易同培,史軍義,李本祥,馬麗莎,楊 林
(1.四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),四川都江堰 611830;2.中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院西南花卉研究開發(fā)中心,云南昆明 6502242;3.四川長寧縣世紀(jì)竹園,四川長寧 644300;4.都江堰市美嵐竹業(yè)研究院,四川都江堰 611830)
大花竹(四川長寧) 新種 圖1:1~4
Bambusa dahuazhu Yi et B.X.Li,sp.nov.Pl.1~4
Species B.pervarisbilis McClure,sed differt internodiis glabris et huad farinosis;vaginis culmorum apice symmetricis,auriculis non declinatis,minoribus,glabris,laminis glabris;auriculis foliorum nullis,laminis ad 24 cm longis et 3.8 cm latis.
Culmi caespitosi,13 m~ 14 m alti,6 cm~ 8 cm diam..,apice stricti,32~ 45-nodis,internodiis(20)40 cm~ 50(60)cm longis,cylindricis,levigatis,glabris,lutiolo-longitudinali-striatis,cavis,lingo 6mm~ 12 mm crasso,sed base in cumis ad 2.5 cm crasso,medullis frustulatis;cicatrices vaginarum prominentes,cinereo-brunneae,primo cinereo-tomentosae;nodi culmorum plani,eis in basi radicis aeriis;intranodiis 8 mm~15 mm altis,primo cinereo-albo-tomentosis.Gemma culmi oblonga,obesa,glabra.Ramificationibus altioribus,multis,raminis crassis ad 1.5 m longis et 1.3 cm diametro.Turiones chlorotici,lutioli-lineati.Vaginae culmorum celeriter delapsae,coriaceae,quam internodiis brevioribus,primo chloroticae,luteoli-lineatae,apice truncatae,symmetricae;auriculae purpureae,ellipticae,nec pariles,ciliatae;ligulae prope truncatae,purpureae,3mm~5 mm altae,margine cinereo-brevi-fimbriae;laminae strictae,,triangulatae vel longe triangulatae,glabrae,ad 16 cm longae,margine scabrae.Folia(4)6~11 in quoque ramulo;vaginae foliorum chloroticae,glabrae,nitidae,porcis superis et nervillis longitudinalibus conspicuis,haud ciliatae;auriculae nullae,setis oralibus 2~ 3,erectis,3mm~ 4 mm longis,facile delapsis;ligulae prope truncatae,glabrae,c.1 mm altae;petiole 2 mm~ 3 mm longi,chloroticae,glabrae;laminae lanceolatae,
10 cm~24 cm longae,1.3 cm~3.8 cm latae,levitercoriaceae,glabrae,apice acuminatae,basi rotundae vel late cuneatae,nervis secundariis 5~ 9-jugis,nervillis transversis indistinctis,margine serrulatae.Inflorescentia ignota.Turiones Julio et Augusti germinantes.
Sichuan(四川):Changning(長寧),Zhuhai Town(竹海鎮(zhèn)),Dafang Village(大房村),1 Group(1組),E102°56′13″,N29°30′34″,Alt.269 m,Cultiv.,2014-09-15,T.P.Yi(易同培)14006(holotypus,SAUD=SIFS);Xingwen(興文),Lianhua Village(蓮花村),Laoyingwo(老鷹窩),alt.600m,2014-11-05,Jia Ting-Bing etc.(賈廷彬等)14002。
