解小龍 牛漫蘭 吳齊 閆臻 李秀財(cái) 夏文靜 付長(zhǎng)壘
摘 要:秦祁昆結(jié)合部發(fā)育了大量三疊紀(jì)巖漿巖,主要沿青海南山斷裂、瓦洪山斷裂和多禾茂斷裂周邊分布,總體呈NW—SE向展布。巖石類型復(fù)雜多樣,包括火山巖和侵入巖?;鹕綆r主要以玄武巖、安山巖、英安巖、流紋巖和火山角礫巖為主;侵入巖主要為輝長(zhǎng)巖、閃長(zhǎng)巖、花崗閃長(zhǎng)巖、花崗巖、石英斑巖等。同位素年代學(xué)研究表明:秦祁昆結(jié)合部三疊紀(jì)巖漿活動(dòng)主要集中在早—中三疊世和晚三疊世;233~253 Ma代表早—中三疊世巖漿活動(dòng),205~225 Ma代表晚三疊世巖漿活動(dòng)。空間上,巖漿活動(dòng)呈現(xiàn)出由NW向SE逐漸年輕化的趨勢(shì)。巖石組合及巖石地球化學(xué)特征表明:秦祁昆結(jié)合部早—中三疊世巖漿巖形成于古特提斯洋由南向北俯沖的大陸邊緣弧環(huán)境下,而晚三疊世可能已經(jīng)逐漸進(jìn)入后碰撞階段。
關(guān)鍵詞:巖石學(xué);三疊紀(jì);巖漿巖;構(gòu)造環(huán)境;大陸邊緣?。还盘靥崴寡?;后碰撞;秦祁昆結(jié)合部
中圖分類號(hào):P588.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
Petrological Characteristics of Triassic Magmatic Rocks from the
Conjunction of Qinling, Qilian and Kunlun Orogens and
Their Tectonic Environment
XIE Xiao-long1, NIU Man-lan1, WU Qi1, YAN Zhen2, LI Xiu-cai1, XIA Wen-jing1, FU Chang-lei2
(1. School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui,
China; 2. Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China)
Abstract: Triassic magmatic rocks widely develop in the conjunction of Qinling, Qilian and Kunlun orogens along Nanshan fault, Wahongshan fault and Duohemao fault in Qinghai with a NW-SE-trending. The types of rocks are complicated and various, including volcanic and intrusive rocks. Volcanic rocks consist of basalt, andesite, dacite, rhyolite and volcanic breccias; intrusive rocks consist of gabbro, diorite, granodiorite, granite and quartz porphyry, etc. Isotopic chronology research reveals that the forming ages of these Triassic igneous rocks are mostly concentrated in Early-Middle Triassic (233-253 Ma) and Late Triassic (205-225 Ma), and gradually decreased from NW to SE. Geochemistry characteristics and rock assemblages suggest that the Early-Middle Triassic magmatic rocks in the conjunction of Qinling, Qilian and Kunlun orogens are formed in continental margin arc setting by the northern subduction of Palaeo-Tethys ocean; however, the Late Triassic magmatic rocks are formed in post-collisional stage.
