張良
變應(yīng)性和非變應(yīng)性鼻炎與阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征的關(guān)系
張良
目的探討變應(yīng)性鼻炎(AR)和非變應(yīng)性鼻炎(NAR)與阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(OSAHS)的關(guān)系。方法就診于我院門診的48例患者,均具有2年以上AR癥狀和睡眠打鼾癥狀,均行皮膚點(diǎn)刺試驗(yàn)、血清特異性免疫球蛋白(Ig)E檢測(cè)、多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)(PSG)、鼻聲反射、鼻阻力(RM)測(cè)量、Müller′s試驗(yàn)(FPMM)和Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)評(píng)分。結(jié)果AR患者25例,NAR 23例。ESS>9分患者19例,其中NAR15例,AR4例,NAR組嗜睡發(fā)生率高于AR組(P<0.05)。PSG結(jié)果顯示,NAR組患者呼吸暫停比例較大、患者睡眠效率較差、AHI指數(shù)較高、最低血氧飽和度(LSpO2)和平均血氧飽和度(ASpO2)較低(P<0.05),NAR組患者OSAHS發(fā)生率明顯高于AR組(82.6%vs 36.0%)。MAR組收縮后鼻腔最小橫截面積(NMCA)、鼻腔容積(MCV)均小于AR組,RM高于AR組;NAR組腭咽、舌咽平面狹窄阻塞發(fā)生率高于AR組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論AR和NAR均為OSAHS致病的危險(xiǎn)因素,均可誘發(fā)睡眠障礙。NAR患者更易導(dǎo)致OSAHS,且嚴(yán)重程度較高,NAR對(duì)OSAHS的發(fā)生可能存在重要的啟動(dòng)作用。
鼻炎,變應(yīng)性,季節(jié)性;睡眠呼吸暫停,阻塞性;變應(yīng)性鼻炎;非變應(yīng)性鼻炎;阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(OSAHS)是一種睡眠呼吸紊亂的疾病,指睡眠時(shí)上氣道塌陷阻塞引起的呼吸暫停或通氣不足,伴有打鼾、睡眠結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂,頻繁發(fā)生血氧飽和度(SpO2)下降、夜尿增多、晨起頭痛、白天嗜睡、記憶力下降;并可能合并高血壓、冠心病、肺心病、腦卒中等心腦血管病變;可有進(jìn)行性體質(zhì)量增加,嚴(yán)重者可出現(xiàn)心理、智力、行為異常,嚴(yán)重影響人們的生活質(zhì)量。近年來(lái)其發(fā)病率有增高趨勢(shì)。鼻阻塞被認(rèn)為是影響OSAHS的一個(gè)獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[1],變應(yīng)性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)對(duì)OSAHS的影響研究較多,而非變應(yīng)性鼻炎(nonaller?gic rhinitis,NAR)的影響研究較少。本文旨在比較AR和NAR與OSAHS的相關(guān)性,探討NAR對(duì)OSAHS的發(fā)生可能存在的作用。
1.1 研究對(duì)象2011年10月—2014年8月就診于我院門診的48例患者,均具有2年以上AR癥狀及睡覺打鼾,年齡18~60歲,平均(39.5±7.2)歲;其中男19例,女29例。
1.2 方法所有患者均行皮膚點(diǎn)刺試驗(yàn)、血清特異性免疫球蛋白(Ig)E檢測(cè)、多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)、鼻聲反射、鼻阻力(RM)測(cè)量、Müller′s試驗(yàn)(FPMM)和Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)評(píng)分。
1.2.1 OSAHS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)依據(jù)OSAHS診斷和外科治療指南[2],呼吸暫停指睡眠過(guò)程中口鼻氣流停止(較基線水平降低≥90%),持續(xù)時(shí)間≥10 s。低通氣指睡眠過(guò)程中口鼻氣流較基線水平降低≥30%,并伴SpO2下降≥4%,持續(xù)時(shí)間≥10 s;或者口鼻氣流較基線水平降低≥50%,并伴SpO2下降≥3%,持續(xù)時(shí)間≥10 s。
1.2.2 多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)(PSG)使用美國(guó)邦德安百N7000多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)對(duì)患者進(jìn)行睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)。要求檢查前24 h內(nèi)不能服用影響睡眠的飲料和藥物,睡前排尿,勿進(jìn)行劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)。同步記錄腦電圖、眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)、肌電圖、口鼻氣流、胸腹呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)、心電圖、SpO2、鼾聲(鼾聲有無(wú)、響度、間隔等)、覺醒指數(shù)等參數(shù)。所有患者均用儀器自帶軟件進(jìn)行計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)分析,然后對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行手動(dòng)分析校正,包括呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(AHI)、鼾聲指數(shù)(SI)、最低血氧飽和度(LSpO2)、平均血氧飽和度(ASpO2)、睡眠效率(實(shí)際入睡時(shí)間/總臥床時(shí)間)等。
