林柏翰吳麗麗張基永
不同調(diào)強(qiáng)技術(shù)在宮頸癌骨髓保護(hù)根治性放療中的應(yīng)用
林柏翰①吳麗麗①張基永①
目的:分析比較固定野調(diào)強(qiáng)技術(shù)和不同弧數(shù)的旋轉(zhuǎn)容積調(diào)強(qiáng)在宮頸癌骨髓保護(hù)根治性全盆腔放射治療的劑量學(xué)特點(diǎn),尋找更優(yōu)的治療方案。方法:選取在汕頭大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院接受根治性放療的ⅡA~ⅢB期宮頸癌患者9例,針對(duì)每例患者分別設(shè)計(jì)九野固定野調(diào)強(qiáng)(FF-IMRT)計(jì)劃、雙弧、三弧和四弧旋轉(zhuǎn)容積調(diào)強(qiáng)(2A-VMAT、3A-VMAT、4VMAT)計(jì)劃,比較四者靶區(qū)、骨盆骨髓,其他危及器官的劑量學(xué)差異和加速器跳數(shù)和照射時(shí)間。結(jié)果:IMRT、2A-VMAT、3A-VMAT和4A-VMAT四組計(jì)劃均具有良好的靶區(qū)覆蓋率,靶區(qū)適形度和均勻性以及骨盆骨髓受照劑量和受照體積(V10,V20,V40)無差異。三組VMAT計(jì)劃在危及器官的保護(hù)上無差異。VMAT計(jì)劃的小腸均略低于FF-IMRT計(jì)劃(P<0.008),在直腸的保護(hù)上,F(xiàn)FIMRT計(jì)劃略優(yōu)于3弧VMAT計(jì)劃(P<0.008)。IMRT、2A-VMAT、3A-VMAT和4A-VMAT計(jì)劃的加速器跳數(shù)分別為(1850.3±227.8)MU、(848.4±58.8)MU、(835.0±76.2)MU和(910.8±43.3)MU,照射時(shí)間分別為(353.2±25.1)s、(136.2±3.6)s、(211.2±3.5)s和(286.2±3.4)s。各組的加速器跳數(shù)和照射時(shí)間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃的跳數(shù)和照射時(shí)間最多,兩弧VMAT最少。結(jié)論:綜合考慮各種物理和生物因素,在宮頸癌骨髓保護(hù)根治性放療計(jì)劃中,雙弧VMAT技術(shù)照射為最優(yōu)選擇。
宮頸癌; 骨髓; 放射治療; 固定野調(diào)強(qiáng); 容積調(diào)強(qiáng)
宮頸癌是婦科最常見的惡性腫瘤[1]。目前同步放化療是晚期宮頸癌新的治療標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2]。然而同步放化療模式下,宮頸癌骨髓抑制(血液毒性)顯著增加,嚴(yán)重的血液毒性可延遲甚至中斷放化療計(jì)劃,降低療效。固定野調(diào)強(qiáng)放療技術(shù)(Fix-field Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy, FF-IMRT)是目前治療腫瘤的主要放療技術(shù)[3-4]。Mell等[5]報(bào)道相對(duì)傳統(tǒng)放療技術(shù),在宮頸癌術(shù)后患者調(diào)強(qiáng)計(jì)劃中給予盆腔骨髓以更嚴(yán)格的劑量體積限制,可以顯著降低骨髓的受照劑量和體積,預(yù)期骨髓抑制毒性會(huì)進(jìn)一步下降。雖然固定野調(diào)強(qiáng)放療較傳統(tǒng)放療有劑量學(xué)上的優(yōu)勢(shì),但是增加了計(jì)劃的機(jī)器跳數(shù)(Monitor Units, MUs),同時(shí)延長(zhǎng)了照射時(shí)間。旋轉(zhuǎn)容積調(diào)強(qiáng)(Volumetirc Modulated Arc Radiation Therapy, VMAT)是近年來出現(xiàn)的先進(jìn)放療技術(shù),具有與IMRT相似的劑量分布,同時(shí)顯著減少M(fèi)Us和照射時(shí)間[6]。目前在宮頸癌根治性放療中,尚未見FFIMRT技術(shù)和VMAT技術(shù)在骨髓保護(hù)方面的前瞻性報(bào)道。為此本研究將在物理技術(shù)層面探討FF-IMRT、雙弧VMAT、三弧VMAT和四弧VMAT等技術(shù)在宮頸癌根治性放療的劑量學(xué)特點(diǎn),為臨床提供多個(gè)治療選擇,探討并尋找更優(yōu)的治療方案。
1.1 一般資料 本研究入組患者為2012年6月-2013年3月在汕頭大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院接受根治性放射治療的9例初治宮頸癌患者。采用患者CT影像進(jìn)行放療計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究。入組患者均有病理確診且無遠(yuǎn)處及盆腔、腹主動(dòng)脈旁淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。Figo分期情況為Ⅱa期1例,Ⅱb期5例,Ⅲb期3例。
1.2 CT模擬定位 CT模擬定位前患者口服造影劑及靜脈注射造影,采用仰臥體位,雙手互握肘關(guān)節(jié)置頭頂,雙腿自然平放,真空袋固定。采用Philips Brilliance 85 cm大孔徑CT模擬機(jī)進(jìn)行盆腔CT定位增強(qiáng)掃描,層厚及層間距均為3 mm,掃描范圍從膈頂至坐骨結(jié)節(jié)下緣3 cm。最后將患者CT影像資料通過DICOM 3.0傳送至Eclipse 10.0計(jì)劃系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行靶區(qū)勾畫和計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)。