Key words: petrology; Triassic; magmatic rock; tectonic environment; continental margin arc; Palaeo-Tethys ocean; post-collision; the conjunction of Qinling, Qilian and Kunlun orogens
0 引 言
秦祁昆結(jié)合部夾持于祁連造山帶和松潘—甘孜造山帶之間,其獨(dú)特的構(gòu)造位置為特提斯構(gòu)造演化以及中央造山帶內(nèi)部相互拼貼、碰撞提供了重要研究場(chǎng)所。姜春發(fā)等將其稱作昆秦岔口,認(rèn)為它是中央造山帶的印支期褶皺帶的重要組成部分[1];張國(guó)偉等認(rèn)為其屬于西秦嶺—松潘大陸構(gòu)造結(jié)的重要組成部分[2];閆臻等認(rèn)為其為疊置于早古生代造山作用基礎(chǔ)上形成并插入祁連和昆侖早古生代造山帶內(nèi)部的楔形地質(zhì)體[3]。目前,在秦祁昆結(jié)合部發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量金、銀、鉛鋅、銅、鐵、鉬等多金屬礦床,如青海省同仁縣江里溝鎢銅多金屬礦床、雙朋西金銅礦,興海縣賽什塘銅礦、鄂拉山口銀鉛鋅礦,澤庫(kù)縣瓦勒根金礦,循化縣謝坑矽卡巖型銅金礦,這些多金屬礦床均與三疊紀(jì)巖漿活動(dòng)密切相關(guān)[4-15]。
大量研究表明,從晚二疊世開(kāi)始,古特提斯洋由南向北俯沖,形成大量的弧型巖漿巖。張宏飛等對(duì)共和盆地周邊的三疊紀(jì)巖漿巖做了年代學(xué)與地球化學(xué)分析[16],金維浚等對(duì)夏河地區(qū)三疊紀(jì)巖漿巖做了研究,指出三疊紀(jì)巖漿巖的出露與古特提斯洋的俯沖碰撞有著密切的聯(lián)系[17-18]。袁萬(wàn)明等通過(guò)對(duì)東昆侖印支期花崗巖時(shí)空分布的研究,詳細(xì)論述了早、中、晚三疊世東昆侖地區(qū)花崗巖的構(gòu)造背景和分布特征[19-20]。郭正府等研究認(rèn)為,東昆侖晚華力西期到早燕山期構(gòu)造演化可分為洋脊形成與擴(kuò)張階段、大洋板塊大規(guī)模俯沖階段和陸內(nèi)造山階段[21]。因此,查明這些巖漿巖的具體形成時(shí)代以及形成環(huán)境對(duì)整個(gè)古特提斯洋在這一時(shí)期的構(gòu)造演化具有重要意義。筆者從三疊紀(jì)巖漿巖入手,查明了三疊紀(jì)巖漿巖的空間分布特征和形成時(shí)代,并對(duì)其形成環(huán)境進(jìn)行了初步探討,為進(jìn)一步研究秦祁昆結(jié)合部構(gòu)造屬性、板塊構(gòu)造體制及成礦背景等諸多問(wèn)題,揭示中央造山帶復(fù)合造山過(guò)程、南北板塊匯聚過(guò)程,查明區(qū)域成礦背景,指導(dǎo)區(qū)域找礦工作部署具有重要意義。
1 地質(zhì)背景
秦祁昆結(jié)合部出露了大量的三疊紀(jì)巖漿巖。研究區(qū)西以瓦洪山斷裂為界與柴達(dá)木地塊相連,東以多禾茂斷裂為界與西秦嶺造山帶相鄰,南以勉略—阿尼瑪卿縫合帶與松潘—甘孜造山帶和南秦嶺相隔,北以青海湖南山斷裂與祁連造山帶相望(圖1);屬東昆侖帶、松潘地塊與西秦嶺和柴達(dá)木地塊,以及東昆侖、西秦嶺與北側(cè)祁連造山帶的交接轉(zhuǎn)換部位,同時(shí)也是古亞洲構(gòu)造域、特提斯構(gòu)造域和濱太平洋構(gòu)造域交匯的特殊地段,屬于西秦嶺—松潘大陸構(gòu)造結(jié)的重要組成部分[2]。
