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醫(yī)學(xué)影像學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀及最新的進(jìn)展研究

2015-10-28 00:30
關(guān)鍵詞:影像學(xué)圖像腫瘤

袁 燁

中國(guó)航天科工集團(tuán)七三一醫(yī)院放射科,北京 100074

近年來(lái),隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展,與該技術(shù)關(guān)系度密切的影像技術(shù)也取到了前所未有的新成果,醫(yī)學(xué)影像學(xué)作為醫(yī)學(xué)方面發(fā)展最為快速的一門(mén)學(xué)科,其設(shè)備成像質(zhì)量也向數(shù)字化邁進(jìn)[1-4],如計(jì)算機(jī)斷層成像(computed tomography,CT)及磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)等,圖像的時(shí)間分辨率和空間分辨率均得到很大提升,實(shí)現(xiàn)了從2D到3D,甚至是4D的功能成像轉(zhuǎn)變,影像診斷準(zhǔn)確率得到大幅升高。本研究綜述醫(yī)學(xué)影像學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀及最新的進(jìn)展研究,旨在為臨床醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展提供更多客觀的診療參考。

1 常規(guī)X線(xiàn)

X 線(xiàn)平片是迄今為止應(yīng)用最早、最普遍、操作最便捷的影像學(xué)檢查方法[4-5]。隨著技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,常規(guī)X線(xiàn)已從模擬模式(傳統(tǒng)的膠片)逐步發(fā)展為數(shù)字模式(醫(yī)用顯示器閱片)[6]。該方式下的數(shù)字圖像分辨率較高,圖像銳利度良好,細(xì)節(jié)顯示較為詳細(xì);曝光范圍寬,可結(jié)合臨床需求來(lái)處理各種圖像;擯棄了膠片化模式,節(jié)約物質(zhì)及時(shí)間成本,方便患者,同時(shí)也有利于醫(yī)院會(huì)診與醫(yī)學(xué)生教學(xué)[7-10]。常用的方法主要有計(jì)算機(jī) X 線(xiàn)攝影(computed radiography,CR)、數(shù)字 X 線(xiàn)成像系統(tǒng)(direct digital radiography,DDR)等。

CR是X線(xiàn)平片數(shù)字化較為成熟的一種體現(xiàn),其以成像板作為載體,利用X線(xiàn)曝光及信息處理系統(tǒng)形成數(shù)字影像,信息的層次感增強(qiáng)。隨著DR技術(shù)的普及與發(fā)展,其將逐漸在急診醫(yī)學(xué)中推廣應(yīng)用[11-13]。DDR主要利用平板、數(shù)字化探測(cè)器,通過(guò)X線(xiàn)影像數(shù)字化的直接轉(zhuǎn)化,利用計(jì)算機(jī)將結(jié)果在監(jiān)視器上還原。與CR不同的是,DDR的轉(zhuǎn)換方式更為直接。在不久的將來(lái),DDR技術(shù)將會(huì)在血管機(jī)和胃腸機(jī)等各類(lèi)X線(xiàn)診斷設(shè)備中廣泛推廣。CR是DDR技術(shù)的前身,兩者有一定的共同的優(yōu)點(diǎn):X線(xiàn)圖像質(zhì)量較好;復(fù)制與傳送十分快捷,存儲(chǔ)較方便;X線(xiàn)輻射劑量減少,不足同類(lèi)檢查劑量原有劑量的1/10,使用起來(lái)更為安全[14-15]。但相對(duì)來(lái)講,CR的缺點(diǎn)是拍片速度較慢,耗時(shí)長(zhǎng)[16]。未來(lái)一段時(shí)間CR和DDR技術(shù)會(huì)并存,不過(guò)隨著醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,CR終將被DDR技術(shù)所取代。

2 CT

20世紀(jì)90年代初,單層螺旋CT(single-slice he lical computed tomography,SSCT)在臨床中逐漸被關(guān)注,并逐漸成熟。其中以CT血管造影為代表的三維后處理技術(shù),改變了傳統(tǒng)的顯示方式,其以操作簡(jiǎn)單、掃描迅速、重復(fù)性好、無(wú)創(chuàng)等特征廣泛應(yīng)用,但SSCT自身的容積覆蓋速度范圍較窄,醫(yī)生往往需要手動(dòng)增大層厚或調(diào)節(jié)螺距來(lái)進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),這樣會(huì)明顯降低后處理圖像的分辨力,圖像偽影較為明顯,此特點(diǎn)限制了SSCT在臨床的推廣使用[17-24]。

