牛雪凝,李廣平
血清鉀水平與冠狀動(dòng)脈病變程度的相關(guān)性研究
牛雪凝,李廣平△
目的探討血清鉀水平與冠狀動(dòng)脈病變程度的關(guān)聯(lián)性。方法納入行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影者246例,按病變累及主要冠狀動(dòng)脈支數(shù)分為對(duì)照組(0只病變,81例)、單支病變組(43例)、雙支病變組(46例)和三支病變組(76例),按照血清鉀水平分為低水平血清鉀組(低鉀組,K+<4.0 mmol/L)99例和高水平血清鉀組(高鉀組,K+≥4.0 mmol/L)147例;采用Gensini評(píng)分定量評(píng)估各支冠狀動(dòng)脈的狹窄程度;比較各組的臨床資料,分析Gensini評(píng)分與各臨床指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性,采用Logistic回歸分析冠心病的危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果 (1)三支病變組的年齡、男性、吸煙、2型糖尿病、高血壓患者比例均高于對(duì)照組,三支病變組的血清鉀濃度低于對(duì)照組和單支病變組(mmol/L:3.97±0.37 vs 4.11±0.33 vs 4.13± 0.41),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;雙支病變組的年齡、男性、高血壓病患者比例高于對(duì)照組。單支病變組的男性和高血壓患者比例高于對(duì)照組。各組Gensini評(píng)分:三支病變組>雙支病變組>單支病變組>對(duì)照組(均P<0.05)。(2)低鉀組Gensini評(píng)分[36(8,94)]高于高鉀組[16(0,56)],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。(3)血清鉀與Gensini評(píng)分呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.206,P=0.001)。(4)高齡、男性、血清鉀低水平、合并有糖尿病和高血壓為冠心病的危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)論血清鉀水平與冠狀動(dòng)脈病變嚴(yán)重程度呈負(fù)相關(guān),血清鉀低水平為冠心病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
鉀;冠狀動(dòng)脈病變;危險(xiǎn)因素;動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化;Gensini評(píng)分
鉀離子是維持內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的重要電解質(zhì)之一,在維持細(xì)胞正常代謝與酸堿平衡、細(xì)胞膜的應(yīng)激性和心肌的正常功能中起重要作用。大量實(shí)驗(yàn)室和臨床數(shù)據(jù)顯示高血壓和心血管疾病患病率增加與現(xiàn)代人群高鈉/低鉀飲食密切相關(guān),鉀的攝入能明顯改善心血管疾病的預(yù)后[1]。在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中已證明,高鉀飲食能對(duì)抗高鈉飲食引起的血壓升高,可能延緩動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的形成和進(jìn)展[2]。然而,關(guān)于血清鉀在人體中對(duì)抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的作用還較少研究。本研究旨在探討血清鉀水平與冠狀動(dòng)脈病變嚴(yán)重程度之間的關(guān)系。
1.1一般資料選取2013年8月—2014年2月在我院心內(nèi)科接受冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查的住院患者246例,入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)第1次入院的成年患者。(2)病史為患者本人提供且資料完整。(3)未進(jìn)行過(guò)冠心病一、二級(jí)預(yù)防。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)急性感染或慢性感染急性加重期。(2)有風(fēng)濕免疫性疾病、內(nèi)分泌疾病、嚴(yán)重肝腎功能障礙。(3)有重度瓣膜病、非缺血性心衰、影響血流動(dòng)力學(xué)或出現(xiàn)癥狀的嚴(yán)重心律失常。(4)服用氯化鉀緩釋片、利尿劑等影響鉀代謝藥物者。(5)入院資料不完善者。其中男122例,女124例;吸煙者102例(41.5%),合并有高血壓病者162例(65.9%)、2型糖尿病者62例(25.2%)、高尿酸血癥者53例(21.5%)、血脂異常者193例(78.5%)。246例按照病變累及主要冠狀動(dòng)脈支數(shù)分為對(duì)照組(0支病變)81例,單支病變組43例、雙支病變組46例、三支病變組76例。
1.2方法遵照WHO診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷高血壓病和2型糖尿病。血脂異常根據(jù)《中國(guó)成人血脂異常防治指南》定義為總膽固醇(TC)≥5.18 mmol/L為升高;三酰甘油(TG)≥1.70 mmol/L為升高,高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)≤1.04 mmol/L為降低;低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)≥3.37 mmol/L為升高。尿酸>380 μmol/L為高尿酸血癥。吸煙定義為每天吸煙≥1支,連續(xù)吸煙1年以上。冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn):冠狀動(dòng)脈直徑狹窄≥50%累及主要冠狀動(dòng)脈支即診斷為冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(冠心?。?。直徑狹窄≥50%病變累及主要冠狀動(dòng)脈支數(shù)為病變支數(shù),累及左主干時(shí)以同時(shí)累及左前降支和回旋支計(jì)算。根據(jù)美國(guó)心臟病協(xié)會(huì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄程度為狹窄部位與臨近正常管徑比較管徑減少百分比,采用Gensini評(píng)分法對(duì)各支冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄病變進(jìn)行定量評(píng)定:≤25%為1分,26%~50%為2分,51%~75%為4分,76%~90%為8分,91%~99%為16分,100%為32分,再乘以病變所在血管節(jié)段不同系數(shù),最終總積分為各段積分之和。