秦祁昆結(jié)合部?jī)?nèi)出露地層以三疊系為主,局部地段零星出露晚古生代和新元古代構(gòu)造塊體。晚古生代主要為二疊紀(jì)碳酸鹽巖、砂巖、硅質(zhì)泥巖組合以及少量火山巖,僅零星分布于秦祁昆結(jié)合部周邊;新元古代巖石組合為變雜砂巖和中基性火山巖,僅出露于興海縣溫泉及羊曲一帶。石炭系、二疊系在柴北緣察汗諾、青海湖南岸橡皮山、同仁隆務(wù)河、夏河一帶斷續(xù)出露,均為夾持于三疊系內(nèi)的礁灰?guī)r構(gòu)造透鏡體,具有混雜堆積特征[3]。石炭系內(nèi)出露果可山群(Cg),下部巖層主要為灰色片巖、片麻巖、灰白色大理巖、綠色中基性火山巖和混合巖,上部巖層主要為灰色砂巖、板巖、千枚巖、片巖、片麻巖、淺肉紅色混合巖和變砂巖;三疊系為一套陸源碎屑沉積、少量碳酸鹽巖和中酸性火山巖組合,下三疊統(tǒng)隆務(wù)河組(T1-2l)和中三疊統(tǒng)古浪堤組(T1-2g)在本區(qū)呈面狀廣泛分布,是一套槽底沉積的活動(dòng)型地層,其中滑塌混雜現(xiàn)象普遍,上三疊統(tǒng)鄂拉山組(T3e)主要為陸相火山巖,角度不整合于隆務(wù)河組、古浪堤組之上。隆務(wù)河組下部以粗碎屑巖為主,灰?guī)r夾層較少,底部為塊層狀復(fù)成分礫巖,橫向上變化大;上部以細(xì)碎屑砂、板巖為主,灰?guī)r夾層發(fā)育;底與石炭系—二疊系甘家組(C—P2gj)呈角度不整合接觸。古浪堤組分布于同仁西北及澤庫(kù)附近,以中—細(xì)粒雜砂巖、含礫砂巖、板巖為主,夾礫屑灰?guī)r及復(fù)成分礫巖,整合覆于隆務(wù)河組之上,產(chǎn)雙殼類、菊石及遺跡化石。鄂拉山組分布于貴德—同仁一帶,為一套陸相火山碎屑巖,巖性組合為:①下部的中基性火山巖及碎屑巖,巖性為輝石安山巖、安山巖、玄武安山巖夾凝灰?guī)r、凝灰質(zhì)板巖、長(zhǎng)石砂巖、安山質(zhì)火山角礫巖、安山質(zhì)火山集塊巖;②中部的中酸性火山巖,巖性為英安質(zhì)熔巖角礫巖、火山集塊角礫巖、英安巖、凝灰?guī)r;③上部的安山質(zhì)火山巖,巖性為灰綠色安山質(zhì)熔巖角礫巖、安山質(zhì)火山集塊角礫巖、凝灰?guī)r。這套碎屑巖以角度不整合覆于下、中三疊統(tǒng)隆務(wù)河組、古浪堤組之上,被下白堊系萬(wàn)秀組不整合覆蓋。
圖1 秦祁昆結(jié)合部地質(zhì)簡(jiǎn)圖
Fig.1 Simplified Geological Map of the Conjuction of Qinling, Qilian and Kunlun Orogens
此外,在秦祁昆結(jié)合部周邊斷續(xù)出露不同時(shí)代的蛇綠巖,其中北側(cè)有天峻南山蛇綠混雜巖(晚于早石炭世)、拉脊山蛇綠巖(奧陶紀(jì)到志留紀(jì)末),南側(cè)有布青山—阿尼瑪卿蛇綠巖(三疊紀(jì)),西側(cè)緊鄰鄂拉山一帶有苦?!愂蔡辽呔G巖(晚泥盆世—早二疊世)[3]。同時(shí),秦祁昆結(jié)合部同仁縣隆務(wù)峽一帶也出露有形成于晚二疊世—早三疊世成熟度較高的島弧環(huán)境的蛇綠巖[22-24]。
