胡瑾
皮膚肥大細(xì)胞瘤12例分析
胡瑾
目的 探討皮膚肥大細(xì)胞瘤的臨床和病理特點(diǎn)。方法 收集12例皮膚肥大細(xì)胞瘤患兒的臨床和組織病理資料。結(jié)果 12例患兒,男7例,女5例,平均年齡6.8個(gè)月,平均病程6.5個(gè)月。11例出生時(shí)即有皮疹,主要位于軀干和四肢。皮疹均為大小不一的棕褐色或橘黃色斑塊、結(jié)節(jié),單發(fā)或多發(fā),6例病程中出現(xiàn)水皰,1例發(fā)生潰瘍。10例皮損Darier征陽性。12例均行組織病理檢查,結(jié)果顯示,真皮和皮下組織密集分布許多大小、形態(tài)較均一的肥大細(xì)胞浸潤,甲苯胺藍(lán)染色陽性,免疫組化CD117陽性。3例伴較多的嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞浸潤,并見表皮下均有水皰形成。其中1例可見“火焰現(xiàn)象”。治療多采取口服抗組胺藥等對(duì)癥治療。10例隨訪2~6年,皮損均變小或消退,局部遺留色素沉著或色素減退斑。結(jié)論 肥大細(xì)胞瘤的診斷主要依靠臨床和組織病理檢查。兒童肥大細(xì)胞瘤預(yù)后良好,數(shù)年后大多數(shù)會(huì)自動(dòng)消退。
肥大細(xì)胞瘤,皮膚;臨床路徑;病理學(xué)
皮膚肥大細(xì)胞瘤(CM)是肥大細(xì)胞增生癥的一種少見類型,好發(fā)于兒童,成人少見。本病臨床少見,易引起漏診和誤診。現(xiàn)對(duì)我科經(jīng)臨床和組織病理確診的12例CM病例進(jìn)行分析,以提高對(duì)本病的認(rèn)識(shí)。
1.1 對(duì)象:2002年11月至2012年8月經(jīng)臨床和組織病理確診的12例CM患兒,男7例,女5例,年齡43 d至20個(gè)月,平均6.8個(gè)月;病程43 d至20個(gè)月,平均6.5個(gè)月。生長發(fā)育正常,全身淺表淋巴結(jié)無腫大,所有病例均無發(fā)熱、腹瀉、腹痛和骨畸形。血尿常規(guī)和肝腎功能檢查均正常。12例患兒中,11例出生即有皮損,另1例在出生后3個(gè)月出現(xiàn)皮損,均伴有瘙癢。皮損均為大小不一的棕褐色或橘黃色斑塊、結(jié)節(jié),單發(fā)或多發(fā)(圖1~4)。初步診斷為CM 9例、皮膚纖維瘤1例、組織細(xì)胞增生癥1例、叢狀血管瘤1例。6例患兒病程中有水皰,1例有潰瘍。2例伴有色素性蕁麻疹的色素性斑片。10例患兒的皮損Darier征陽性。4例累及頭面部,5例皮疹累及軀干,3例累及臀部,5例累及手部,7例累及下肢,5例累及上肢。
1.2 組織病理:12例均行組織病理檢查,結(jié)果顯示:真皮和皮下組織密集分布大小、形態(tài)較均一的肥大細(xì)胞浸潤(圖5),核呈圓形、卵圓形或梭形,甲苯胺藍(lán)染色陽性(圖6),免疫組化CD117陽性(圖7)。3例患者伴有較多的嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞浸潤,均有表皮下均有水皰。例5可見“火焰現(xiàn)象”(圖8)。
圖1 患兒右手小指的掌指關(guān)節(jié)的伸側(cè)可見暗褐色結(jié)節(jié) 圖2 左大腿內(nèi)側(cè)可見大小不一暗紅色結(jié)節(jié) 圖3 臀部右側(cè)可見不規(guī)則形暗紅褐色斑塊 圖4 左大腿為屈側(cè)接近臀部處可見邊界不清楚的暗紅褐色浸潤性斑塊 圖5 皮損組織病理 真皮乳頭高度水腫,真皮內(nèi)可見密集分布許多大小、形態(tài)較均一的肥大細(xì)胞浸潤(HE×100) 圖6 真皮內(nèi)大量胞質(zhì)中有紫紅色異染顆粒的肥大細(xì)胞浸潤(甲苯胺藍(lán)染色×400) 圖7 真皮內(nèi)大量CD117陽性的肥大細(xì)胞浸潤(免疫組化×400) 圖8 真皮內(nèi)可見“火焰現(xiàn)象”(HE×400)
1.3 治療及轉(zhuǎn)歸:確診后12例患兒均予以間斷口服氯苯那敏(僅瘙癢時(shí)服用)0.1 mg·kg-1·d-1或西替利嗪滴劑1~2歲服用4滴,2~6歲服用5滴,>6歲服用8滴,每天2次,并對(duì)癥處理。12例患兒隨訪2~6年,其中10例患兒的皮損隨年齡增大,逐漸變小或消退,局部遺留色素沉著和(或)色素減退,2例失訪。
肥大細(xì)胞瘤約占肥大細(xì)胞增生癥的10%,男女均可發(fā)病,最常累及四肢和軀干,偶可見于一些少見部位如眼瞼、外陰和手掌等[1-2]。典型皮損常表現(xiàn)為單發(fā)的紅色或棕色斑塊或結(jié)節(jié),偶可有數(shù)個(gè),極少數(shù)患者可泛發(fā)全身(全身型)。本文12例患者中有2例同時(shí)伴有色素性蕁麻疹的皮損,提示CM和色素性蕁麻疹之間存在過渡型。大多數(shù)肥大細(xì)胞瘤患者在嬰兒期發(fā)病,部分有全身癥狀,如面部潮紅、支氣管痙攣、哮喘、黑便和腹痛等。Darier征對(duì)于肥大細(xì)胞增生癥的診斷具有特異性,但不是所有患者Darier征均陽性。Kiszewski等[3]統(tǒng)計(jì)其陽性率為88% ~92%。本文病例的陽性率為83%。兒童的肥大細(xì)胞瘤,一般無需常規(guī)行血尿及骨髓等檢查,除非具有臨床癥狀提示需要進(jìn)一步檢查以明確有無相應(yīng)器官受累。