1.2.3 AR和NAR的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)AR采用武夷山診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3]:噴嚏、清水樣涕、鼻塞、鼻癢等癥狀出現(xiàn)2項(xiàng)以上(含2項(xiàng)),每天癥狀持續(xù)或累計(jì)在1 h以上。可伴有眼癢、結(jié)膜充血等眼部癥狀,皮膚點(diǎn)刺試驗(yàn)或血清特異性IgE檢測(cè)陽(yáng)性,可確診為AR(AR組)。若只具有AR癥狀,皮膚點(diǎn)刺試驗(yàn)和血清特性性IgE檢測(cè)均陰性,為NAR(NAR組)。
1.2.4 ESS評(píng)分ESS是一個(gè)8項(xiàng)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查,分?jǐn)?shù)從0到24分。分?jǐn)?shù)越高代表嗜睡越嚴(yán)重,0~9分為正常,10~13分為輕度,14~19分為中度,20~24分為重度[2]。
1.2.5 鼻聲反射及鼻阻力測(cè)量使用英國(guó)GM公司A1/NR6型鼻聲反射/鼻阻力儀,對(duì)所有患者測(cè)量鼻腔平均橫截面積(MNCA)、鼻腔最小橫截面積(NMCA)、鼻腔最小橫截面積距前鼻孔距離(DCAN)、鼻腔容積(NCV)、鼻阻力(RM)值。
1.2.6 Müller′s試驗(yàn)(FPMM)使用德國(guó)Xion電子纖維鼻咽喉鏡,局麻下經(jīng)鼻置入纖維喉鏡,當(dāng)患者最大呼氣末時(shí)(僅余功能殘氣),封閉其口鼻并令其用力吸氣,內(nèi)鏡下觀察氣道塌陷情況,以確定狹窄平面。本研究主要以腭后區(qū)、舌后區(qū)兩個(gè)具主要意義的平面為統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)。以塌陷率≥90%作為判定腭后區(qū)阻塞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以塌陷率≥50%作為判定舌后區(qū)阻塞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法使用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),測(cè)量前后比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 AR和NAR患者基本情況AR組25例,NAR組23例。2組在性別、年齡、BMI和鼻炎持續(xù)時(shí)間上差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表1。
Tab.1 Comparison of baseline clinical characteristics between two groups表1 2組患者的一般資料比較
2.2 AR和NAR患者的ESS評(píng)分ESS>9分患者共19例,其中NAR 15例,AR 4例,NAR組嗜睡發(fā)生率高于AR組(χ2=12.134,P<0.01)。
2.3 AR和NAR患者的睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果NAR組患者呼吸暫停比例較多、患者睡眠效率較差、AHI較高、LSpO2和ASpO2較低,且該組患者OSAHS發(fā)生率明顯高于AR組(P<0.01),見表2。
Tab.2 Comparison of the PSG results between two groups表2 AR組和NAR組患者的睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果比較
2.4 鼻聲反射及鼻阻力(RM)測(cè)量結(jié)果NAR組收縮后NMCA、NCV均小于AR組,而RM值高于AR組(P<0.05),見表3。
2.5 Müller′s試驗(yàn)結(jié)果NAR組的腭咽、舌咽平面狹窄發(fā)生率均高于AR組(P<0.01),見表4。
3.1 鼻炎對(duì)OSAHS的啟動(dòng)作用鼻阻塞在OSAHS中起著重要作用,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)鼻腔狹窄是上氣道阻塞的源頭性啟動(dòng)因素[4],約44%的OSAHS患者存在鼻腔狹窄[5]。另有研究表明,鼻阻力增加可導(dǎo)致阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停的次數(shù)增加,而且夜間鼻塞可引起打鼾、睡眠效率低下及白天嗜睡,鼻塞患者中發(fā)生中、重度睡眠呼吸障礙的概率是沒(méi)有鼻塞者的1.8倍[6]。鼻阻塞影響OSAHS的機(jī)制有以下幾點(diǎn):(1)繼發(fā)于鼻炎的鼻阻力病理性增高,使上呼吸道阻力上升,吸氣時(shí)咽部形成負(fù)壓,引起咽腔軟組織塌陷,使氣道進(jìn)一步變窄,導(dǎo)致呼吸暫停。(2)鼻阻塞導(dǎo)致的張口呼吸使頦舌肌和鼻翼肌的肌電活動(dòng)較經(jīng)鼻呼吸時(shí)減弱,不利于氣道擴(kuò)張。張口呼吸可致舌根后墜,致咽腔狹窄及咽部氣流減少,使咽腔趨于閉合[7]。(3)鼻阻塞時(shí)鼻氣流減少或停止,導(dǎo)致對(duì)呼吸的神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)作用減弱,進(jìn)而對(duì)呼吸的抑制作用減弱,易引起代償性過(guò)度通氣,導(dǎo)致呼吸暫停[8]。
Tab.3 Comparison of the acoustic rhinometry and RM results between two groups表3 AR組和NAR組患者的鼻聲反射及RM測(cè)量結(jié)果比較?