入院第1天抽取肘正中靜脈血測(cè)定電解質(zhì)和腎功能;入院第2天抽取空腹肘正中靜脈血測(cè)定血常規(guī)、肝功能、血糖、血脂等。根據(jù)血清鉀水平中位數(shù),將246例患者分為低水平血清鉀組(低鉀組,K+<4.0 mmol/L)99例和高水平血清鉀組(高鉀組,K+≥4.0 mmol/L)147例。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,計(jì)量資料行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),正態(tài)分布資料以±s表示,多組均數(shù)間比較采用單因素方差分析,偏態(tài)分布資料以M(P25,P75)表示,比較應(yīng)用Kruskal-Wallis H秩和檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以例(%)表示,多組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);雙變量正態(tài)資料的線(xiàn)性關(guān)系采用 Pearson相關(guān)分析,非正態(tài)資料的相關(guān)性采用Spearman相關(guān)分析;采用多元Logistic回歸分析影響冠心病的危險(xiǎn)因素,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1冠心病組與對(duì)照組臨床資料比較三支病變組的年齡、男性、吸煙、2型糖尿病、高血壓患者比例均高于對(duì)照組,血清鉀及HDL-C水平低于于對(duì)照組。雙支病變組的年齡,男性、高血壓病患者比例高于對(duì)照組。單支病變組的男性和高血壓患者比例高于對(duì)照組。各組Gensini評(píng)分:三支病變組>雙支病變組>單支病變組>對(duì)照組(均P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
Tab.1 Comparison of risk factors between coronary heart disease group and control group表1 冠心病組與對(duì)照組臨床資料比較
2.2血清鉀水平與臨床資料的關(guān)系低鉀組的Gensini評(píng)分高于高鉀組(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。血清鉀、HDL-C均與Gensini評(píng)分呈負(fù)相關(guān),年齡、尿酸、TG均與Gensini評(píng)分呈正相關(guān),見(jiàn)表3。
Tab.2 Comparison of clinical characteristics between high and low levels of serum potassium groups表2 高、低水平血清鉀組的臨床資料比較
Tab.3 The relationship of Gensini's score and some clinical factors表3 Gensini評(píng)分與相關(guān)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性分析
2.3影響冠心病的多元Logistic回歸分析以冠心病為因變量(有=1,無(wú)=0),以年齡(≤65歲=0,>65 歲=1)、性別(女=0,男=1)、血清鉀(<4.0 mmol/L= 0,≥4.0 mmol/L=1)、吸煙、糖尿病、高血壓病、血脂異常和HDL-C降低(賦值均為有=1,無(wú)=0)為自變量進(jìn)行Logistic多因素回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示年齡增長(zhǎng)、男性、糖尿病、高血壓是冠心病的危險(xiǎn)因素,血清鉀水平增高是冠心病的保護(hù)因素,即低水平血清鉀是冠心病的危險(xiǎn)因素,見(jiàn)表4。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,血清鉀水平低是冠心病的危險(xiǎn)因素且與冠狀動(dòng)脈病變嚴(yán)重程度呈負(fù)相關(guān),冠心病組的男性比例高于對(duì)照組,這與以往研究結(jié)論一致[3]。既往研究顯示與年齡相仿的男性及絕經(jīng)后婦女相比,絕經(jīng)前婦女冠心病的發(fā)病率偏低,與內(nèi)源性雌激素對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)的保護(hù)作用有關(guān),其作用機(jī)制可能與雌激素能降低TC、LDL-C、同型半胱氨酸、尿酸和胰島素抵抗水平,增加HDL-C、TG水平,提高餐后脂質(zhì)代謝水平有關(guān)[4]。其次,雌激素有血管擴(kuò)張作用并且能抑制血管平滑肌的增殖[5]。可以說(shuō)雌激素是促進(jìn)脂質(zhì)代謝、抑制炎癥反應(yīng)、維持血管內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)的重要調(diào)節(jié)器[6]。
Tab.4 The multivariate Logistic regression analysis of factors influencing coronary artery lesions表4 影響冠心病的多元Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果
本研究表明,低水平血清鉀是冠脈病變的危險(xiǎn)因素,三支病變組血清鉀水平分別低于對(duì)照組和單支病變組,高鉀組的Gensini評(píng)分低于低鉀組。原因可能有:本次入選患者中近一半是急性冠脈綜合征患者,多疼痛劇烈、情緒緊張,易出現(xiàn)心率和血壓的大幅波動(dòng),使機(jī)體處于應(yīng)激狀態(tài),兒茶酚胺分泌增多并作用于細(xì)胞膜表面的β受體,激活Na+-K+-ATP酶促進(jìn)K+轉(zhuǎn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi),造成血清鉀降低[7];其次,患者發(fā)病多伴嘔吐、大汗、過(guò)度換氣,造成鉀的丟失,因而血清鉀下降,這與急性心梗早期患者血鈉、鉀呈下降趨勢(shì)相一致,其降低程度與冠脈病變嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[8]。
Cavusoglu等[9]對(duì)冠心病患者血清鉀基線(xiàn)水平研究認(rèn)為鉀的內(nèi)皮保護(hù)作用只是一種由腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)介導(dǎo)的動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化過(guò)程的補(bǔ)償性應(yīng)答,與腎功能障礙導(dǎo)致輕微鉀升高有關(guān)。所以在本研究排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中嚴(yán)格明確了影響鉀濃度的疾病如腎臟功能障礙,盡可能排除心血管系統(tǒng)外的其他系統(tǒng)疾病對(duì)鉀離子濃度的影響。其次本次研究采用了更加詳細(xì)的Gensini評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化程度進(jìn)行量化評(píng)估,比單純的疾病類(lèi)型分組更可靠。但是,本研究仍有局限性,動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化機(jī)制與炎癥反應(yīng)有關(guān),本研究沒(méi)有在設(shè)定冠脈病變程度標(biāo)志物中納入炎癥標(biāo)志物,所以鉀離子是否是獨(dú)立于炎癥標(biāo)志物與冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化程度有關(guān),鉀離子是否與炎癥本身有關(guān)還需進(jìn)一步探討。