2 巖石學(xué)特征
秦祁昆結(jié)合部三疊紀(jì)火山-侵入巖漿作用強(qiáng)烈(圖2),巖石類型復(fù)雜多樣,廣泛發(fā)育并分布于青海省興??h、同仁縣、夏河縣、澤庫(kù)縣一帶,且主要沿青海南山斷裂、瓦洪山斷裂和多禾茂斷裂周邊分布,總體呈NW—SE向展布。野外系統(tǒng)調(diào)查結(jié)果表明,這些火山巖主要有玄武巖、安山巖、英安巖、流紋巖和安山質(zhì)角礫巖,侵入巖主要為輝長(zhǎng)巖、閃長(zhǎng)巖、花崗閃長(zhǎng)巖、花崗巖、石英斑巖等。同仁—澤庫(kù)地區(qū)主要發(fā)育中—晚三疊世安山巖、石英斑巖、花崗斑巖及花崗閃長(zhǎng)巖;興??h鄂拉山地區(qū)以流紋巖和花崗閃長(zhǎng)巖為主;烏蘭一帶主要發(fā)育輝長(zhǎng)巖、花崗巖;玄武巖僅見(jiàn)于夏河縣八角城地區(qū),通常呈深灰色—灰黑色,局部表面呈灰綠色和保留完好的枕狀構(gòu)造,部分發(fā)育氣孔、杏仁構(gòu)造,杏仁體成分主要為方解石和少量燧石[25]。
2.1 火山巖
安山巖采自同仁縣夏卜浪礦區(qū)附近,賦存于下中三疊統(tǒng)隆務(wù)河組的粗碎屑巖中,呈灰綠色和斑狀結(jié)構(gòu),基質(zhì)具交織結(jié)構(gòu)[圖3(a)]和塊狀構(gòu)造。斑晶體積分?jǐn)?shù)約為40%,由斜長(zhǎng)石、石英、普通輝石、黑云母組成。斜長(zhǎng)石呈自形板狀,具環(huán)帶結(jié)構(gòu),多為絹云母、黝簾石交代;石英呈半自形粒狀,具熔蝕現(xiàn)象。普通輝石呈自形粒狀,具暗化邊,多被綠泥石交代,僅保留假象;黑云母呈板狀,具揉曲現(xiàn)象,不均勻分布,多被綠泥石交代。基質(zhì)體積分?jǐn)?shù)約為60%,由斜長(zhǎng)石、綠泥石、磁鐵礦組成。斜長(zhǎng)石呈細(xì)長(zhǎng)柱狀微晶半平行排列;綠泥石呈鱗片狀不均勻分布其空隙中。
圖件引自文獻(xiàn)[3],有所修改
圖2 秦祁昆結(jié)合部三疊紀(jì)巖漿巖分布
Fig.2 Distribution of Trissic Magmatic Rocks from the Conjuction of Qinling, Qilian and Kunlun Orogens
圖3 火山巖顯微照片
Fig.3 Microphotographs of Volcanic Rocks
英安巖采自同仁縣夏卜浪礦區(qū)附近,賦存于下中三疊統(tǒng)隆務(wù)河組的粗碎屑巖中,呈灰白色、淺黃色、肉紅色,具斑狀結(jié)構(gòu)和球粒包含結(jié)構(gòu),基質(zhì)具微粒狀結(jié)構(gòu)和流紋構(gòu)造[圖3(b)]。斑晶體積分?jǐn)?shù)為5%,由石英、更長(zhǎng)石、正長(zhǎng)石、黑云母組成。石英呈自形粒狀,具熔蝕現(xiàn)象;更長(zhǎng)石呈自形板狀,發(fā)育聚片雙晶,具弱的高嶺土化、碳酸鹽化;正長(zhǎng)石呈自形板狀,具高嶺土化、碳酸鹽化;黑云母呈板狀晶,具暗化邊,多被白云母交代?;|(zhì)由更長(zhǎng)石、石英、絹云母、磁鐵礦組成,體積分?jǐn)?shù)為95%。
