王琳, 李文華, 陳靜, 何海燕, 余亞仁
N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)低滲對(duì)比劑急性腎損傷模型大鼠腎組織的影響
王琳, 李文華, 陳靜, 何海燕, 余亞仁
目的:通過建立大鼠低滲對(duì)比劑急性腎損傷動(dòng)物模型,觀察N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)干預(yù)后腎損傷的變化,從而對(duì)臨床治療對(duì)比劑誘導(dǎo)的急性腎損傷提供理論依據(jù)。
方法:清潔級(jí)雄性SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為正常對(duì)照組(n=15),對(duì)比劑腎損傷模型組(對(duì)比劑損傷組,n=15),N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)照組 (n=15) 及N-乙酰半胱氨酸治療組(治療組,n=15)。分別于造模后第24 h、48 h、72 h處死動(dòng)物,并檢測(cè)血肌酐值, 病理切片及蘇木素-伊紅(HE)染色評(píng)估腎小管損傷程度,試劑盒檢測(cè)腎組織氧化應(yīng)激指標(biāo)丙二醛(MDA)含量、總超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)的活性。
結(jié)果: ①與正常對(duì)照組和N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)照組相比,對(duì)比劑損傷組在建模后第48 h、72 h血清肌酐值顯著升高(P<0.01),治療組在相同時(shí)間點(diǎn)較對(duì)比劑損傷組血清肌酐值顯著下降(P<0.01);②HE染色可見對(duì)比劑損傷組在建模后24 h至72 h均出現(xiàn)不同程度的急性腎小管損傷,伴或不伴上皮細(xì)胞刷狀緣脫落、空泡變性、細(xì)胞脫落及再生,部分腎小管結(jié)構(gòu)破壞;與正常對(duì)照組和N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)照組比較,對(duì)比劑損傷組和治療組腎小管損傷評(píng)分顯著升高(P<0.05),治療組在相同時(shí)間點(diǎn)較對(duì)比劑損傷組腎小管損傷評(píng)分顯著降低 (P<0.05),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;③與正常對(duì)照組和N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)照組比較,氧化應(yīng)激標(biāo)志物丙二醛含量、T-SOD活性在對(duì)比劑損傷組和治療組變化顯著(P<0.01),治療組與對(duì)比劑損傷組比較差異亦有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.05)。
結(jié)論:N-乙酰半胱氨酸可以減輕低滲對(duì)比劑誘導(dǎo)的急性腎小管上皮細(xì)胞的損傷。
對(duì)比劑腎病; N-乙酰半胱氨酸;血肌酐;腎小管損傷
Methods: A total of 60 male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:①Control group, with normal rats,②Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) group,③NAC group, the rats received NAC pre-treatment followed by normal saline injection, ④Treatment group, the rats received NAC pre-treatment followed by contrast media injection. n=15 in each group. The animals were sacrifced at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h respectively after modeling. The renal function was evaluated by serum creatinine, tissue injury was examined by HE-staining and the renal oxidative stress condition was measured by MDA and T-SOD activities.
Results: ①Compared with Control group, CIN group showed obviously increased serum creatinine levels at 48 h, 72 h after the modeling, P<0.01, while compared with CIN group, the creatinine levels were lower in Treatment group at the same time points, P<0.01. ②HE-staining presented that CIN group had different levels of acute tubular injury, with or without brush border epithelial cell shedding, vacuolar degeneration, cell loss and regeneration and partially tubular structural damage at 24 h, 72 h after the modeling; compared with Control group and NAC group, the renal injury scores in CIN group and Treatment group were significantly increased, P<0.05, while Treatment group had much less renal
injury than CIN group at the same time points, P<0.05. ③Compared with Control group and NAC group, the MDA and T-SOD activities were obviously changed in CIN group and Treatment group, P<0.01, the MDA and T-SOD activities were different between Treatment group and CIN group, P<0.05.
Conclusion: NAC may reduce the injury of renal tubular epithelial cells in contrast-induced nephropathy in experimental rats.
(Chinese Circulation Journal, 2015,30:168.)