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(2014-08-20收稿2014-10-27修回)
(本文編輯閆娟)
Study of correlation between serum potassium concentration and the severity of coronary artery disease
NIU Xuening,LI Guangping△
Department of Cardiology,Tianjin Institute of Cardiology,Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin 300211,China
△Corresponding AuthorE-mail:tjcardiol@126.com
ObjectiveTo determine the association between serum potassium level and the severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis.MethodsA total of 246 patients underwent coronary artery angiography were included into this study,and were divided into four groups according to the involved main coronary artery:control group(0 diseased vessel,n=81),one diseased vessel group(n=43),double diseased vessel group(n=46)and three diseased vessel group(n=76).Patients were also divided into low potassium group(K+<4.0 mmol/L,n=99)and high potassium group(K+≥4.0 mmol/L,n=147)according to the levels of serum potassium.The severity of coronary stenosis was quantitated by Gensini score system.The clinical data were compared between groups.The relationship between Gensini score system and clinical information was analyzed.The multiple regression method was used to analyse the risk factors of coronary heart disease(CHD).Results(1)There were higher percentages of elders,male,smoking,diabetes mellitus and hypertension patients in three diseased vessel group than those of control group.The serum potassium level was significantly lower in three diseased vessel group(3.97 mmol/L±0.37 mmol/ L)than that of control group(4.11 mmol/L±0.33 mmol/L)and one diseased vessel group(4.13 mmol/L±0.41 mmol/L).There were higher percentages of elders,male and hypertension patients in double diseased vessel group than those of control group.The percentages of male and hypertension patients were higher in one diseased vessel group than those of control group.The Gensini scores were three diseased vessel group>double diseased vessel group>one diseased vessel group>control group(P<0.05).(2)There was a significantly higher Gensini score in low potassium group[36(8,94)]than that of high potassium group[16(0,56)].(3)There was significant negative correlation between serum potassium level and Gensini score(r=-0.206,P=0.001).(4)It was found that age,male,the low level of serum potassium,diabetes mellitus and hypertension were independent risk factors of CHD.ConclusionThe serum potassium level is negatively correlated with the severity of CHD.The low level of serum potassium is an independent risk factor of CHD.
serum potassium;coronary atherosclerotic lesion;risk factors;atherosclerosis;Gensini's score
R541.4
ADOI:10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.03.020
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院心臟科、天津心臟病學(xué)研究所(郵編300211)
牛雪凝(1989),女,碩士在讀,主要從事冠心病基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究
△E-mail:tjcardiol@126.com