3.2 NAR和AR對(duì)OSAHS影響的差異本研究顯示,NAR和AR患者均易發(fā)生睡眠呼吸障礙,但通過(guò)PSG可見NAR患者呼吸暫停比例較多、睡眠效率較差、AHI較高、LSpO2和ASpO2較低,OSAHS發(fā)生率明顯高于AR組,表明NAR患者更易引起睡眠呼吸障礙。一種可能的原因?yàn)椴糠諥R患者存在季節(jié)性,而NAR患者的癥狀則具有常年持續(xù)性,從而增加了NAR患者對(duì)睡眠質(zhì)量的影響。Stuck等[9]研究顯示,季節(jié)性AR發(fā)作的嚴(yán)重程度決定了其對(duì)生活質(zhì)量影響的程度。對(duì)于季節(jié)性鼻炎患者,因鼻阻塞而引發(fā)的睡眠呼吸障礙可能是一種短期效應(yīng),故有必要進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期的動(dòng)態(tài)隨訪觀察,以進(jìn)一步明確AR和NAR患者與OSAHS發(fā)生發(fā)展的相關(guān)因素。
3.3 對(duì)OSAHS的主、客觀綜合評(píng)估目前對(duì)OSAHS的研究多關(guān)注于PSG指標(biāo)的改善,而忽略了患者自覺癥狀[10]。本研究采用ESS量表(主觀)和PSG(客觀)來(lái)評(píng)估患者生活質(zhì)量及睡眠情況。本研究顯示,NAR組患者ESS評(píng)分>9分的患者比例明顯高于AR組;PSG監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,NAR組患者OSAHS的發(fā)生率較高,并且發(fā)生呼吸暫停的比例較多、AHI較高、睡眠效率較差,睡眠中平均和最低血氧飽和度均較AR組低;鼻聲反射及鼻阻力測(cè)定結(jié)果則表明,NAR組患者鼻阻塞程度明顯較AR組嚴(yán)重,Müller′s試驗(yàn)結(jié)果提示NAR組舌咽平面阻塞發(fā)生率較AR組為高。以上結(jié)果說(shuō)明對(duì)2組患者睡眠障礙的主、客觀評(píng)價(jià)具有一致性。李朝霞等[11]研究也顯示,ESS評(píng)分和魁北克睡眠問(wèn)卷(QSQ)與PSG監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果具有一致性。
綜上所述,鼻炎對(duì)OSAHS的發(fā)生存在啟動(dòng)作用,NAR和AR患者在鼻阻塞程度上存在顯著差異,這種差異則造成其對(duì)OSAHS的啟動(dòng)作用有著強(qiáng)度上的區(qū)別。本研究病例尚少,有待今后進(jìn)一步增加樣本量以驗(yàn)證結(jié)論。
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(2014-10-13收稿2015-05-15修回)
(本文編輯李鵬)
The relationship between allergic,non-allergic rhinitis and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome
ZHANG Liang
Department of Otolaryngology,Tianjin Gongan Hospital,Tianjin 300050,China
ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between allergic rhinitis(AR),non-allergic rhinitis(NAR)and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS).MethodsForty-eight patients with AR symptoms and snoring symptoms for at least 2 years,who received treatment in our outpatient,were included in this study.Skin prick test,serum specific IgE,polysomnography(PSG),acoustic rhinometry,nasal resistance(RM),Müller's test(FPMM)and Epworth sleepi?ness scale(ESS)were performed in patients.Results There were 25 AR patients(AR group)and 23 NAR cases(NAR group). ESS>9 scores were found in 19 patients,including 15 NAR cases and 4 AR cases.There was higher incidence of drowsiness in NAR group than that of AR group(P<0.05).Resultsof PSG showed that there were significantly higher proportions of apnea,poor sleep quality,AHI index,and lower values of the lowest oxygen saturation(LSpO2)and mean oxygen saturation(ASpO2)in NAR group than those of AR group(P<0.05).The incidence of OSAHS was significantly higher in NAR group than that of AR group(82.6%vs 36.0%,P<0.05).ConclusionBoth AR and NAR were risk factors for OSAHS,and both can induce sleep disorders.NAR patients were more likely to result in OSAHS,and showing higher disease severity.NAR may have an important role in the initiation of OSAHS.
rhinitis,allergic,seasonal;sleep apnea,obstructive;allergic rhinitis;nonallergic rhinitis;obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome
R765.21
A
10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.09.016
天津市公安醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉科(郵編300050)
張良(1961),男,大學(xué)本科,副主任醫(yī)師,主要從事耳鼻咽喉鼻部疾病研究