流紋巖采自鄂拉山口附近,賦存于上三疊統(tǒng)鄂拉山組火山巖中,呈灰色、斑狀結(jié)構(gòu)[圖3(c)、(d)]以及氣孔和杏仁狀構(gòu)造。斑晶主要為石英和斜長(zhǎng)石,石英為半自形—他形,大小為1~2 mm,具有熔蝕現(xiàn)象,體積分?jǐn)?shù)約為15%;斜長(zhǎng)石呈半自形—他形,蝕變強(qiáng)烈,大小一般為1.1~2.4 mm,體積分?jǐn)?shù)約為15%?;|(zhì)主要為微晶石英和微晶長(zhǎng)石,體積分?jǐn)?shù)約為70%。微晶長(zhǎng)石普遍具有絹云母化、鈉黝簾石化、泥化以及碳酸鹽化;微晶石英呈微細(xì)顆粒廣泛分布于整個(gè)巖石中。
2.2 侵入巖
花崗巖主要見(jiàn)于烏蘭縣察汗諾地區(qū),侵入于石炭系果可山群片巖及片麻巖中。巖石呈灰白色、中粗粒結(jié)構(gòu)和塊狀構(gòu)造。其主要由石英、斜長(zhǎng)石、鉀長(zhǎng)石(體積分?jǐn)?shù)為20%~25%)和黑云母(5%)組成。石英體積分?jǐn)?shù)為35%~40%,波狀消光,表面干凈,無(wú)熔蝕,粒徑為0.1~5.0 mm,呈半自形—他形;斜長(zhǎng)石體積分?jǐn)?shù)為30%~35%,呈半自形—自形[圖4(a)],可見(jiàn)聚片雙晶,具輕微絹云母化、綠泥石化;鉀長(zhǎng)石可見(jiàn)明顯的解理,發(fā)育卡式雙晶;黑云母很少,單片光下有明顯的多色性和解理。
圖4 侵入巖顯微照片
Fig.4 Microphotographs of Intrusive Rocks
花崗閃長(zhǎng)巖在興??h溫泉巖體、烏蘭縣察汗諾巖體及澤庫(kù)縣瓦勒根金礦區(qū)外圍都有出露,其中溫泉巖體花崗閃長(zhǎng)巖內(nèi)含有少量橢圓狀暗色閃長(zhǎng)質(zhì)包體。巖石為灰白色,主要礦物有石英、斜長(zhǎng)石、角閃石、黑云母,呈半自形粒狀結(jié)構(gòu)和塊狀構(gòu)造。石英體積分?jǐn)?shù)為20%~25%,粒徑為0.5~3.0 mm,呈半自形—他形,表面大多可見(jiàn)裂紋[圖4(b)];斜長(zhǎng)石體積分?jǐn)?shù)為45%~50%,粒徑為0.3~3.0 mm,發(fā)育聚片雙晶,有的發(fā)育環(huán)帶結(jié)構(gòu),呈半自形—自形;角閃石體積分?jǐn)?shù)為10%~15%,粒徑為0.2~0.5 mm,可見(jiàn)兩組斜交節(jié)理,多呈他形;黑云母體積分?jǐn)?shù)為5%~10%,粒徑為0.3~1.0 mm,具有較強(qiáng)的多色性,平行消光,為一組極完全節(jié)理。
閃長(zhǎng)巖主要產(chǎn)出于烏蘭縣察汗諾巖體中,侵入于石炭系果可山群片巖及片麻巖中,主要礦物為斜長(zhǎng)石、黑云母、角閃石和石英(體積分?jǐn)?shù)為5%),巖石呈半自形粒狀結(jié)構(gòu)和塊狀構(gòu)造。斜長(zhǎng)石體積分?jǐn)?shù)為60%~65%,具有環(huán)帶結(jié)構(gòu),發(fā)育聚片雙晶,呈長(zhǎng)柱狀,為中長(zhǎng)石;黑云母體積分?jǐn)?shù)為5%~10%;角閃石呈柱狀或纖狀、黃褐色或綠色,體積分?jǐn)?shù)為15%~20%[圖4(c)]。
