CCyR發(fā)生率高于對照組〔RR=1.34,95%CI(1.20,1.49),P<0.001,見圖 3〕。5 篇文獻(xiàn)[18-21,23]報(bào)道了治療后12個月的CCyR發(fā)生率,各文獻(xiàn)間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(χ2=4.89,P=0.30,I2=18%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析。試驗(yàn)組治療后12個月CCyR發(fā)生率高于對照組〔RR=1.16,95%CI(1.07,1.25),P<0.001,見圖 4〕。

圖2 試驗(yàn)組與對照組治療后3個月CCyR發(fā)生率比較的森林圖Figure 2 Forest plot of the comparison of CCyR rate 3 months after treatment between trial group and control group

圖3 試驗(yàn)組與對照組治療后6個月CCyR發(fā)生率比較的森林圖Figure 3 Forest plot of the comparison of CCyR rate 6 months after treatment between trial group and control group

圖4 試驗(yàn)組與對照組治療后12個月CCyR發(fā)生率比較的森林圖Figure 4 Forest plot of the comparison of CCyR rate 12 months after treatment between trial group and control group

2.3.2 MMR 發(fā)生率 3 篇文獻(xiàn)[18-19,22]報(bào)道了治療后 3 個月MMR發(fā)生率,各文獻(xiàn)間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性 (χ2=2.71,P=0.26,I2=26%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析。試驗(yàn)組治療后3個月MMR 發(fā)生率高于對照組 〔RR=2.97,95%CI(1.75,5.05),P<0.001,見圖 5〕。4 篇文獻(xiàn)[18-19,21-22]報(bào)道了治療后6個月MMR發(fā)生率,各文獻(xiàn)間存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性 (χ2=8.07,P=0.04,I2=63%),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析。試驗(yàn)組治療后6個月MMR發(fā)生率高于對照組〔RR=2.02,95%CI(1.38,2.93),P<0.001,見圖 6〕。5 篇文獻(xiàn)[18-21,23]報(bào)道了治療后12個月MMR發(fā)生率,各文獻(xiàn)間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性 (χ2=2.44,P=0.65,I2=0),采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析。試驗(yàn)組治療后12個月MMR 發(fā)生率高于對照組 〔RR=1.28,95%CI(1.14,1.44),P<0.001,見圖7〕。

圖5 試驗(yàn)組與對照組治療后3個月MMR發(fā)生率比較的森林圖Figure 5 Forest plot of the comparison of MMR incidence 3 months after treatment between trial group and control group

圖6 試驗(yàn)組與對照組治療后6個月MMR發(fā)生率比較的森林圖Figure 6 Forest plot of the comparison of MMR incidence 6 months after treatment between trial group and control group

圖7 試驗(yàn)組與對照組治療后12個月MMR發(fā)生率比較的森林圖Figure 7 Forest plot of the comparison of MMR incidence 12 months after treatment between trial group and control group

2.3.3 OS 4 篇文獻(xiàn)[18-19,21,23]報(bào)道了治療后 18 ~48 個月 OS,各文獻(xiàn)間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性 (χ2=1.58,P=0.66,I2=0),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。兩組OS比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義〔RR=1.00,95%CI(0.98,1.02),P=0.86,見圖 8〕。

2.3.4 PFS 3 篇文獻(xiàn)[18-19,23]報(bào)道了治療后 18 ~48 個月 PFS,各文獻(xiàn)間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性 (χ2=2.48,P=0.29,I2=19%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。試驗(yàn)組PFS高于對照組〔RR=1.04,95%CI(1.00,1.09),P=0.04,見圖 9〕。

圖8 試驗(yàn)組與對照組治療后18~48個月OS比較的森林圖Figure 8 Forest plot of the comparison of OS 18 to 48 months after treatment between trial group and control group

圖9 試驗(yàn)組與對照組治療后18~48個月PFS比較的森林圖Figure 9 Forest plot of the comparison of PFS 18 to 48 months after treatment between trial group and control group

2.3.5 血液系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng) 4篇文獻(xiàn)[19-21,23]報(bào)道了貧血發(fā)生率,各文獻(xiàn)間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性 (χ2=1.83,P=0.61,I2=0),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。兩組貧血發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 〔RR=1.34,95%CI(0.76,2.35),P=0.31,見圖10〕。4篇文獻(xiàn)[19-21,23]報(bào)道了中性粒細(xì)胞減少發(fā)生率,各文獻(xiàn)間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性 (χ2=0.06,P>0.05,I2=0),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。試驗(yàn)組中性粒細(xì)胞減少發(fā)生率高于對照組 〔RR=1.55,95%CI(1.13,2.11),P=0.006,見 圖11〕。4篇文獻(xiàn)[19-21,23]報(bào)道了血小板減少發(fā)生率,各文獻(xiàn)間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性 (χ2=0.61,P=0.90,I2=0),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。試驗(yàn)組血小板減少發(fā)生率高于對照組〔RR=1.92,95%CI(1.28,2.86),P=0.001,見圖 12〕。

圖10 試驗(yàn)組與對照組貧血發(fā)生率比較的森林圖Figure 10 Forest plot of comparison of anemia incidence between trial group and control group

圖11 試驗(yàn)組與對照組中性粒細(xì)胞減少發(fā)生率比較的森林圖Figure 11 Forest plot of comparison in neutropenia incidence between trial group and control group

圖12 試驗(yàn)組與對照組血小板減少發(fā)生率比較的森林圖Figure 12 Forest plot of comparison in thrombocytopenia incidence between trial group and control group

