方 碩, 邢 新, 楊 超
上瞼板結(jié)膜瓣聯(lián)合局部皮瓣重建下瞼廣泛全層缺損
方 碩, 邢 新, 楊 超
目的 探討上瞼板結(jié)膜瓣聯(lián)合單個或多個局部皮瓣在下瞼廣泛全層缺損修復(fù)中的應(yīng)用效果。方法 采用上瞼板結(jié)膜瓣修復(fù)下瞼廣泛全層缺損22例,全部缺損長度均大于下瞼全長1/2,隨后設(shè)計一個或多個鄰近的局部皮瓣覆蓋殘留皮膚創(chuàng)面。其中,13例聯(lián)合單個局部皮瓣,9例聯(lián)合2個局部皮瓣,共計31個局部皮瓣。術(shù)后4~6周,行Ⅱ期斷蒂瞼緣修整術(shù)。結(jié)果 Ⅰ期術(shù)后,1個鼻旁皮瓣于第4天發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)端部分壞死,其余30個皮瓣(21例)均完全存活。18例患者斷蒂后隨訪3~24個月,除1例有下瞼外傷手術(shù)史的患者,下瞼呈輕度退縮外,其余患者均獲得滿意的功能與外觀。結(jié)論 采用上瞼板結(jié)膜瓣聯(lián)合單個或多個局部皮瓣修復(fù)廣泛下瞼全層缺損,安全可靠,功能與美容效果均較滿意。
眼瞼缺損; 瞼板結(jié)膜瓣; 局部皮瓣; 眼輪匝肌肌皮瓣; 鼻旁皮瓣
眼部是面部重要的美學(xué)單位,也是易受外傷和皮膚腫瘤侵犯的部位[1]。眼瞼作為眼球的保護屏障,其缺損對外觀和功能的影響,顯而易見。下瞼全層缺損因涉及眾多的結(jié)構(gòu),可用組織量少,故修復(fù)重建一直是整形外科醫(yī)師的棘手難題。自2010年1月至2014年6月,我們應(yīng)用上瞼板結(jié)膜瓣聯(lián)合單個或多個局部皮瓣修復(fù)下瞼大面積全層缺損患者22例,獲得了良好的修復(fù)效果?,F(xiàn)報道如下。
本組共22例患者。男性10例,女性12例;年齡36~62歲,平均49歲。外傷性缺損2例,瞼板腺癌切除5例,基底細(xì)胞癌切除15例。全部缺損長度大于下瞼全長1/2。13例聯(lián)合單個局部皮瓣;9例聯(lián)合2個局部皮瓣??傆?1個局部皮瓣。
2.1 Ⅰ 期手術(shù)
2.1.1 腫瘤切除 所有患者均采用全身麻醉。術(shù)中用亞甲藍(lán)標(biāo)記腫瘤的切除范圍,切口距病變組織邊緣為5~10 mm;因腫瘤靠近瞼緣,故行全層切除,盡可能避免腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)[2];術(shù)中進行冰凍病理及術(shù)后病理檢查,以確保將基底邊緣腫瘤組織徹底切除。
2.1.2 瞼板黏膜瓣切取與轉(zhuǎn)移 翻轉(zhuǎn)上瞼,顯露瞼板,根據(jù)下瞼板缺損的范圍,用亞甲藍(lán)標(biāo)記需切取上瞼板結(jié)膜瓣的形狀及大小;距上瞼緣約3 mm處作一平行切口,并將對應(yīng)下瞼缺損寬度做2個垂直切口,緊貼提上瞼肌與結(jié)膜表面分離至上穹窿,制成以穹窿結(jié)膜為蒂的長方形上瞼板結(jié)膜瓣,避免損傷提上瞼肌;將上瞼板結(jié)膜瓣下拉至下瞼缺損處,供瓣區(qū)無需處理;移入瞼板時,需注意其上緣與下瞼緣水平一致,將斷端與下瞼板斷端以可吸收縫線作間斷縫合,注意線結(jié)應(yīng)朝向皮膚側(cè),以免摩擦角膜;結(jié)膜無須縫合。
2.1.3 局部皮瓣切取與轉(zhuǎn)移 當(dāng)瞼板結(jié)膜瓣轉(zhuǎn)移成功后,可見下瞼緣皮膚軟組織缺損范圍為1.5 cm×2.0 cm~2.5 cm×4.0 cm。在鄰近缺損區(qū)域設(shè)計局部皮瓣范圍為2.0 cm×2.0 cm~3.0 cm×4.0 cm;掀起皮瓣進行適度修薄,同時注意保護皮瓣的血運,轉(zhuǎn)移至適當(dāng)位置后,與缺損區(qū)皮膚間斷縫合;供瓣區(qū)做直接拉攏縫合。此時上下瞼處于粘連的閉合狀態(tài),術(shù)后予以輕度加壓包扎,24 h后打開敷料換藥,每日清理分泌物1次。10 d后拆線。
