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環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈—認(rèn)識(shí)區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵

2015-11-23 05:35王先良呂占祿吳家兵張金良中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室北京0002安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院勞動(dòng)衛(wèi)生與環(huán)境衛(wèi)生系安徽合肥2002環(huán)境保護(hù)部科技標(biāo)準(zhǔn)司北京0005
中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué) 2015年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:區(qū)域環(huán)境傳導(dǎo)環(huán)境污染

郭 辰,王先良*,呂占祿,錢(qián) 巖,梁 豹,2,吳家兵,2,張金良,宛 悅(.中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院,環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 0002;2.安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院,勞動(dòng)衛(wèi)生與環(huán)境衛(wèi)生系,安徽 合肥2002;.環(huán)境保護(hù)部科技標(biāo)準(zhǔn)司,北京 0005)

環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈—認(rèn)識(shí)區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵

郭 辰1,王先良1*,呂占祿1,錢(qián) 巖1,梁 豹1,2,吳家兵1,2,張金良1,宛 悅3(1.中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院,環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100012;2.安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院,勞動(dòng)衛(wèi)生與環(huán)境衛(wèi)生系,安徽 合肥230032;3.環(huán)境保護(hù)部科技標(biāo)準(zhǔn)司,北京 100035)

為了進(jìn)一步探索環(huán)境健康調(diào)查方案設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)理論,圍繞我國(guó)環(huán)保部門(mén)在環(huán)境健康工作方面的管理需求和工作特點(diǎn),通過(guò)參與國(guó)家系列大型區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題的調(diào)查實(shí)踐,對(duì)環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題調(diào)查基礎(chǔ)理論和相關(guān)技術(shù)進(jìn)行探索,發(fā)現(xiàn)環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈特征分析是編制區(qū)域環(huán)境健康調(diào)查方案的技術(shù)關(guān)鍵.

環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈;環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題;區(qū)域環(huán)境污染;環(huán)境健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估

認(rèn)識(shí)和解決各種環(huán)境污染的健康危害是環(huán)境保護(hù)領(lǐng)域科研人員近年來(lái)面臨的新問(wèn)題[1-3].受環(huán)境健康損害的多因多果多途徑的復(fù)雜性影響,對(duì)于如何制定一個(gè)具體的環(huán)境健康調(diào)查技術(shù)方案業(yè)界并沒(méi)有相對(duì)明確的基礎(chǔ)理論技術(shù)可以遵循.與傳統(tǒng)的環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題相比,區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題所涉及的范圍更廣,考慮到污染物來(lái)源的復(fù)雜性、影響環(huán)境介質(zhì)的綜合性、健康損害指標(biāo)的可行性等多方面因素,如何針對(duì)具體環(huán)境污染區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)科學(xué)可行的環(huán)境健康調(diào)查方案,是對(duì)科研人員環(huán)境健康綜合專(zhuān)業(yè)素養(yǎng)的挑戰(zhàn)[4].

我國(guó)近年來(lái)環(huán)境健康領(lǐng)域的大部分工作顯示,不同區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題差異顯著,影響因素眾多,區(qū)域環(huán)境健康調(diào)查方案的編制理論基礎(chǔ)較薄弱[5-6].實(shí)踐證明,科學(xué)可信的環(huán)境健康調(diào)查結(jié)論是環(huán)境健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)測(cè)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的基礎(chǔ)[7].但目前對(duì)于如何制定高效合理的環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題調(diào)查方案,在區(qū)域尺度上認(rèn)識(shí)和解決環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題,依然存在一些值得探索的理論問(wèn)題[8].

筆者在參與全國(guó)環(huán)境健康專(zhuān)項(xiàng)調(diào)查和淮河環(huán)境健康調(diào)查等多年科研實(shí)踐的基礎(chǔ)上,發(fā)現(xiàn)緊密?chē)@環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈開(kāi)展調(diào)查研究是科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題的技術(shù)關(guān)鍵,對(duì)于探索環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理技術(shù)理論具有借鑒意義.圍繞環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈開(kāi)展環(huán)境污染情景分析是區(qū)域環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題的健康影響調(diào)查評(píng)價(jià)的技術(shù)核心.

