尹繼友
大家都知道,過(guò)去分詞既可以出現(xiàn)在系表結(jié)構(gòu)里,又可以出現(xiàn)在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)里。因此,我們可以把這種情況稱為靜動(dòng)句的混合體。靜句是用來(lái)描寫(xiě)事物的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)的;動(dòng)句用來(lái)描寫(xiě)動(dòng)作及其過(guò)程。由于這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上是一樣的,都由be+ed分詞構(gòu)成,這樣就給區(qū)分系表結(jié)構(gòu)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)帶來(lái)了麻煩。其實(shí),我們可以從以下幾個(gè)方面來(lái)分辨它們。
從動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)來(lái)區(qū)分
英語(yǔ)中的不及物動(dòng)詞不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。但是,不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞可以和動(dòng)詞be連用構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中,過(guò)去分詞只表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,強(qiáng)調(diào)事物的狀態(tài)。常見(jiàn)的這種形式的不及物動(dòng)詞有:gone,come,arrived,fallen,retired,startled,vexed,mistaken等。這些不及物動(dòng)詞都具有描述性質(zhì)。例如:
Her fever is gone,but she still feels weak.
I shall be vexed if you keep mentioning it.
The interviewer was quite mistaken about the incidents which happened in the campus.
注意 如果構(gòu)成分詞的動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,不表示終極界限,也不表示動(dòng)作結(jié)果,而是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性,在這種情況下謂語(yǔ)大多數(shù)是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:
All the books were carried to the library.
Several students were honoured for their excellent performance in the English contest.
從句子表達(dá)的內(nèi)容來(lái)區(qū)分
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示動(dòng)作,句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者;系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞已經(jīng)基本上失去了動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì),只起到一個(gè)形容詞的作用,在句子中作表語(yǔ),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì),或所具有的特征或所處的狀態(tài)。例如:
The houses were beautifully decorated. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))
The houses were decorated and rented to those who were badly in need of shelters. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
The book is not illustrated. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))
The book was illustrated by a famous artist. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
從-ed分詞后所跟的介詞來(lái)區(qū)別
作形容詞用的-ed分詞在個(gè)別情況下,可以跟隨除by-phrase以外的其他介詞,如about,at,in,on,with,over,to等。例如:
Im interested in my own hobbies,such as collecting stamps,raising birds and fishing. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))
I was interested by what you showed me. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
The people present at the meeting were annoyed with the tedious speech. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))
The people who wanted to attend the meeting were surprised by the announcement of the adjournment without day. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
從修飾詞來(lái)區(qū)分
1. 在英語(yǔ)表達(dá)中,過(guò)去分詞具有形容詞性質(zhì),因此可用程度副詞more,quite,rather,very等修飾。凡是能用這類副詞修飾的過(guò)去分詞多為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例如: Her look was quite amused.
After working the whole morning,we were very tired.
2. 如果-ed分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、原因狀語(yǔ)或方式狀語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾整個(gè)句子,表示動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性,反復(fù)性,這時(shí)這個(gè)句子就是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:
The dam is completed. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))
The dam had been completed within two months. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
He was wounded. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))
He was wounded in the battle. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
通過(guò)時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)區(qū)分
系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞be為系動(dòng)詞,多用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。偶爾在系表結(jié)構(gòu)中也可見(jiàn)到一般將來(lái)時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。而在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞be是助動(dòng)詞。除了很少用于完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和將來(lái)完成時(shí)之外,可以用各種時(shí)態(tài)。
I shall be much obliged to you for an early reply. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))
The house is being built by the river. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
另外從時(shí)態(tài)方面考慮,區(qū)分被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),可用“還原”的方法??茨芊駥ⅰ癰e+過(guò)去分詞”形式還原為對(duì)應(yīng)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如果是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),它的時(shí)態(tài)要與相應(yīng)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)一致。如果是系表結(jié)構(gòu),一般沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
My window is broken. (這個(gè)句子是系表結(jié)構(gòu),此句沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)的主動(dòng)句。不能還原為Someone breaks the window.)
A lot of new cars have been made since the technical innovations have been adopted. (此句是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)??梢詫⑦@個(gè)句子還原為We have made a lot of cars since we adopted the technical innovations.)
從動(dòng)詞be能否被替代來(lái)區(qū)分
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般由助動(dòng)詞be+ed分詞構(gòu)成。系表結(jié)構(gòu)除了與be連用之外,還可以用其他動(dòng)詞替換。能被替換的詞有:become,get,turn,sound,rest,lie,look,keep,remain,seem,appear等。例如:
You may rest assured that everything possible will be done.
He appeared perplexed at the thought of the future.
以上幾個(gè)例句中的rest,appear替換了be,我們可以認(rèn)定該句是系表結(jié)構(gòu),如不能替換就是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
這里我們強(qiáng)調(diào)一下get的用法。get+ed分詞既可作系表結(jié)構(gòu),還可以作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。究竟屬于哪種結(jié)構(gòu),主要是看說(shuō)話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)。如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作它就是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);如果強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài),此句就是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
The house will get white-washed next week. (此句強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作,因此我們可以認(rèn)定此句是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。)
[練習(xí)]
1. As we all know, their factory . (locate)
眾所周知,他們工廠坐落在山腳下。
2. We started a project . (aim)
我們開(kāi)始了一項(xiàng)旨在改善生活條件的工程。
3. We are curious to know whether the official . (involve)
我們好奇這位官員是否涉及此案。
4. Some parents complain that their children . (burden)
有些家長(zhǎng)抱怨他們的孩子課業(yè)負(fù)擔(dān)過(guò)重。
[參考答案]
1. is located in the foot of the mountain
2. aimed at improving/better living conditions
3. involved in this case
4. are burdened with heavy homework