2.2 Ⅱ 期手術(shù)
Ⅰ期術(shù)后6周,可見患者瞼板結(jié)膜瓣及局部轉(zhuǎn)移皮瓣的血運情況良好,行Ⅱ期瞼板結(jié)膜瓣斷蒂術(shù)。所有患者均采用局部麻醉方法,在瞼裂處剪斷瞼板結(jié)膜瓣,切口略向上彎曲,以適應(yīng)上瞼原來水平切口的弧度;須注意對瞼緣切口的修整,以免磨傷角膜。
所有患者的瞼板結(jié)膜瓣均完全存活,無撕脫;1例鼻旁皮瓣遠(yuǎn)端發(fā)生部分壞死,其原因可能與鼻旁皮瓣遠(yuǎn)端供血不足有關(guān)。術(shù)后給予及時清除壞死組織,每日換藥,2周后創(chuàng)面自行愈合。術(shù)后2個月隨訪,可見外形正常,無明顯瘢痕。其余21例患者,總計30個皮瓣均完全存活。其中18例患者行Ⅱ期斷蒂后隨訪4個月,測量角膜光反射點到重建后下瞼緣的距離(marginal reflex distance-2 MRD2,正常值約為5.5 mm[3])。除1例曾有下瞼外傷史的患者,MRD2值為6.2 mm,被診斷為輕度下瞼退縮外,其余患者均獲得滿意的功能與外觀(圖1),無下瞼外翻、上瞼退縮、瞼球分離、角膜異物感等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。
下瞼一般以瞼板為界分為前后兩層,前層為皮膚、眼輪匝肌和眶隔,附著在眶緣的外面和前面;后層包括瞼板、下瞼縮肌、結(jié)膜和向內(nèi)附著于眶緣里面的腱板[2]。因此,下瞼全層缺損的重建應(yīng)注意修復(fù)包括結(jié)膜瞼板以及覆蓋表面的皮膚肌肉,以恢復(fù)原有解剖結(jié)構(gòu),這樣才能達(dá)到生理及外觀的雙重滿意。
目前針對下瞼缺損的修復(fù)方法較多,主要取決于缺損位置的面積、殘余組織量、皮膚松弛程度,以及術(shù)者的偏好[4-5]。當(dāng)缺損長度不超過全下瞼的1/4,尤其是對老年皮膚較松弛者,缺損長度不超過全下瞼1/3時,可采取兩側(cè)直接拉攏縫合的方法。當(dāng)缺損長度在全眼瞼的1/4~1/2時,可采用的方法有Tenzel術(shù)式[6]、McGregor皮瓣、反向Culter-Bear術(shù)式[7]等。然而,當(dāng)缺損>全眼瞼的1/2或?qū)挾?8 mm時,這些方法均有局限性。故對于下瞼大面積且長度超出全眼瞼50%的廣泛全層缺損,我們?nèi)赃x用以Hughes術(shù)式[8]為基礎(chǔ)的改良術(shù)式。Hughes術(shù)式是采用上瞼滑行瞼板結(jié)膜瓣+游離植皮[9-10]修復(fù)下瞼大面積全層缺損。瞼板結(jié)膜瓣因穹窿結(jié)膜組織富余,血供良好,易于成活,并且對眼瞼活動影響較小,無眼球摩擦等不良反應(yīng),可作為修復(fù)下眼瞼襯里的最佳黏膜組織。然而,根據(jù)長期隨訪顯示,經(jīng)典術(shù)式中游離植皮往往會引起色素沉著、瘢痕攣縮、下瞼外翻及局部凹陷等[11]。目前,越來越多的學(xué)者則傾向于采用局部皮瓣轉(zhuǎn)移作為修復(fù)下瞼皮膚肌肉缺損的首選方案[12]。因為局部皮瓣不僅具有可靠的血運,而且與缺損部位皮膚顏色、厚度相近,可以更有利于創(chuàng)面的愈合修復(fù),并給予一定的肌肉支持[13],其美觀效果也更加持久。因此,自2010年初以來,我們將經(jīng)典Hughes術(shù)式稍作改良,以單個或多個局部皮瓣轉(zhuǎn)移替代原先的游離皮片移植,并聯(lián)合上瞼板結(jié)膜瓣修復(fù)下瞼大面積全層缺損,術(shù)后患者均取得了較滿意的效果。