稈叢生,高13 m~14 m,直徑6 cm~8 cm,梢端直立;全稈具32節(jié)~45節(jié),節(jié)間長(20)40 cm~50 cm,最長達(dá)60 cm,圓筒形,光滑,無毛,具淡黃色縱條紋,中空,稈壁厚6 mm~12 mm,基部稈壁厚達(dá)2.5 cm,髓屑狀;籜環(huán)隆起,灰褐色至褐色,初時具灰色絨毛;稈環(huán)平,基部節(jié)上具氣生根;節(jié)內(nèi)高8 mm~15 mm,出事米被灰白色絨毛。稈芽長圓形,肥厚豐滿,無毛。稈高3 m~4 m開始分枝,枝條多數(shù),簇生,主枝長達(dá)1.5 m,直徑達(dá)1.3 cm,側(cè)枝多數(shù),較細(xì)而短。筍淡綠色,具淡黃色縱條紋;稈籜早落,革質(zhì),短于節(jié)間長度,初時淡綠色,具淡黃色縱條紋,禿凈,頂端截平形,兩側(cè)對稱;籜耳紫色,橢圓形,不等大,具緣毛;籜舌近截平形,紫色,高3 mm~5 mm,邊緣具灰色短繸毛;籜片直立,三角形至長三角形,兩面無毛,長達(dá)16 cm,邊緣粗糙。小枝具葉(4)6枚~11枚;葉鞘淡綠色,無毛,有光澤,上部縱脊顯著,縱脈紋明顯,無緣毛;葉耳無,鞘口兩肩繸毛2枚~3枚,直立,長3 mm~4 mm,易脫落;葉舌紫色,略呈截平形,無毛,高約1 mm;葉柄長2 mm~3 mm,淡綠色,無毛;葉片披針形,長10 cm~24 cm,寬1.3 cm~3.8 cm,薄革質(zhì),無毛,先端長漸尖,基部近圓形或?qū)捫ㄐ危蚊}5對~9對,小橫脈不清晰,邊緣具小鋸齒而粗糙。花果枝標(biāo)本未見。筍期7月~8月。
本種接近撐篙竹B.pervariabilis McClure,但節(jié)間無毛,亦無白粉;籜鞘頂端對稱,籜耳不下傾,較小,無毛;籜片五毛;無葉耳;葉片長達(dá)24 cm,寬達(dá)3.8 cm,無毛,易于區(qū)別。
客家竹(自擬) 新種 圖2:5~8
Bambusa deformis Yi et L.Yang,sp.nov.Pl.5~8
Habitu B.dahuazhu Yi et L.Yang similis,sed differt turionibus et internodiis culmorum haud lutiolo-longitudinali-striatis;auriculis vaginarum tantum prorsum fimbriatis,laminis super luteolo-hispidis
Culmi caespitosi,12 m~13 m alti,5cm~6 cm diam..,apice stricti,31~ 40-nodis,internodiis 38 cm~47 cm longis,cylindricis,laete viridibus,levigatis,glabris,primo leviter farinosis,farinosis,magnioribus cavis,lingo 6 mm~8 mm crasso,base in cumis ad 18 mm crasso,medullis frustulatis;cicatrices vaginarum brunneae,prominentes,primo dense cinereo-longo-hispidis;nodi culmorum plani,intranodiis 1.2 cm~1.5 cm altis,primo dense cinereo-albo-crasso-tomentosis,after grabris.Gemma culmi triangulato-ovata,crassa,crassotomentosa.Ramificationibus altioribus,multis in omnibuss nodis,raminis crassis 1.2 m~1.4 m longis et ad 2 cm diametro,ramis lateraliubs.gracilibus,1.5 mm~2 mm crassis.Turiones chlorotici,glabri.Vaginae culmorum celeriter delapsae,crrasso-coriaceae,quam internodiis brevioribus,crasso-coriaceae,glabrae,longinervae,haud ciliatae;auriculae atropurpureae,oblongae,2.5 mm~3 mm latae,apice atropurpureae longi-ciliatae;ligulae truncatae,purpureae,ad 5 mm altae,margine dentes;laminae strictae,triangulatae vel longe triangulatae,intra lividae setulosae,longi-nervillae conspicuae,margine serrulatae.Folia 8~ 10 in quoque ramulo;vaginae foliorum virides vel viridi-purpurae,glabrae,porcis superis prominentes,nervillis longitudinalibus conspicuis,haud horizontaliter parvvulus nervilae,haud ciliatae;auriculae nullae,setis oralibus nullae vel interdum 2~ 3;ligulae truncatae,purpureae,glabrae,c.1 mm altae;petiole 1.5mm~3.5 mm longi,chloroticae,glabrae;laminae lineaii-lanceolatae,virides,duro-purpureae,glabrae,(10)16 cm~25 cm longae,(1.5)2 cm~3(4)cm latae,super virides,dorso chloroticae,apice acuminatae,basi prope rotundae vel cuneatae,nervis secundariis 5~ 8-jugis,huad nervillis transversis,margine serrulatae.Inflorescentia ignota.Turiones Julio germinantes.
Sichuan(四川):Changning(長寧),Zhuhai Town(竹海鎮(zhèn)),Dafang Village(大房村),1 Group(1 組),E102°56′13″,N29°30′34″,Alt.269m,Cultiv.,2014-09-15,T.P.Yi(易同培)14007(holotypus,SAUD=SIFS).