花崗斑巖見(jiàn)于澤庫(kù)縣瓦勒根金礦內(nèi),侵位于下中三疊統(tǒng)隆務(wù)河組沉積巖中,呈淺肉紅色、斑狀結(jié)構(gòu)和塊狀構(gòu)造。斑晶主要由石英(體積分?jǐn)?shù)為20%)和長(zhǎng)石(10%)組成[圖4(d)],另有少量白云母。石英斑晶呈半自形—他形粒狀結(jié)構(gòu),粒徑為0.5~2.0 mm;長(zhǎng)石斑晶呈半自形柱狀,包括發(fā)育卡式雙晶的鉀長(zhǎng)石和少數(shù)發(fā)育聚片雙晶的斜長(zhǎng)石,且出現(xiàn)一定程度的泥化/絹云母化,其粒徑為0.8~2.0 mm。基質(zhì)呈隱晶質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),主要由長(zhǎng)英質(zhì)礦物石英、云母和長(zhǎng)石以及少量磁鐵礦等不透明礦物共同組成。
石英斑巖見(jiàn)于澤庫(kù)縣瓦勒根金礦內(nèi),侵位于下中三疊統(tǒng)隆務(wù)河組沉積巖中,呈灰白色、斑狀結(jié)構(gòu)和致密塊狀構(gòu)造。斑晶主要為他形粒狀石英,粒徑為0.5~1.0 mm,體積分?jǐn)?shù)約為5%,另含少量長(zhǎng)石和白云母斑晶[圖4(e)];基質(zhì)主要由隱晶質(zhì)石英、云母組成,并含少量長(zhǎng)石微晶以及磁鐵礦等不透明礦物。該類斑巖體內(nèi)巖石普遍發(fā)育碳酸鹽化,且金含量普遍較高。
輝長(zhǎng)閃長(zhǎng)巖采于烏蘭縣察汗諾地區(qū),侵入于石炭系果可山群片巖及片麻巖中,呈灰黑色、半自形粒狀結(jié)構(gòu)和塊狀構(gòu)造,主要礦物成分為斜長(zhǎng)石、輝石和角閃石,蝕變較為嚴(yán)重。斜長(zhǎng)石一般為中長(zhǎng)石,體積分?jǐn)?shù)為45%~50%[圖4(f)],發(fā)育聚片雙晶;輝石干涉色鮮艷,可見(jiàn)兩組近垂直的解理,高正突起,體積分?jǐn)?shù)約為25%;角閃石具兩組斜交解理,體積分?jǐn)?shù)約為8%。
3 討 論
3.1 形成時(shí)代
秦祁昆結(jié)合部三疊紀(jì)巖漿巖的形成時(shí)代對(duì)于整個(gè)板塊構(gòu)造演化具有重要意義。本文利用SHRIMP鋯石U-Pb定年得到:鄂拉山流紋巖形成于早三疊世晚期(248 Ma);澤庫(kù)地區(qū)安山巖形成于中三疊世早期(245 Ma);同仁地區(qū)安山巖形成于中三疊世晚期(240 Ma),與Guo等在剛察地區(qū)獲得的安山巖年齡(242 Ma)在誤差范圍內(nèi)較為一致[26],均屬于早—中三疊世巖漿活動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物(表1)。然而,這些火山巖的形成時(shí)代比Li等在澤庫(kù)地區(qū)獲得的中三疊世晚期(234 Ma)麥秀鎮(zhèn)輝石安山巖的時(shí)代早[27],比研究區(qū)東南側(cè)西秦嶺宕昌流紋巖(年齡為229 Ma)、夏河八角城玄武巖(年齡為220 Ma)形成時(shí)代早,呈現(xiàn)出自NW向SE火山作用時(shí)間越來(lái)越年輕的特征[25,30]。