計(jì)算機(jī)輔助檢測(cè)(computer-aided detection,CAD)是當(dāng)今發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種新技術(shù),在腫瘤中的應(yīng)用廣泛[25-27]。CAD是一種將計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)字化信息輸入計(jì)算機(jī),再由相關(guān)醫(yī)師復(fù)閱來(lái)提高早期腫瘤檢出效率的方式[28-29]。CAD往往在不增加醫(yī)生工作量的情況下,提高了病變檢出率,能夠在臨床輔助醫(yī)療中有較好的應(yīng)用效果[30-35]。其優(yōu)勢(shì)主要表現(xiàn)為穩(wěn)定、迅速、無(wú)生理局限,人為因素(如經(jīng)驗(yàn)限制、疏忽、疲勞等)的影響較小,降低了誤差率。有研究顯示,CAD系統(tǒng)對(duì)于惡性腫塊檢出的敏感性為86%,對(duì)于活檢證實(shí)的惡性鈣化的檢出敏感性可高達(dá)98%,可見(jiàn)CAD系統(tǒng)對(duì)于檢測(cè)及標(biāo)記成簇微小鈣化的敏感性較高[32]。

3 MRI技術(shù)

1974年磁共振技術(shù)首次應(yīng)用于人體活體成像。近年來(lái)隨著超高場(chǎng)強(qiáng)設(shè)備的發(fā)展及3D設(shè)備的不斷成熟,射頻場(chǎng)的均勻性和圖像質(zhì)量得到了大幅提升,利用仿真180射頻脈沖、超級(jí)回波技術(shù)、多通道放射狀射頻發(fā)射線(xiàn)圈能夠使射頻變形減少,超高場(chǎng)強(qiáng)MRI的圖像分辨率提高,磁敏感偽影減少。目前新型且應(yīng)用較為廣泛的有以下幾種:

3.1 三維動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記技術(shù)(three dimensionalartery spin labeling,3D ASL)灌注成像

3D ASL作為一種無(wú)創(chuàng)灌注成像技術(shù),具有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì):①在1.5 s內(nèi)能夠達(dá)到1000多次的射頻標(biāo)記,較傳統(tǒng)脈沖式標(biāo)記下的信噪比升高,灌注效果十分均勻,此連續(xù)式標(biāo)記能夠滿(mǎn)足大范圍3D全腦容積灌注成像的要求;②利用FSE序列可有效評(píng)價(jià)傳統(tǒng)2D ASL所不能評(píng)價(jià)的區(qū)域的灌注信息,包括顱底、顳部等區(qū)域;③采用螺旋K空間采集技術(shù),在數(shù)分鐘內(nèi)完成全腦灌注成像,克服每個(gè)梯度線(xiàn)圈的自感問(wèn)題和多個(gè)梯度線(xiàn)圈間的互感問(wèn)題[33-34]。3D ASL灌注將動(dòng)脈血中的水分子作為內(nèi)源性示蹤劑,獨(dú)立于血腦屏障,能夠更為準(zhǔn)確地對(duì)梗死后再灌注的組織進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),鑒別畸形的腦血管,對(duì)顱內(nèi)腫瘤新生血管給予準(zhǔn)確的腫瘤分級(jí)[35]。

3.2 多對(duì)比度成像

在MRI應(yīng)用于臨床的過(guò)程中,需要對(duì)脂類(lèi)物質(zhì)信號(hào)的抑制來(lái)提高病變與背景組織之間的對(duì)比,以更好地顯示病變,提高診斷的正確率。在脂肪抑制方面,傳統(tǒng)的脂肪抑制技術(shù)往往對(duì)磁場(chǎng)均勻度的要求較高,信噪比不高。目前,基于三點(diǎn)式Dixon技術(shù)的多對(duì)比度成像技術(shù)能夠保證任意的水、脂肪比值,提高信號(hào)強(qiáng)度,提高組織結(jié)構(gòu)交界處圖像的清晰度,達(dá)到水脂徹底分離。另外,多對(duì)比度成像技術(shù)的一次成像便可獲得4種對(duì)比度(水相、脂相、水脂同相、水脂反相),掃描流程得到明顯優(yōu)化,病變?cè)\斷的特異度、病變檢出的敏感度顯著提高。最小二乘法估計(jì)技術(shù)(iterative decomposition of waterand fat with echo asymmetry and least-squaresestimation,IDEAL)是對(duì)Dixon技術(shù)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)的精準(zhǔn)定量化技術(shù),通過(guò)多回波采集及區(qū)域增長(zhǎng)技術(shù),能夠達(dá)到肝臟內(nèi)脂肪含量的精確量化[36-37]。IDEAL技術(shù)較傳統(tǒng)水脂成像方法具有更高的脂肪定量的精準(zhǔn)性,目前已在脂肪肝、腫瘤、代謝性疾病等疾病治療效的評(píng)估中有所應(yīng)用。