隨著介入治療水平的提高,對(duì)比劑使用引起的腎損傷逐漸增多。對(duì)比劑腎損傷已經(jīng)成為了院內(nèi)獲得性急性腎功能衰竭的第三大原因,約占所有獲得性急性腎損傷發(fā)病率的11%[1-2]。對(duì)比劑腎損傷的發(fā)生增加了院內(nèi)死亡率(發(fā)生對(duì)比劑腎損傷后患者死亡率與未發(fā)生對(duì)比劑腎損傷患者死亡率分別為31%和6% )、致殘率、透析率,加速發(fā)生終末期腎?。‥SRD)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),延長(zhǎng)住院時(shí)間和增加花費(fèi)[3]。因此最好的治療方法是預(yù)防。N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)是細(xì)胞內(nèi)還原性谷胱苷肽的前體,具有干擾自由基生成、清除已生成的自由基、抗氧化作用,本研究觀察N-乙酰半胱氨酸其能否對(duì)對(duì)比劑腎病有防治作用。
實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物與試劑:2013-10至2014-04選擇清潔級(jí)雄性SD大鼠60只,體重(200±20)g,由徐州醫(yī)學(xué)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供。試劑:吲哚美辛(美國(guó)Sigma公司);左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯(L—NAME)(美國(guó)Sigma公司);N-乙酰半胱氨酸(美國(guó)Sigma公司);碘海醇注射液350 mgI/ml(揚(yáng)子江藥業(yè)有限公司);總超氧化物岐化酶(T-SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)試劑盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)。
實(shí)驗(yàn)分組及對(duì)比劑腎損傷模型建立 : SD大鼠60只,實(shí)驗(yàn)前一日將實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物稱重打耳孔標(biāo)記后進(jìn)行隨機(jī)分組:正常對(duì)照組(n=15), 對(duì)比劑腎損傷模型組(對(duì)比劑損傷組, n=15),N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)照組 (n=15) 及N-乙酰半胱氨酸治療組(治療組,n=15)。對(duì)比劑損傷組大鼠禁食水 12 h后,尾靜脈注射預(yù)先配置的吲哚美辛 10 mg/kg,15 min后尾靜脈注射左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯10 mg/kg,15 min后尾靜脈注射碘海醇 (3g I/kg)[4]。治療組建模前12 h腹腔注射 N-乙酰半胱氨酸 10 mg/kg,再建對(duì)比劑腎損傷模型。N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)照組建模前12 h腹腔注射 N-乙酰半胱氨酸10 mg/kg,之后予以等量的生理鹽水尾靜脈注射。正常對(duì)照組予以等量的生理鹽水分別進(jìn)行腹腔和尾靜脈注射。每組分別于建模后第24 h、48 h、72 h處死動(dòng)物各5只,處死前打開腹腔腔靜脈采血3 ml,以3000 r/min,4℃離心20 min,取上清在OLYMPUS AU2700自動(dòng)生化儀上檢測(cè)血清肌酐(Scr)值。采血后在冰上取兩側(cè)腎臟,置于冰的磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)中,快速去除腎包膜,一側(cè)腎迅速置于10%中性福爾馬林中固定。另一側(cè)腎迅速用濾紙吸干水分,錫箔紙包好后置于-80℃冰箱中冰凍保存。
病理切片及蘇木素-伊紅(HE)染色評(píng)估腎小管損傷程度:取出的腎臟經(jīng)10%中性福爾馬林固定后24 h后,常規(guī)石蠟包埋切片后二甲苯脫蠟,梯度酒精進(jìn)水,蘇木素染色,鹽酸酒精分化,碳酸鋰蘭化,伊紅染色;梯度酒精脫水,二甲苯透明,中性樹脂封片。在病理科醫(yī)生指導(dǎo)下,光學(xué)顯微鏡下雙盲觀察,每張切片于400倍顯微鏡下隨機(jī)取10個(gè)腎小管間質(zhì)視野,進(jìn)行腎小管損傷評(píng)分。評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):無損傷(- 或 0), 輕度 (± 或 1, 單細(xì)胞的,片狀孤立損傷),中度 (+ 或 2, 損傷≤25%), 重度 (++ 或3,25%<損傷≤50%), 極重度 (+++ 或 4,損傷>50%)[5]。每張切片10個(gè)視野評(píng)分總和的均值為腎小管損傷評(píng)分。
腎組織氧化應(yīng)激指標(biāo)丙二醛含量、T-SOD活性:稱取腎皮質(zhì)按1:9加入生理鹽水冰上勻漿,在4℃以3000 r/min離心20 min 取上清用建成試劑盒測(cè)量。腎組織丙二醛含量通過其與硫代巴比妥酸縮合產(chǎn)生紅色產(chǎn)物在532 nm處有最大吸收峰被檢出[6]。SOD活性通過亞硝酸鹽的減少率來計(jì)算。1 mg組織蛋白在1 ml反應(yīng)液中SOD抑制率達(dá)50%時(shí)所對(duì)應(yīng)的SOD量為一個(gè)SOD活力單位(U)[7],其紫紅色產(chǎn)物在550 nm處有最大吸收峰。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理:采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件。正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,兩組間均數(shù)比較采用t檢驗(yàn),多組間比較用單因素方差分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