1 環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈

環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈?zhǔn)侵肝廴疚飶奈廴驹磁欧诺竭M(jìn)入局部環(huán)境介質(zhì),最終人群接觸后進(jìn)入人體產(chǎn)生特異性(非特異性)健康危害的整個(gè)鏈條,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈(圖1).圖1闡述了區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題識(shí)別過(guò)程中需要關(guān)注的技術(shù)環(huán)節(jié)及每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)需要關(guān)注的目標(biāo)污染物關(guān)鍵成分信息和效應(yīng)信息,上下對(duì)應(yīng)于環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈的相同環(huán)節(jié).從信息環(huán)節(jié)來(lái)看,主要有污染源排放環(huán)節(jié)、區(qū)域環(huán)境介質(zhì)環(huán)節(jié)、人群接觸環(huán)節(jié)、人群體內(nèi)環(huán)節(jié)等;從信息類(lèi)別來(lái)看,關(guān)鍵代表性信息主要包括污染物在不同環(huán)節(jié)的成分信息(污染物和污染物變體)及其在不同環(huán)節(jié)的效應(yīng)測(cè)試信息(綜合效應(yīng)和具體效應(yīng)).

圖1 污染物從源頭排放到產(chǎn)生健康危害的環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈Fig.1 Environmental Health Chain - from pollutant emission to health hazard

在整個(gè)傳導(dǎo)鏈過(guò)程中,不同的污染來(lái)源導(dǎo)致化學(xué)污染物種類(lèi)繁多、類(lèi)型復(fù)雜,所影響的環(huán)境介質(zhì)包含了水、大氣、土壤等人類(lèi)活動(dòng)所涉及的方方面面,導(dǎo)致具體區(qū)域環(huán)境污染情景異常復(fù)雜;另外,污染物進(jìn)入人體的途徑多有不同,不同污染物所導(dǎo)致的健康損害終點(diǎn)差異顯著,主要影響人群各有側(cè)重,這些都是區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題調(diào)查識(shí)別過(guò)程中所遇到的挑戰(zhàn)[9-12].對(duì)于可以經(jīng)食物鏈具備放大作用、富集效應(yīng)和蓄積效應(yīng)等目標(biāo)污染物,環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈可能會(huì)更為復(fù)雜.

環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈?zhǔn)秦灤┳R(shí)別區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題所有環(huán)節(jié)的核心.任何情景下的區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題,都離不開(kāi)污染物是如何進(jìn)入人體,并將產(chǎn)生何種健康危害等關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題[13].識(shí)別區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題的目標(biāo)在于獲取傳導(dǎo)鏈中多個(gè)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)的關(guān)鍵代表性信息[14].

2 研究區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題需要關(guān)注環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈

2.1 區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題的特點(diǎn)

傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題關(guān)注的污染物比較單一,目標(biāo)人群有限,污染時(shí)間相對(duì)較短,空間范圍較小.伴隨我國(guó)環(huán)境污染形勢(shì)的發(fā)展,區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題既是當(dāng)前研究熱點(diǎn),也是研究難點(diǎn),與傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題相比,區(qū)域環(huán)境污染的健康影響延伸程度更長(zhǎng),涉及的環(huán)節(jié)更多,考量的信息更全,混雜因素多樣,關(guān)聯(lián)認(rèn)定難度更大[15].相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō),區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題具有以下特點(diǎn).