眼部周圍可分為眶外側(cè)區(qū)、眶內(nèi)側(cè)區(qū)、眶區(qū)。其膚色紋理、毛囊孔徑、色素沉著等[14]的特性是不同的。因此,我們不建議采用單個大面積皮瓣或遠(yuǎn)位島狀皮瓣修復(fù),這不僅皮下分離范圍廣,易損傷血管、神經(jīng),而且切口線較難隱藏于“Langer紋路”中,即美學(xué)中的皮膚自然紋理[15-16],因此,所造成瘢痕尤為明顯。故本組22例患者在進行瞼板結(jié)膜瓣轉(zhuǎn)移后均采用就近原則將前層缺損劃分為不同區(qū)域的小缺損,并按“Langer紋路”設(shè)計皮瓣的形狀,然后進行修復(fù)。雖然這種方法有時會造成更多的切口線,但修復(fù)后,多個皮瓣之間的交界線重疊于區(qū)域交界處或與皮紋平行,最終可取得比較滿意的美容效果,對供區(qū)損傷也可降為最低。根據(jù)筆者的經(jīng)驗,下瞼全層缺損最常用的皮瓣為兩類, 一類是以眼輪匝肌為蒂,面動脈分支供血的肌皮瓣;一類是以內(nèi)眥動脈分支鼻背動脈供血的鼻旁皮瓣。
圖1 上瞼板結(jié)膜瓣聯(lián)合鼻旁皮瓣與眼輪匝肌蒂風(fēng)箏皮瓣修復(fù)右側(cè)下瞼基底細(xì)胞癌切除后全層及外眥缺損前后對比 a.術(shù)前 b.術(shù)后2年 c.擬切除范圍 d.病變組織切除后外眥及下瞼中外區(qū)域形成約2.5 cm×3.5 cm缺損 e,f.設(shè)計并形成上瞼結(jié)膜瓣修復(fù)后層缺損 g-i.分別在右側(cè)鼻唇溝和外眥部設(shè)計鼻旁島狀皮瓣(2.0 cm×3.5 cm)和以眼輪匝肌為蒂的風(fēng)箏推進皮瓣(2.0 cm×1.5 cm)修復(fù)前層缺損 j,k.術(shù)后5周行瞼板結(jié)膜瓣斷蒂術(shù)+瞼緣修整術(shù)
Fig 1 Comparison between the preview and the postview of the lateral canthus and full thickness defects on the right lower eyelid after basal cell carcinoma excision repaired by the upper tarsalconjunctival flap combined with paranasal flap and orbicularis oculi muscle skin flap. a. preview. b. postview at 2 years. c. the extent of resection. d. a 2.5 cm×3.5 cm defect on the lateral canthus and lower eyelid region after resection. e-f. design and repair of the back layer defect with a upper eyelid conjunctival flap. g-i. design of a paranasal flap (2.0 cm×3.5 cm) on the right nasolabial groove and “kite” advanced flap pedicled orbicularis oculi muscle (2.0 cm×1.5 cm) to repair the front layer defect. j,k. separation of the tarsoconjunctival flap and trimming of the palpebral margin at 5 weeks postoperatively.