3.3 擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)

DWI是依賴(lài)于水分子運(yùn)動(dòng)的一種成像方式,能夠快速檢出肝硬化的小肝癌、胃癌、直腸癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌等惡性腫瘤,對(duì)于全身性有腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移存在較高的敏感性,目前尚處于研究階段。高清DWI可降低DWI圖像變形,提高DWI的空間分辨率及信噪比??赏ㄟ^(guò)校正采集、識(shí)別和重新計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤數(shù)據(jù)等技術(shù)來(lái)減少不同數(shù)據(jù)截?cái)嗷蛏磉\(yùn)動(dòng)所出現(xiàn)的誤差[38]。高清DWI可應(yīng)用于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),如大腦、腦干、脊髓、丘腦以及灰質(zhì)核團(tuán)的細(xì)微結(jié)構(gòu),還可用于腹部病變的鑒別診。目前衍生出Q-空間成像、高角度分辨率成像(HARDI)、QBI等方法能夠準(zhǔn)確反映水分子在各個(gè)方向上的擴(kuò)散特性,即能獲得更加精確的纖維走向和連接處結(jié)構(gòu)。動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)MRI量化參數(shù)能夠間接對(duì)腫瘤血管的通透性及病變的纖維化程度進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),主要在乳腺、腹部及盆腔器官實(shí)質(zhì)性腫瘤的早期診斷及治療效果的監(jiān)測(cè)中有所應(yīng)用。隨著MRI設(shè)備和技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,MRI技術(shù)正在向定量成像技術(shù)、個(gè)體化治療療效評(píng)估和多模式MRI分子影像技術(shù)方向發(fā)展。

4 超聲分子顯像技術(shù)

隨著超聲造影成像技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展與完善,尤其是靶向微泡造影劑的出現(xiàn),超聲分子顯像已成為了一種潛在的、較為理想的分子顯影方法[39]。目前,超聲分子顯像的基礎(chǔ)研究雖然取得了一些進(jìn)展,但亦面臨著諸多技術(shù)的難點(diǎn):如何制備特異性好的靶向微泡造影劑;如何改善普通微泡造影劑僅能作為血池內(nèi)顯影劑的現(xiàn)狀等。液氣相變納米粒、光聲成像等新技術(shù)為超聲分子顯像以及多模態(tài)分子顯像研究提供了新的思路與方法,是目前該領(lǐng)域研究的熱點(diǎn)與發(fā)展方向。

5 小結(jié)與展望

醫(yī)學(xué)影像學(xué)是現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)展最快的學(xué)科之一,目前已從傳統(tǒng)的解剖成像進(jìn)入了功能和分子顯像時(shí)代。醫(yī)學(xué)影像學(xué)常規(guī)應(yīng)用于疾病的診斷、治療指導(dǎo)及治療效果評(píng)價(jià),期望能有效可視化人類(lèi)疾病高度的表型差異性及其隱藏的內(nèi)涵特征。但一直以來(lái),影像學(xué)家僅從上述影像中提取主觀性、半定量的信息,如果能夠利用已有數(shù)據(jù)研究并通過(guò)多學(xué)科、多領(lǐng)域的廣泛協(xié)作,解碼隱含在影像信息中的因患者細(xì)胞、生理、遺傳變異等多因素共同決定的綜合影像信息,并能客觀且定量化將其“內(nèi)涵”呈現(xiàn)在臨床診治、預(yù)后分析的整個(gè)過(guò)程,這無(wú)疑會(huì)為臨床醫(yī)學(xué)各個(gè)方面的發(fā)展帶來(lái)一場(chǎng)舉世矚目的革命并造福人類(lèi)。

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