稈叢生,高12m~13m,直徑cm5~6cm,稈梢直立;全稈 31~40節(jié),節(jié)間長38 cm~47 cm,圓筒形,亮綠色,圓筒形,亮綠色,平滑,無毛,初時被微白粉,中空大,稈壁較薄,厚6 mm~8 mm,稈基壁厚達(dá)18 mm,髓屑狀;稈環(huán)褐色,隆起,初時密被灰色長硬毛;稈環(huán)平;節(jié)內(nèi)高1.2 cm~1.5 cm,初時密被灰白色厚絨毛,后脫落變無毛。稈芽三角狀卵形,肥厚,被厚絨毛。稈分枝習(xí)性較高,每節(jié)多數(shù),主枝長1.2 m~1.4 m,直徑達(dá)2 cm,側(cè)枝較細(xì),直徑1.5 mm~2 mm。筍淡綠色,無毛。稈籜早落,短于節(jié)間,厚革質(zhì),背面無毛,縱脈紋細(xì)密,無小橫脈,無繸毛;籜耳深紫色,長圓形,前端具淡褐色長繸毛,寬2.5 mm~3 mm;籜舌截平形,紫色,高達(dá)5 mm,邊緣齒裂狀;籜片直立,三角形至長三角形,腹面被棕色小刺毛,縱脈紋顯著,邊緣具小鋸齒。小枝具葉8枚~10枚;葉鞘綠色或綠色帶紫色,無毛,縱脊在上部隆起,縱脈明顯,無小橫脈和緣毛;葉耳缺失,鞘口繸毛缺失或有時2枚~3枚;葉舌截平形,紫色,高約1 mm,無毛;葉柄長1.5 mm~3.5 mm,淡綠色,無毛;葉片線狀披針形,綠色,硬紙質(zhì),無毛,長(10)16 cm~25(30)cm,寬(1.5)2 cm~3(4)cm,上面綠色,下面淡綠色,先端漸尖,基部近圓形或楔形,次脈5對~8對,無小橫脈,邊緣具小鋸齒而粗糙?;ㄖξ匆?。筍期7月。
本種近似大花竹 B.dahuazhu Yi et L.Yang,但筍和稈無淡黃色縱條紋;籜耳僅前端具繸毛,籜片腹面具淡棕色小刺毛,極易區(qū)別。
我們認(rèn)為倬牡竹Dendrocalamus mutates Yi et B.X.Li,線耳綠竹 Dendrocalamopsis lineariaurita Yi et L.Yang,大花竹 Bambusa dahuazhu Yi et B.X.Li和客家竹Babusa deformis Yi et L.Yang等新種,均屬于撐篙竹Bambusa pervarisbilis McClure與綠竹Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro)Keng f.的雜交突變類型。20世紀(jì)90年代,四川宜賓市從廣西柳州林業(yè)科學(xué)研究所引種了大批量由撐篙竹和綠竹雜交的竹種,幼竹在形態(tài)上非常近似,栽培中很難區(qū)分出不同變異體。隨著幼竹年齡的增長,發(fā)現(xiàn)這批雜交竹種中大量的為撐綠竹3號Bambusa pervariabilis Mc-Clure×Dendrocalamopsis daii Keng f.No.3,俗稱撐綠竹,但也有少量的雜交突變體,其形態(tài)與撐綠竹3號完全相異。這些形態(tài)迥異的個體,經(jīng)人工精心細(xì)致培育,形成了新竹種。
盤縣玉山竹(自擬) 黑竹(貴州盤縣) 新種圖9~13
Yushania panxianensis Yi et J.J.Shi,sp.nov.Pl.9~13
Species affinis Y.violascens(Keng)Yi,sed differt culmis post purpuratis vel purpureo-nigrescentibus;auriculis vaginarum nullis;foliis(2)3~5 in quoque ramulo;laminis ad 11 cm longis.
Rhizoma elongato-sympodiale,collisculmorum gracelioribus,4 mm~ 6 mm crassis,28~ 35-nodis,Internodiis 4 mm~ 10 mm longis,luteolibus,glabris,nitidibus,solidis.Culmi sparsi,apice erecti,1.5 m~72 m alti,0.5 cm~1.2 cm diametro,18~25-nodis,internodiis(5)14 cm~16(20)cm longis,cylindricis juventute viridibus,post purpuratis vel purpureo-nigrescentibus,primo farinosis et cinereis hispidis,haud longitudinaliter minute porcatis,cavis,,medullis annuliformibus;nodi vaginarum prominentes,luteoli vel brunei,glabri;nodi culmorum prominentes vel porcate prominentes,primo purpurei;intranodiis 1 mm~2 mm altis.Gemma culmi 1,oblonga,adpressa,Rami 5~7 in quoque nodo,stricti vel paullo patulusi,25 cm~ 45 cm longi,1 mm~ 2.5 mm crassi,primo farinosi.Turiones purpurei.Vaginae culmorum sero delapsae,triangulatooblongae,coriaceae,quam Internodiis longioribus vel paulo longioribus,dorso sparse adpresso-purpureo-tuberculato-setulosae,longitudinali-nervilis conspicuis,margine haud ciliatae;auriculae nullae,fimbriae 4~6 in omni per latere,erectae,4 mm~ 6 mm longae,purpureae post cinereo-brunneae;ligulae truncatae vel oblique truncatae truncatae,purpureae,glabrae,1.5 mm~ 3 mm altae;laminae reflexae,purpureae,linnearilanceolatae,longinervis nervillis prominentibus,(0.5)cm~6.5 cm longae,1 mm~1.5 mm latae,glabrae,integeres.Folia(2)3~5 in quoque ramulo;vaginae foliorum purpureo-virides,3 cm~ 6 cm longae,glabrae,longitudinali-nervis et porcis superis conspicuis,haud ciliatae;auriculae nullae,setis oralibus(4)5~6 in lateralo lato,purpureae vel purpureo-brinneae,erectae;ligulae prope truncatae,brunneolae,c.0.8 mm altae;petioli c.1 mm longi,chloroticaei;laminae lineari-lanceolatae,papyraceae,glabrae,5.5 cm~ 11 cm longae,5.5 mm~10 mmlatae,supravirides,subtuschloroticae,apice acuminatae,basi cuneatae,nervis secundariis 3~4-jugis,nervillis transversis rectangularibus,margine serrulatae.Inflorescentia ignota.Turiones Junio germinantes.