在目標(biāo)污染物方面:當(dāng)前環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題不僅關(guān)注COD等綜合污染指標(biāo)[16],也逐漸關(guān)注持久性污染物等具體污染物,如多環(huán)芳烴類(lèi)[17-18];重金屬類(lèi)[19].針對(duì)空氣污染或流域水污染問(wèn)題等區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題進(jìn)行調(diào)查時(shí),由于可能涉及的污染物種類(lèi)眾多,需要通過(guò)特征污染物篩選等確定最值得關(guān)注的健康損害能力較強(qiáng)或者健康危害更大的污染物[20],如急性毒性大的污染物(如有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥)[21],慢性毒性大的污染物(致癌物、致畸物、致突變物,肝損傷毒物等)[22].由于環(huán)保領(lǐng)域高毒污染物毒性機(jī)理研究基礎(chǔ)相對(duì)薄弱,既往歷史數(shù)據(jù)積累有限,加大了區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題調(diào)查研究的難度[23].美國(guó)污染物綜合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)信息系統(tǒng)(IRIS),以及美國(guó)毒理學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)網(wǎng)(TOXNET)中危險(xiǎn)物質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)等系統(tǒng)的建立為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估中獲取目標(biāo)污染物的毒性作用相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)提供了支持.隨著生物技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)和體外實(shí)驗(yàn)等研究結(jié)果可為今后的毒理學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)的獲取和目標(biāo)污染物篩選提供便利.

在關(guān)注內(nèi)容方面:美國(guó)提出了健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)的“四步法”原理,即危害鑒定,劑量反應(yīng)關(guān)系,暴露評(píng)價(jià)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)表征,這標(biāo)志著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)的基本理論和框架的形成[24];隨后美國(guó)環(huán)保局繼續(xù)頒布了一系列與環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估相關(guān)的技術(shù)文件、指南等規(guī)定.隨著人們對(duì)環(huán)境與健康問(wèn)題認(rèn)識(shí)的不斷深入,以及環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題的不斷加劇,空氣污染、流域水污染等影響范圍較大,可引起區(qū)域環(huán)境健康危害的因素逐漸增加,因此當(dāng)前對(duì)環(huán)境問(wèn)題的關(guān)注應(yīng)由對(duì)單一污染物的研究轉(zhuǎn)向復(fù)合污染物的危害機(jī)理與防治研究,從點(diǎn)源污染控制轉(zhuǎn)向區(qū)域環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)與管理[15].較之傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題,區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題關(guān)注環(huán)節(jié)更多、延伸程度更長(zhǎng),它不僅關(guān)注多種環(huán)境污染物的排放來(lái)源及其對(duì)周?chē)h(huán)境質(zhì)量的影響,還關(guān)注暴露情況即局部區(qū)域的主要污染物如何進(jìn)入人群,以及污染物進(jìn)入人群后的健康危害(如各種污染物導(dǎo)致的特異性損害和非特異性損害)[25].

在時(shí)間跨度方面:研究區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題關(guān)注的時(shí)間跨度往往更長(zhǎng),甚至長(zhǎng)達(dá)十余年.污染物從源排放到進(jìn)入環(huán)境,又通過(guò)多種暴露途徑進(jìn)入人體至產(chǎn)生健康危害,需要很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間.尤其在環(huán)境污染的低濃度暴露情形下,產(chǎn)生顯著健康損害的時(shí)間可能更長(zhǎng).研究顯示,環(huán)境致癌物從開(kāi)始進(jìn)入體內(nèi)到癌癥發(fā)病,需要數(shù)十年的潛伏期[26].近年來(lái),大氣細(xì)顆粒物引起的健康問(wèn)題受到廣泛關(guān)注,國(guó)際癌癥機(jī)構(gòu)(IARC)已將室外大氣污染列為人類(lèi)致癌物之一[27],長(zhǎng)期暴露于大氣細(xì)顆粒物可引起呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病、心血管疾病等不良反應(yīng)[28-29],我國(guó)也在最新頒布的GB3095-2012《環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》[30]中增加了對(duì)PM2.5的濃度限值.除此之外,其他環(huán)境污染物如水源中的微囊藻毒素-LR (MC-LR)也被證實(shí)具有遺傳毒性并可能對(duì)人體產(chǎn)生長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)影響[31].環(huán)境污染物潛伏期長(zhǎng)的特點(diǎn)就要求研究人員在更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間跨度里來(lái)識(shí)別和研究區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題.但時(shí)間跨度越長(zhǎng),混雜因素的干擾信息就越多,相對(duì)明確的因果關(guān)聯(lián)分析更難以認(rèn)定,為環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題識(shí)別增加了難度.