目前本病的確切病因尚不清楚,其組織病理改變具有特征性,表現(xiàn)為真皮和皮下組織有多而密集的肥大細(xì)胞浸潤。肥大細(xì)胞較小,界限清楚,大小、形態(tài)一致,呈短梭形或卵圓形,胞質(zhì)較少,嗜酸性或略嗜堿性,呈不明顯的細(xì)顆粒狀,細(xì)胞核圓形或卵圓形,無核仁。甲苯胺藍(lán)或吉姆薩染色可見肥大細(xì)胞的胞質(zhì)中有紫紅色的異染顆粒。有時(shí)還可見“火焰現(xiàn)象”[4]。
本病的診斷主要根據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)和組織病理檢查、免疫組化、甲苯胺藍(lán)或吉姆薩染色等。Darier征在肥大細(xì)胞診斷中具有特異性,但是陰性不能排除診斷。臨床上需與朗格漢斯細(xì)胞組織細(xì)胞增生癥、皮膚淋巴瘤、幼年性黃色肉芽腫等疾病相鑒別。
本病的處理原則為緩解癥狀,防止并發(fā)癥,避免誘發(fā)因素。兒童CM預(yù)后較好,大多數(shù)患兒的皮損在10歲左右可自行消退,一般不需特殊治療。
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Clinical and pathological analysis of cutaneous mastocytoma:report of 12 cases
Hu Jin.Department of Dermatology,Affiliated Children′s Hospital to Capital Institute of Pediatrics,Beijing 100020,China
HU Jin,Email:hujin1970@sohu.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical and histopathological features of cutaneous mastocytoma.MethodsClinical and histopathological data were collected from 12 patients with cutaneous mastocytoma.ResultsAmong the 12 patients,there were 7 males and 5 females with an average age of 6.8 months.The average course of disease was 6.5 months.Eleven patients presented with skin lesions at birth,which were mainly located on the trunk and extremities.Skin lesions were single or multiple,brown or orangecolored plaques and nodules of different sizes.Vesicles appeared in 6 patients,and ulcers in 1 patient during disease progression.Darier′s sign was positive in 10 patients.Histopathological examination was carried out in 12 patients,and showed a dense infiltration of many mast cells in uniform size and shape in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue,which were stained with toluidine blue and positive for CD117.Three cases showed substantial eosinophilic infiltration with the formation of subepidermal vesicles.quot;Flame figuresquot;were seen in 1 patient.The patients usually
symptomatic treatment with antihistamines.Skin lesions became smaller or subsided leaving local hyperpigmentated or depigmentated macules in all the 10 patients who received 2-6 years of follow up.Conclusions The diagnosis of mastocytoma is mainly based on clinical and pathological examination.Most casesofchildhood mastocytoma have a favorable prognosis,and can disappear spontaneously after several years.
Mastocytoma,skin;Critical pathways;Pathology
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4173.2015.01.002
100020北京,首都兒科研究所附屬兒童醫(yī)院皮膚科
胡瑾,Email:hujin1970@sohu.com
2014-04-08)