陳玉嬌
如果所給題干是主從復(fù)合句,同學(xué)們就可根據(jù)主從句時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的原則選出正確的時(shí)態(tài)。同學(xué)們在根據(jù)主從句時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)原則解題時(shí),要把握好以下幾點(diǎn):
1. 在時(shí)間、條件等狀語從句中,常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí),用一般過去時(shí)代替過去將來時(shí),用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)代替將來完成時(shí);
2. 正確判斷主句動(dòng)詞與從句動(dòng)詞兩個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的順序,認(rèn)真體會命題者提供的語境;
3. 解答賓語從句與主句時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)題時(shí),同學(xué)們應(yīng)熟知以下規(guī)則:若主句動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí),則從句動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)需要使用任何時(shí)態(tài);若主句動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí),則從句動(dòng)詞要用恰當(dāng)?shù)哪撤N過去時(shí)態(tài)(表示客觀真理時(shí)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))。
例1 James has just arrived,but I didnt know he until yesterday.
A. will come B. was coming
C. had come D. came
解析 B。當(dāng)表示事先計(jì)劃或安排好的要發(fā)生的事情,且謂語動(dòng)詞是表示位置變化的動(dòng)詞(如leave,come等)時(shí),可以使用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來時(shí)。根據(jù)句意可知,他要來這里是計(jì)劃好的事情,且動(dòng)詞come表示的是位置變化,所以選B。
例2 We wont start the work until all the preparations .
A. are being made B. will be made
C. have been made D. had been made
解析 C。通常在時(shí)間狀語從句中使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí),主句中使用將來時(shí)。有時(shí)也可以使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)代替將來完成時(shí),表示到將來某個(gè)時(shí)間已經(jīng)完成的事情。
同學(xué)們看完試題后,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)題目是在考查時(shí)態(tài),就要先在題干中尋找時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞。若題干中有標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語,則往往可以根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語選擇相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)。
同學(xué)們應(yīng)熟記并理解八種常用時(shí)態(tài)所對應(yīng)的時(shí)間狀語:
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):often, always, sometimes, usually,seldom,now,every day等。
一般過去時(shí):then, yesterday, last week, after that,ago等。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):now, right now, at present, at this moment,these days等。
過去進(jìn)行時(shí):at that time,at this time yesterday,at eight oclock yesterday,from one oclock to three oclock yesterday,between one oclock and three oclock yesterday等。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years,“for+一段時(shí)間”,“since+一段時(shí)間”等。
過去完成時(shí):before, by the end of last week/month/year等。
一般將來時(shí):tomorrow, next week/month,in an hour等。
過去將來時(shí):the following month,the next week/month/year等。
例3 The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody them since.
A. sees B. saw
C. has seen D. had seen
解析 C。本題的關(guān)鍵詞是since(從那時(shí)起),since經(jīng)常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。根據(jù)句意可知,這些報(bào)告是2012年不見的,到現(xiàn)在為止沒有人看見,因此C項(xiàng)正確。
例4 —Tony,why are your eyes red?
—I up peppers for the last five minutes.
A. cut B. was cutting
C. had cut D. have been cutting
解析 D。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語for the last five minutes可知,應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。又因?yàn)榇颂帍?qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性和反復(fù)性,所以用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
英語中有很多固定搭配或特殊句式,其使用的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)非常固定。若題干構(gòu)成某種固定搭配或特殊句式,則可根據(jù)規(guī)則選用相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)。
高考測試的熱點(diǎn)句型有:
sb was doing/about to do... when(一般過去時(shí))
sb had just done... when(一般過去時(shí))
no sooner... (過去完成時(shí)) than(一般過去時(shí))
hardly... (過去完成時(shí)) when(一般過去時(shí))
It is the first/second time that... (現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))
It was the first/second time that... (過去完成時(shí))
It is/has been some time since sb did...
It will be some time before sb do/does...
If sb dont /doesnt do sth, nor will sb...
sb did... before sb did/could do...
例5 No sooner stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.
A. had Mo Yan B. Mo Yan had
C. has Mo Yan D. Mo Yan has
解析 A??疾閚o sooner... than句型。no sooner后面用過去完成時(shí),than后面用一般過去時(shí)。當(dāng)no sooner位于句首時(shí),主句用部分倒裝語序,即將主句謂語中的助動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提到其主語前。
當(dāng)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中既有主動(dòng)語態(tài)又有被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),命題者多數(shù)是在考查被動(dòng)語態(tài),因?yàn)椤皾h語多主動(dòng),英語多被動(dòng)”。因此,當(dāng)選項(xiàng)中主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí),同學(xué)們可遵循被動(dòng)優(yōu)先的原則。
例6 Unless extra money ,the theatre will close.
A. was found B. finds
C. is found D. found
解析 C。本題中unless引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)條件狀語從句,使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí),后面的主句使用將來時(shí)。根據(jù)句意可知money和find構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此要使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
近年來的高考試題題干中有時(shí)不出現(xiàn)時(shí)間狀語,命題向情境化、實(shí)際化的方向發(fā)展。因此,要細(xì)心體會所給語境,根據(jù)具體語境選擇合適的時(shí)態(tài)。
例7 She someone,so I nodded to her and went away.
A. phoned B. had phoned
C. was phoning D. has phoned
解析 C。根據(jù)后一分句的句意“所以我向她點(diǎn)了個(gè)頭就走了”,說明她“當(dāng)時(shí)正在打電話”,所使用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
例8 —Hi,lets go skating.
—Sorry,Im busy right now. I in an application form for a new job.
A. fill B. have filled
C. am filling D. will fill
解析 C。根據(jù)句意可知,“填一張新工作申請表”是目前正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,所以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。