Guizhou(貴州):Panxain(盤縣),Hongguo Town(紅果鎮(zhèn)),Zhongsha Village(中沙村),Laoheishan(老黑山),alt.2 000 m,2015-05-16,Shi Junyi(史軍義)15001;localite,2014-9-28,Shi Junyi(史軍義)14001(Holotypus,SAUD=SIFS).
地下莖細(xì)長合軸型,稈柄較細(xì)長,直徑4 mm~6 mm,具28節(jié)~35節(jié),節(jié)間長4 mm~10 mm,淡黃色,平滑,無毛,實心。稈散生,直立,高1.5 m~2 m,直徑0.8 cm~1.2 cm,具18節(jié)~25節(jié),節(jié)間長(5)14 cm~16(20)cm,圓筒形,分枝節(jié)間無凹槽,一年生綠色,二年生以上漸變?yōu)樽仙磷虾谏讜r被白粉及上部具灰色小硬毛而粗糙,無縱細(xì)線棱紋,中空,髓環(huán)狀;籜環(huán)隆起,淡黃褐色或褐色,無毛;稈環(huán)隆起或脊?fàn)盥∑?,初時紫色;節(jié)內(nèi)高2 mm~4 mm。稈芽1枚,長圓形,貼生。稈每節(jié)具5枚~7枚枝條,直立或稍斜展,長25 cm~45 cm,直徑1 mm~2.5 mm,初時被白粉。筍紫色;籜鞘遲落,三角狀長圓形,革質(zhì),長于或稍長于節(jié)間,背面被稀疏貼生瘤基紫色刺毛,縱脈紋明顯隆起,無緣毛;籜耳缺失,鞘口兩肩各具4枚~6枚、直立、長4 mm~6 mm、紫色后期變?yōu)榛液稚睦Z毛;籜舌截形或斜截形,紫色,無毛,高1.5 mm~3 mm;籜片外翻,紫色,線狀披針形,縱脈紋隆起,長(0.5)1 cm~6.5 cm,寬1 mm~1.5 mm,無毛,全緣。小枝具葉(2)3枚~5枚;葉鞘紫綠色,長3 cm~6 cm,無毛,縱脈紋及上部縱脊明顯,無緣毛;葉耳缺失,鞘口兩肩各具(4)5枚~6枚、紫色或紫褐色、直立而不彎曲、長1 mm~3 mm的繸毛;葉舌近截平形,淡褐色,高約0.8 mm;葉柄長約1 mm,淡綠色;葉片狹披針形,紙質(zhì),無毛,長5.5 cm~11 cm,寬5 mm~10 mm,上面綠色,下面淡綠色,先端漸尖,基部楔形,次脈3對~4對,小橫脈組成長方形,邊緣具小鋸齒而粗糙。花枝未見。筍期6月。
本種近似紫花玉山竹Y.violascens(Keng)Yi,但稈后期變?yōu)樽仙蜃虾谏?無籜耳;小枝具葉(2)3枚~5枚;葉片長達(dá)11 cm,易于區(qū)別。
這個竹種一年生竹稈為綠色,二年生時開始變?yōu)樽仙?,以后隨年齡的增長,竹稈顏色逐漸變深為紫黑色,故當(dāng)?shù)厝罕娏?xí)慣稱該竹種為黑竹。該種除對山區(qū)水土保持和生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)具有重要作用外,還是云貴高原新近發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個重要觀賞竹種。
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