在空間范圍方面:傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題往往局限于局部區(qū)域,如一個(gè)村或一個(gè)鎮(zhèn).由于環(huán)境污染的自然差異,較大區(qū)域的環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題涉及的環(huán)境污染人群暴露情景具有各自的不同特點(diǎn)[32-33].如流域水污染物的環(huán)境健康影響調(diào)查,需要預(yù)先選定若干微環(huán)境樣本區(qū),基于微環(huán)境樣本區(qū)的信息對(duì)整個(gè)流域水污染的環(huán)境健康影響進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià).傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題往往關(guān)注的是單一介質(zhì),如大氣、地表水、地下水或者土壤,區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題關(guān)注的是與污染物進(jìn)入人體的整個(gè)局部環(huán)境,往往涉及局部環(huán)境的多個(gè)介質(zhì),需要在相對(duì)局限的區(qū)域開(kāi)展多介質(zhì)、多途徑的全面調(diào)查[34].

在調(diào)查人群方面:區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題需要關(guān)注局部區(qū)域的暴露人群,特別是易感人群.傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題基本不考慮將暴露人群作為研究對(duì)象.與自然界相比,人群具有主觀(guān)能動(dòng)性,將暴露人群作為研究對(duì)象時(shí),暴露人群的依從性和配合程度是影響能否成功了解環(huán)境污染的人群健康損害的關(guān)鍵因素.考慮到可能影響社會(huì)穩(wěn)定的因素,環(huán)境健康調(diào)查面臨的實(shí)際困難要大得多[35].另外,某些化學(xué)物質(zhì)暴露對(duì)嬰幼兒和兒童產(chǎn)生的影響可能與對(duì)成人產(chǎn)生的影響具有顯著差別,嬰幼兒和兒童往往對(duì)于污染物導(dǎo)致的健康損害更加敏感[36-37],導(dǎo)致不同污染物的內(nèi)暴露水平在嬰幼兒和兒童與成人會(huì)差別很大[38].

2.2 環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈?zhǔn)黔h(huán)境健康調(diào)查設(shè)計(jì)的技術(shù)核心

研究區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題,科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)區(qū)域環(huán)境污染的人群健康危害,包括明確目標(biāo)污染物,及其產(chǎn)生來(lái)源、影響介質(zhì)和空間范圍,進(jìn)入人群的主要途徑,目標(biāo)區(qū)域的易感人群,主要的健康危害效應(yīng)[39-40].即研究區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題,需要關(guān)注目標(biāo)污染物從污染源排放到進(jìn)入人群產(chǎn)生健康危害的整個(gè)環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈.

區(qū)域環(huán)境與健康問(wèn)題調(diào)查目標(biāo)一般有兩個(gè):一是短期內(nèi)通過(guò)調(diào)查能夠快速了解具體區(qū)域高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)污染物的污染問(wèn)題(排放和存在)及其嚴(yán)重程度(高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)污染物進(jìn)入人體的負(fù)荷水平,暴露人群的健康損害狀況);二是可以評(píng)估目標(biāo)人群遠(yuǎn)期來(lái)自高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)污染物的額外健康危害風(fēng)險(xiǎn).整個(gè)調(diào)查策略要以高健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)污染物為核心,以環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈為主線(xiàn)(從污染源排放、環(huán)境介質(zhì)存在、人群接觸狀況及人群體內(nèi)負(fù)荷情況,到產(chǎn)生的特異性健康危害),以信息產(chǎn)出滿(mǎn)足問(wèn)題解析需求為調(diào)查指標(biāo)設(shè)置原則,以數(shù)據(jù)獲取科學(xué)可靠為基本質(zhì)量要求[14].