血清肌酐檢測(cè)結(jié)果:建模后24 h:四組血清肌酐值差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P>0.05);建模后48 h:與正常對(duì)照組及N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)照組比較,對(duì)比劑損傷組、治療組血清肌酐值均顯著增高(P<0.01); 與治療組比較,對(duì)比劑損傷組血清肌酐值升高更加明顯,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。建模后72 h:與正常對(duì)照組、N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)照組及治療組比較,對(duì)比劑損傷組血清肌酐值顯著增高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);正常對(duì)照組、N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)照組及治療組相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P>0.05)。圖1
圖1 四組大鼠建模后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)血清肌酐值
HE染色檢測(cè)腎小管損傷程度:正常對(duì)照組腎小管上皮細(xì)胞無明顯損傷,偶見單個(gè)腎小管上皮細(xì)胞脫落、再生現(xiàn)象,腎小管結(jié)構(gòu)正常。對(duì)比劑損傷組建模后24 h可見少量腎小管上皮細(xì)胞空泡變性、刷狀緣脫落、少數(shù)細(xì)胞脫落至小管腔,腎小管結(jié)構(gòu)開始異常。建模后48 h可見大量腎小管上皮細(xì)胞刷狀緣脫落、空泡變性、細(xì)胞脫落至小管腔,部分腎小管結(jié)構(gòu)破壞。造模后72 h可見部分腎小管開始修復(fù),損傷均減輕。三個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)對(duì)比劑損傷組和治療組腎小管損傷評(píng)分均較正常對(duì)照組和N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)照組顯著增高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05);對(duì)比劑損傷組與治療組比較, 對(duì)比劑損傷組升高更加明顯,兩組間比較差異也有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05) 。圖2
圖2 四組大鼠建模后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的腎小管損傷評(píng)分
腎組織氧化應(yīng)激:與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)正常對(duì)照組和N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)照組比較,對(duì)比劑損傷組和治療組腎組織T-SOD活性均顯著下降(P<0.01),對(duì)比劑損傷組較治療組下降更加明顯, 差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)正常對(duì)照組和N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)照組比較,對(duì)比劑損傷組和治療組腎組織丙二醛含量均顯著增高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),對(duì)比劑損傷組較治療組升高更加明顯 ,兩組間比較差異也有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。表1
表1 四組大鼠建模后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)腎組織 T-SOD 活性及丙二醛含量的比較
表1 四組大鼠建模后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)腎組織 T-SOD 活性及丙二醛含量的比較
注: 與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)正常對(duì)照組和N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)照組比較*P<0.01;與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)治療組比較△P<0.05。T-SOD :總超氧化物歧化酶
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對(duì)比劑腎病發(fā)病逐漸增多,已經(jīng)成為了繼低灌注和藥物性腎損害之后院內(nèi)獲得性腎功能衰竭的第三大原因,一般人群發(fā)病率2%,在高危人群,如糖尿病腎病、慢性腎功能不全、心功能不全等,其發(fā)病率達(dá)20%~50%[8],目前最有效的治療方法是水化療法,但對(duì)于心功能不好,無法承受大量液體補(bǔ)充者,藥物預(yù)防對(duì)其相當(dāng)重要。臨床試驗(yàn)防治對(duì)比劑腎病,由于例數(shù)有限,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果不同,其仍在進(jìn)一步研究中。大量實(shí)驗(yàn)表明再灌注后的活性氧釋放造成了腎損害,早期抗氧化物質(zhì)減少,氧化應(yīng)激增強(qiáng)是對(duì)比劑腎病發(fā)生的重要機(jī)制之一[9],本研究通過