秦祁昆結(jié)合部察汗諾地區(qū)侵入巖主要為輝長(zhǎng)巖、閃長(zhǎng)巖和花崗巖,形成于236~241 Ma;澤庫(kù)地區(qū)花崗閃長(zhǎng)巖形成于240 Ma,石英斑巖形成時(shí)代早于250 Ma,花崗斑巖形成于237 Ma。張宏飛等對(duì)共和盆地周緣的黑馬河巖體進(jìn)行定年,得到其年齡為235 Ma[16];陳宣華等測(cè)得柴達(dá)木東緣花崗巖類時(shí)代為228~253 Ma[28];駱必繼等測(cè)得合作地區(qū)閃長(zhǎng)巖類年齡分布在238~242 Ma[29,31-32];金維浚等測(cè)得夏河地區(qū)閃長(zhǎng)巖類主要形成于238~248 Ma[17-18];李德彪等測(cè)得同仁—澤庫(kù)地區(qū)與多金屬礦有關(guān)的花崗巖、花崗斑巖、閃長(zhǎng)巖等的形成年齡在237~243 Ma[11,25];張宏飛等測(cè)得西秦嶺東部溫泉巖體、糜署嶺巖體、黃渚關(guān)巖體、廠壩巖體、石門巖體、賽什塘雜巖體、憨班花崗巖體年齡變化范圍主要在205~225 Ma[33-38]。上述研究成果顯示,三疊紀(jì)侵入巖主要出現(xiàn)在早—中三疊世和晚三疊世兩個(gè)階段。
巖石學(xué)和同位素年代學(xué)研究共同證明:秦祁昆結(jié)合部發(fā)育早—中三疊世和晚三疊世巖漿巖;234~253 Ma代表早—中三疊世巖漿活動(dòng),205~225 Ma代表晚三疊世巖漿活動(dòng)。從空間分布來(lái)看,除個(gè)別巖體外,晚三疊世巖漿活動(dòng)主要出現(xiàn)在秦祁昆結(jié)合部以東的西秦嶺東部地區(qū),呈現(xiàn)出由NW往SE向巖漿活動(dòng)逐漸年輕化的趨勢(shì)。
表1 巖漿巖分布和時(shí)代
Tab.1 Distribution and Age of Intrusive Rocks
3.2 形成環(huán)境
秦祁昆結(jié)合部廣泛發(fā)育三疊紀(jì)巖漿巖,前人已經(jīng)對(duì)此做了大量的年代學(xué)、地球化學(xué)研究,但對(duì)于其形成環(huán)境及構(gòu)造屬性仍存在不同的認(rèn)識(shí)。
王繪清等認(rèn)為西秦嶺印支早期共和縣黑馬河巖體、同仁縣雙朋西巖體、循化縣謝坑巖體是碰撞后板片斷離的產(chǎn)物,板片斷離導(dǎo)致西秦嶺地區(qū)印支早期巖體線性分布及中三疊世快速地殼抬升[23-24]。郭現(xiàn)輕等認(rèn)為西秦嶺印支早期巖漿巖形成于大陸邊緣弧環(huán)境下,是古特提斯洋向北俯沖的結(jié)果[5,18,25-26,39],印支晚期巖漿活動(dòng)形成于以碰撞為主的擠壓環(huán)境[27,30]。
對(duì)于鄂拉山地區(qū)巖漿帶的形成環(huán)境也存在不同認(rèn)識(shí):孫延貴等認(rèn)為鄂拉山地區(qū)巖漿活動(dòng)主要形成于晚三疊世西秦嶺與柴達(dá)木之間的陸-陸碰撞環(huán)境中,和東昆侖巖漿巖帶不是同一構(gòu)造體制下形成的統(tǒng)一巖漿弧帶[40];陳宣華等認(rèn)為鄂拉山地區(qū)瓦洪山斷裂西側(cè)存在大量形成于洋陸俯沖條件下的早三疊世花崗質(zhì)巖石[28];徐強(qiáng)等認(rèn)為鄂拉山巖漿帶和東昆北巖漿帶同屬揚(yáng)子板塊向西楔入而在柴達(dá)木盆地東南緣形成的弧巖漿帶[41-42];黃雄飛等認(rèn)為秦祁昆結(jié)合部早—中三疊世花崗巖為古特提斯洋向北消減過(guò)程中形成的大陸邊緣弧環(huán)境[30,39]。