2.3.6 非血液系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng) 3 篇文獻(xiàn)[18,20,23]報(bào)道了皮疹發(fā)生率,兩組皮疹發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義〔RR=2.29,95%CI(0.94,5.58),P>0.05〕。4 篇文獻(xiàn)[18-20,23]報(bào)道了肌痛發(fā)生率,試驗(yàn)組肌痛發(fā)生率高于對照組〔RR=2.89,95%CI(1.17,7.14),P< 0.05〕。3 篇文獻(xiàn)[18,20,23]報(bào)道了消化系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率,試驗(yàn)組消化系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率高于對照組 〔RR=3.46,95%CI(1.34,8.97),P< 0.05〕。4 篇文獻(xiàn)[18-20,23]報(bào)道了水腫發(fā)生率,兩組水腫發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 〔RR=1.96,95%CI(0.68,5.65),P>0.05〕。

2.4 敏感性分析 4篇文獻(xiàn)[18-20,22]由諾華公司資助,余2篇文獻(xiàn)[21,23]為個體研究,且 Hehlmann 等[21]文獻(xiàn)研究對象預(yù)后評估風(fēng)險為高風(fēng)險患者比例較低,故排除該2篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行敏感性分析。CCyR發(fā)生率、MMR發(fā)生率、OS、血液系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率的Meta分析結(jié)果與原結(jié)果一致,而試驗(yàn)組與對照組PFS 的 Meta分析結(jié)果 〔RR=1.03,95%CI(0.98,1.07),P=0.25〕與原結(jié)果不一致。Preudhomme等[20]文獻(xiàn)試驗(yàn)組 IM劑量為600 mg/d,與其他文獻(xiàn)試驗(yàn)組IM劑量為800 mg/d不同,故將此文獻(xiàn)排除進(jìn)行敏感性分析,Meta分析結(jié)果與原結(jié)果一致。

3 討論

本研究納入的文獻(xiàn)隨機(jī)分配方法均不明確,可能導(dǎo)致選擇偏倚的發(fā)生,且均未提及分配隱藏方法,可能導(dǎo)致無法達(dá)到預(yù)期的治療效果,5篇文獻(xiàn)[18-22]為Ⅲ期開放性RCT,均未采用盲法,Deininger等[23]文獻(xiàn)為Ⅱ期開放性RCT,未介紹是否采用盲法。由于受研究者或研究對象主觀因素的影響,可能在研究設(shè)計(jì)、資料收集或分析階段出現(xiàn)信息偏倚。納入的文獻(xiàn)均進(jìn)行了預(yù)后評估風(fēng)險分級,因無不同風(fēng)險等級患者的詳細(xì)數(shù)據(jù),無法進(jìn)行亞組分析。

Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組治療后3個月CCyR發(fā)生率無差異,而試驗(yàn)組治療后6、12個月CCyR發(fā)生率及治療后3、6、12個月MMR發(fā)生率均高于對照組,說明高劑量IM促進(jìn)患者早期達(dá)到CCyR、MMR。早期達(dá)到CCyR是無事件生存 (EFS)改善、OS和PFS提高的標(biāo)志[24],已成為評價患者長期生存狀況的替代指標(biāo)[25]。而達(dá)到 MMR是獲得完全分子學(xué)反應(yīng)(CMR)的前提條件[26],后者是患者為達(dá)到停藥治愈或無治療緩解 (TFR)目的的必經(jīng)之路。因此,CML患者早期達(dá)到CCyR、MMR對改善預(yù)后具有重要意義。

Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組PFS高于對照組,但兩組OS并無差異。分析原因可能是各納入文獻(xiàn)隨訪時間不同 (18~48個月),故不同劑量IM治療CML-CP患者對OS影響需長期隨訪以進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。

值得注意的是,試驗(yàn)組中性粒細(xì)胞減少、血小板減少、肌痛和消化道不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率高于對照組。Petzer等[22]文獻(xiàn)試驗(yàn)組采用大劑量IM誘導(dǎo) (治療前6個月采用大劑量IM,后采用400 mg/d),其血液系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率仍高于對照組,但非血液系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率無差異。Preudhomme等[20]文獻(xiàn)試驗(yàn)組IM劑量采用600 mg/d,僅中性粒細(xì)胞減少發(fā)生率高于對照組,其他不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率無差異。因此,有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,600 mg/d可能是IM最佳耐受劑量[13]。然而,隨著二代酪氨酸激酶抑制劑 (TKI)的出現(xiàn),其治療CMP的療效和安全性成為臨床熱點(diǎn)問題,但二代TKI價格昂貴,對患者經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)較重,將來有必要進(jìn)行高質(zhì)量RCT比較IM 600 mg/d與二代TKI治療CML-CP的療效與安全性。

綜上所述,CML-CP患者應(yīng)用高劑量IM可提高CCyR、MMR發(fā)生率和PFS,但發(fā)生中性粒細(xì)胞減少、血小板減少和肌痛、消化道不良反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險增加,臨床應(yīng)密切監(jiān)測。本研究排除2篇個體研究文獻(xiàn)[21,23]進(jìn)行敏感性分析,個別結(jié)果與原Meta分析結(jié)果不一致;Cortes等[19]文獻(xiàn)試驗(yàn)組與對照組樣本量差異較大,對本研究結(jié)論有一定影響。高劑量IM取得較好療效的同時,如何控制不良反應(yīng)是治療CML的關(guān)鍵。另外,IM 600 mg/d與二代TKI治療CML-CP的療效與安全性值得進(jìn)一步比較研究。

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