建立大鼠低滲對(duì)比劑腎病模型,使用抗氧化劑N-乙酰半胱氨酸早期干預(yù),試圖為對(duì)比劑腎病尋找有效的防治策略與方法。N-乙酰半胱氨酸在臨床上主要作為一種療效良好而且安全的黏液溶解劑用于多種呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病的治療,迄今已有30多年的歷史,隨著對(duì)該藥認(rèn)識(shí)的不斷深入,第一例關(guān)于N-乙酰半胱氨酸預(yù)防對(duì)比劑腎病的隨機(jī)實(shí)驗(yàn)被報(bào)道,學(xué)者們展開了對(duì)N-乙酰半胱氨酸研究的熱潮。本實(shí)驗(yàn)建立的大鼠低滲對(duì)比劑腎病模型腎組織病理切片HE染色可見:對(duì)比劑損傷組大鼠腎小管結(jié)構(gòu)明顯異常,腎小管上皮細(xì)胞空泡變性、壞死、脫落,而對(duì)照組腎小管間質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)無異常,無明顯細(xì)胞壞死、脫落等表現(xiàn),且對(duì)比劑損傷組肌酐值在對(duì)比劑使用后72 h內(nèi)肌酐值的增高大于基線的25%,也說明我們的動(dòng)物模型是成功的。通過抗氧化劑N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)損傷模型干預(yù),其HE染色鏡下表現(xiàn)可見其組織損傷明顯減輕,刷狀緣脫失減少,細(xì)胞水腫及空泡均減少。氧化應(yīng)激標(biāo)志物T-SOD活性及丙二醛含量的變化也可以看出對(duì)比劑的使用使大鼠的腎臟氧化反應(yīng)快速增加,氧化物與抗氧化物的失衡使腎損傷劇烈,N-乙酰半胱氨酸的使用顯著改善了腎臟氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。推斷抗氧化劑N-乙酰半胱氨酸可能依靠直接減弱其氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),改變腎臟血流動(dòng)力學(xué)而起到防治對(duì)比劑誘導(dǎo)的急性腎損傷。Levin等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)N-乙酰半胱氨酸的生物作用,提出它可能可以減輕對(duì)比劑誘導(dǎo)的腎小球或腎小管損傷。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,N-乙酰半胱氨酸抑制谷胱甘肽轉(zhuǎn)移酶,使局部組織的谷胱甘肽水平增高,發(fā)揮其抗氧化和自由基清除作用,還能增加腎臟一氧化氮合酶含量使一氧化氮產(chǎn)生增多,引起血管舒張,預(yù)防對(duì)比劑腎病的發(fā)生。N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)慢性腎病高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者組SrCr≥1.4 mg/dl,尤其對(duì)不能水化的患者的臨床治療獲得了一定的地位,當(dāng)慢性腎病的患者在行冠狀動(dòng)脈介入前服用N-乙酰半胱氨酸其對(duì)比劑腎病的發(fā)生率可以顯著下降(5.1% vs 23.8%)[11]。Marenzi等[12]認(rèn)為N-乙酰半胱氨酸可以在缺血和再灌注引起的氧化應(yīng)激中起保護(hù)作用。多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)N-乙酰半胱氨酸可能依靠改變腎臟血流動(dòng)力學(xué),直接減弱其氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)而起到防治對(duì)比劑誘導(dǎo)的急性腎損傷[12,13]。隨著一些實(shí)驗(yàn)的陸續(xù)完成,卻得到了不同的結(jié)果[14,15],N-乙酰半胱氨酸對(duì)腎臟保護(hù)作用的證據(jù)仍有限,爭(zhēng)議仍未解決。
對(duì)比劑腎病的發(fā)生及發(fā)展尚未被充分認(rèn)識(shí),其影響因素眾多,研究也日益增多[16]。由于其腎損傷是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的,所以在進(jìn)行治療前,我們應(yīng)充分考慮患者應(yīng)用對(duì)比劑的必要性,根據(jù)危險(xiǎn)因素評(píng)分對(duì)患者進(jìn)行評(píng)估,對(duì)于必須使用的患者術(shù)前應(yīng)充分水化,或進(jìn)行預(yù)防藥物的使用,術(shù)中應(yīng)盡量減少對(duì)比劑的用量和使用次數(shù),在術(shù)后應(yīng)注意監(jiān)測(cè)腎功能的改變,預(yù)防對(duì)比劑腎病的發(fā)生。
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Effect of N-acetylcysteine Intervention on Contrast-induced Kidney Injury in Experimental Rats
WANG Lin, LI Wen-hua, CHEN Jing, HE Hai-yan, YU Ya-ren.
Department of Cardiology, Affliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou (221002), Jiangsu, China
Objective: To observe the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) intervention on contrast-induced acute kidney injury in experimental rats, in order to provide the theoretical basis for treating such injury in clinical practice.
Contrast-induced nephropathy; N-acetylcysteine; Serum creatinine; Tubular injury
2014-05-26)
(編輯:汪碧蓉)
221002 江蘇省徐州市,徐州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院 心內(nèi)科
王琳 住院醫(yī)師 碩士研究生 研究方向?yàn)楣谛牟〉幕A(chǔ)研究 Email:xuyiwanglin2011@163.com 通訊作者:李文華
Email:xzwenhua0202@163.com
R54
A
1000-3614( 2015 )02-0168-04
10.3969/ j. issn. 1000-3614. 2015.02.018