從巖石組合類型來(lái)看,秦祁昆結(jié)合部三疊紀(jì)火山巖的巖石組合為安山巖、英安巖、流紋巖,侵入巖的巖石組合為花崗閃長(zhǎng)巖、花崗斑巖、石英斑巖,這與鄧晉福等描述的大陸邊緣弧巖石組合特征[43]基本一致。巖石地球化學(xué)分析結(jié)果表明其屬于亞堿性系列,富集輕稀土元素和Th、U、Pb等大離子親石元素,相對(duì)虧損重稀土元素和Nb、Ta、Ti等高場(chǎng)強(qiáng)元素,其中流紋巖、花崗巖、石英斑巖表現(xiàn)出明顯的Eu負(fù)異常,顯示出與俯沖作用密切相關(guān)的巖石地球化學(xué)特征。察汗諾中三疊世輝長(zhǎng)巖具有極高的MgO、Cr、Ni含量和Mg#值,結(jié)合其高w(Th)/w(U)值及其相關(guān)的稀土、微量元素特征,其可能來(lái)源于板片俯沖交代形成的富集巖石圈地幔[44]。其余中三疊世閃長(zhǎng)巖、安山巖均表現(xiàn)出和察汗諾輝長(zhǎng)巖類似的稀土、微量元素特征,且具有富集的EMⅡ型Sr-Nd同位素特征,暗示它們可能形成于洋陸俯沖大陸邊緣弧環(huán)境下。同時(shí),自北向南,同仁、夏河、澤庫(kù)一帶中三疊世安山質(zhì)、閃長(zhǎng)-花崗質(zhì)巖石εHf(t)值逐漸降低,二階段Hf模式年齡逐漸增大,進(jìn)一步證明秦祁昆結(jié)合部三疊紀(jì)巖漿巖形成于古特提斯洋向北俯沖的環(huán)境之下。晚三疊世εNd(t)值為正,八角城OIB型玄武巖和鄂拉山含閃長(zhǎng)質(zhì)包體花崗巖的出現(xiàn)表明研究區(qū)于晚三疊世可能已經(jīng)進(jìn)入碰撞后伸展階段。其中:w(·)為元素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù);εNd=[(N(143Nd)/N(144Nd))i/(N(143Nd)/N(144Nd))CHUR-1]×104,εHf=[(N(176Hf)/N(177Hf))i/(N(176Hf)/N(177Hf))CHUR-1]×104,下標(biāo)i表示初始比值,下標(biāo)CHUR表示球粒隕石均一源與樣品同時(shí)的比值;N(·)/N(·)為同一元素同位素比值,N(·)為該元素的原子豐度;εHf(t)為年齡t對(duì)應(yīng)的εHf值;εNd(t)為年齡t對(duì)應(yīng)的εNd值。
4 結(jié) 語(yǔ)
(1)秦祁昆結(jié)合部廣泛發(fā)育三疊紀(jì)巖漿巖,沿青海南山斷裂、瓦洪山斷裂和多禾茂斷裂分布于共和盆地周緣,呈NW—SE展布,時(shí)代為早—中三疊世(234~253 Ma)和晚三疊世(205~225 Ma),空間上呈現(xiàn)出火山活動(dòng)從NW向SE越來(lái)越年輕的特征。
(2)秦祁昆結(jié)合部早—中三疊世巖漿巖形成于古特提斯洋由南向北俯沖的大陸邊緣弧環(huán)境下,而晚三疊世可能已經(jīng)進(jìn)入后碰撞階段。
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