眼輪匝肌肌皮瓣主要以面動脈分支供血,因其環(huán)繞瞼裂,故適用于修復(fù)下瞼各個區(qū)域的缺損。形態(tài)可根據(jù)缺損大小以及形狀作調(diào)整。有文獻報道其肌纖維在皮瓣中可保持恒定張力,這對于眼球與眼瞼的緊密貼合是非常重要的[13]。根據(jù)筆者的經(jīng)驗,外眥部位一般采用Burow楔形皮瓣、改良菱形瓣和風(fēng)箏推進皮瓣。在修復(fù)下瞼中央?yún)^(qū)域缺損時,如范圍較廣,單用眼輪匝肌肌皮瓣易造成眼部形態(tài)改變,通常還應(yīng)結(jié)合其他皮瓣。
鼻旁皮瓣的血供主要來源于內(nèi)眥動脈,其蒂部設(shè)計在內(nèi)眥,可分為以內(nèi)眥動脈為蒂的軸型島狀皮瓣和內(nèi)眥部眼輪匝肌為蒂的肌皮瓣。長寬比最大可達(dá)6∶1[17]。因供應(yīng)血管較粗,且供皮區(qū)瘢痕可隱匿在鼻旁褶皺、鼻唇溝內(nèi),故在修復(fù)內(nèi)眥及下瞼中間部位缺損時,通常采用此皮瓣。值得注意的是,因內(nèi)眥區(qū)與鼻根部之間存在一個美學(xué)凹陷,皮瓣不宜過厚[15]。如僅為下瞼中部的缺損,應(yīng)用島狀皮瓣則更顯適宜,否則皮瓣旋轉(zhuǎn)一定角度后,蒂部會顯臃腫;皮瓣遠(yuǎn)端應(yīng)錨于眶緣,以防止因重力作用而引起下瞼退縮[18]。
瞼板黏膜瓣聯(lián)合局部皮瓣的應(yīng)用體會和注意事項:⑴適用于因各種外傷、侵犯眼瞼全層的腫瘤切除后所致的下瞼中、重度全層缺損。病例選擇:下瞼缺損不超過眼瞼全長2/3的患者。因上瞼略短于下瞼,如是下瞼全長缺損,單獨使用上瞼板代替,長度是不夠的。有學(xué)者建議,切取眼瞼復(fù)合瓣時,注意上瞼水平切口應(yīng)超出上瞼緣至少3 mm[19]。筆者也認(rèn)為,3 mm為安全距離,否則會損傷供區(qū)眼部形狀及功能。術(shù)中應(yīng)充分游離結(jié)膜至上穹窿疏松部位,注意勿損傷提上瞼肌、Müeller′s肌,并保持黏膜瓣的完整性;瞼板結(jié)膜瓣可于Ⅱ期斷蒂并進行瞼緣修整。⑵術(shù)前需根據(jù)眼部分區(qū)以及缺損位置、大小、皮膚松弛的程度來精密設(shè)計皮瓣,并預(yù)想術(shù)后皮瓣的位置。對外眥部缺損,常采用眼輪匝肌蒂肌皮瓣;對內(nèi)眥部缺損,以鼻旁皮瓣為首選;對中央部位缺損,兩者皆可選擇。局部皮瓣切口線瘢痕,應(yīng)盡量隱匿于正常皮膚紋理中,若避免不了則將其設(shè)計為曲線,因為曲線形切口線比直線更加隱蔽。⑶Ⅱ期斷蒂和瞼緣修整時,切口略向上彎曲,以適應(yīng)上瞼原來水平切口的弧度,須注意瞼緣切口的修整,以免磨傷角膜,同時應(yīng)注意修整臃腫皮瓣的厚度。
總之,利用上瞼板結(jié)膜瓣聯(lián)合單個或多個局部皮瓣修復(fù)下瞼廣泛全層缺損,上下瞼裂可無縫隙閉合,皮瓣顏色與周圍組織相匹配,繼發(fā)缺損無需再次修復(fù),瘢痕不明顯,達(dá)到了良好的外觀及功能效果。
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Reconstruction of widely full-thickness defect of lower eyelid with upper tarsalconjunctival flap combined with local flaps
FANGShuo,XINGXin,YANGChao.
(DepartmentofPlasticSurgery,ChanghaiHospital,SecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai200433,China)
Objective To introduce the reconstruction of widely full-thickness lower eyelid defect with the upper tarsoconjunctival flap combined with single or multiple local flaps. Methods The upper tarsoconjunctival flap was used to repair large lower eyelid defects on 22 patients. All the lengths of lower eyelid defects were greater than a half of the full length, so one or more neighboring local flaps were designed to cover the wounds. Among 22 cases, 13 were treated with combined single local flap, 9 with two local flaps (total 31 flaps). The secondary operation off cutting the pedicle and trimming the palpebral margin was performed at 4~6 weeks postoperatively. Results All 30 flaps on 21 patients survived completely except for one paranasal flap with the part distal necrosis at 4 days after primary surgery. Following up was performed on 18 patients for 3 months to 2 years after cutting the pedicles, all were satisfied with the functionality and appearance except one patient with a surgery history of lower eyelid trauma surgery occurred mild eyelid retraction. Conclusion It is a safe and reliable method for the patients with widely full-thickness lower eyelid defect reconstruction to be treated with tarsoconjunctival flap combined with single or more local flaps.
Eyelid defect; Tarsoconjunctival flap; Local flap; Orbicularis muscle flap; Paranasal flap
200433 上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長海醫(yī)院 全軍整形外科中心
方 碩(1988-),女,河南人,住院醫(yī)師,博士.
10.3969/j.issn.1673-7040.2015.05.004
R622
A
1673-7040(2015)05-0264-04
2015-03-11)