區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題調(diào)查需要以環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈為主線(xiàn),堅(jiān)持統(tǒng)一調(diào)查區(qū)域、統(tǒng)一目標(biāo)污染物、統(tǒng)一關(guān)注人群、統(tǒng)一調(diào)查時(shí)間的原則設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)查方案,在統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)上,依據(jù)分工協(xié)作、分步實(shí)施的策略制定區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題調(diào)查方案和實(shí)施區(qū)域環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題調(diào)查研究.基層環(huán)保技術(shù)單位重點(diǎn)開(kāi)展高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)污染源現(xiàn)場(chǎng)采樣、高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)污染物環(huán)境質(zhì)量現(xiàn)場(chǎng)采樣和高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)污染物環(huán)境生物樣品現(xiàn)場(chǎng)采樣;基層衛(wèi)生技術(shù)單位重點(diǎn)開(kāi)展高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)污染物內(nèi)負(fù)荷現(xiàn)場(chǎng)采樣,暴露參數(shù)調(diào)查及人群死因監(jiān)測(cè)等工作;第三方測(cè)試機(jī)構(gòu)(省市級(jí)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)分析機(jī)構(gòu)、省市級(jí)疾病控制分析機(jī)構(gòu)、大型商業(yè)分析測(cè)試公司等)承擔(dān)測(cè)試分析工作,科研院所重點(diǎn)開(kāi)展生物監(jiān)測(cè)測(cè)試工作等.

3 結(jié)語(yǔ)

對(duì)于區(qū)域性環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題的識(shí)別,在認(rèn)識(shí)大尺度區(qū)域性和流域性環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題的主要特點(diǎn),了解影響人群健康狀態(tài)的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)等方面,還有許多相關(guān)理論技術(shù)問(wèn)題有待探索,需多學(xué)科相互合作,數(shù)據(jù)共享,建立和完善綜合協(xié)調(diào)管理機(jī)制.立足于污染物的環(huán)境健康傳導(dǎo)鏈,闡明主要環(huán)境污染物對(duì)目標(biāo)人群的可能影響,有助于科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)區(qū)域環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題的健康危害.

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Environmental health chain is the key for investigation and exploration of regional environmental health problems.

GUO Chen1, WANG Xian-liang1*, Lü Zhan-lu1, QIAN Yan1, LIANG Bao1,2, WU Jia-bing1,2, ZHANG Jin-liang1, WAN Yue3(1.State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;2.School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032,China;3.Department of Science, Technology and Standards, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100035,China). China Environmental Science, 2015,35(4):1261~1265

To explore the fundamental theory and improve the quality of investigation scheme on environmental health problems, consider of the working features and actual demand of environmental protection administration in China and based on our experiences originated from participating several national scale regional environmental health problems investigations and explorations of the basic theories and technologies of environmental health problems research, we proposed the environmental health chain plays an important role in designing an investigation scheme for the regional environmental health issues.

environmental health chain;environmental health problem;regional environmental pollution;environmental health risk assessment

X503.1

A

1000-6923(2015)04-1261-05

郭 辰(1988-),女,內(nèi)蒙古呼和浩特人,碩士,主要從事環(huán)境健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估和毒性機(jī)制研究.

2014-08-28

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(20907047);國(guó)家重點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)展(973)計(jì)劃(2012CB525005);國(guó)家環(huán)保公益性行業(yè)科研專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(200909036);中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院中央級(jí)公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)基金(2008KYYW05)

* 責(zé)任作者, 副研究員, xlwang@craes.org.cn

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