1.3 放療計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng) Eclipse 10.0放射治療計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)是美國瓦里安公司產(chǎn)品,該系統(tǒng)可實(shí)現(xiàn)FFIMRT技術(shù)和VMAT技術(shù)的計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì),采用DVO算法(Dose Volume Optimizer)優(yōu)化模塊優(yōu)化IMRT計(jì)劃和PRO算法(Progressive Resolution Optimizer)優(yōu)化模塊優(yōu)化VMAT計(jì)劃,最后采用各向異性分析算法(anisotropic analytical algorithm,AAA)進(jìn)行IMRT和 VMAT計(jì)劃的劑量計(jì)算。
1.4 靶區(qū)勾畫及危及器官的勾畫 GTV包括宮頸局部腫物(GTV1)及盆腔淋巴結(jié)(GTV2),本研究入組患者已剔除有盆腔及腹膜后淋巴結(jié)者,故本研究中無需勾畫GTV2。CTV分為原發(fā)灶CTV(CTV1)和淋巴引流區(qū)CTV(CTV2)。CTV1包括宮頸局部腫塊、整個(gè)子宮、宮旁組織和部分陰道。對(duì)于陰道有侵犯者,包括腫瘤下極向下3 cm的正常陰道;對(duì)于陰道無侵犯的病例,CTV1常規(guī)包括陰道上段1/2。CTV2包括宮旁、閉孔、骶骨前、左右髂總血管、髂內(nèi)、髂外的淋巴結(jié)引流區(qū),具體勾畫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考最新版的RTOG勾畫指南[7]。CTV1外放1.5 cm為PTV1,CTV2外放0.5 cm為PTV2。PTV1和PTV2合并即為最終的PTV。盆骨骨髓勾畫包括L4下緣至坐骨結(jié)節(jié)下緣所有骨性結(jié)構(gòu),包括,L4、L5腰椎、骶椎、髂骨、恥骨、坐骨,近端股骨的骨髓[8]。勾畫整個(gè)骨性結(jié)構(gòu)代表骨盆骨髓,其他危及器官(Organ At Risk, OARS),包括直腸、小腸、膀胱的具體勾畫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考最新版的RTOG勾畫指南[9]。
1.5 放療計(jì)劃的設(shè)計(jì) 使用瓦里安Eclipse計(jì)劃治療系統(tǒng)和直線加速器TrueBeam的6 MV光子線進(jìn)行計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì),靶區(qū)處方劑量為46Gy/2Gy/23f,每個(gè)患者分別設(shè)計(jì)4種方案:(1)九野均分調(diào)強(qiáng)放射治療計(jì)劃(IMRT),射野角度分別為200°、240°、280°、320°、0°、40°、80°、120°、160°;(2)雙弧旋轉(zhuǎn)容積調(diào)強(qiáng)放射治療計(jì)劃(2A-VMAT),射野角度分別為順時(shí)針181°~179°和逆時(shí)針179°~181°;(3)三弧旋轉(zhuǎn)容積調(diào)強(qiáng)放射治療計(jì)劃(3A-VMAT),射野角度分別為弧1:順時(shí)針181°~179°,弧2:逆時(shí)針179°~181°,以及弧3:順時(shí)針181°~179°;(4)四弧旋轉(zhuǎn)容積調(diào)強(qiáng)放射治療計(jì)劃(4A-VMAT),射野角度分別為弧1:順時(shí)針181°~179°,弧2:逆時(shí)針179°~181°,弧3:順時(shí)針181°~179°,和弧4:逆時(shí)針179°~181°。
1.6 計(jì)劃評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)
1.6.1 靶區(qū)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo) V100%,D2%,D50%,D98%,靶區(qū)適形指數(shù)CI(Conformity Index)和均勻指數(shù)HI(Homogeneity Index)。V100%是100%處方劑量線包含的靶區(qū)體積,近似最大劑量D2%,近似最小劑量D98%,和近似平均劑量D50%,分別為2%,98%和50%的靶區(qū)體積的最大受照劑量。
1.6.2 危及器官評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo) 骨盆骨髓的V10、V20和V40(V10為接受≥10 Gy體積占總體積的百分比,V20,V40,V45等類推),直腸的V40、D2%、Dmean,小腸的V40、V45、D2%和Dmean;膀胱的V45、D2%和Dmean。
1.6.3 計(jì)劃?rùn)C(jī)器跳數(shù)(MUs)和照射時(shí)間。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 使用SPSS l9.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料以(±s)表示,對(duì)四組計(jì)劃先行Page’test(cite Higgins))檢驗(yàn),如果統(tǒng)計(jì)分析有差異,再采用Wilcoxon signed rank test進(jìn)行配對(duì)檢驗(yàn),P<0.05認(rèn)為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 不同計(jì)劃的PTV、機(jī)器跳數(shù)和照射時(shí)間 四組計(jì)劃的靶區(qū)覆蓋率,近似最大劑量D2%,近似最小劑量D98%,近似平均值D50%,適形指數(shù)CI和均勻性指數(shù)HI相似,無差異。VMAT計(jì)劃的機(jī)器跳數(shù)和照射時(shí)間比FF-IMRT計(jì)劃明顯減少,比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。隨著VMAT計(jì)劃弧數(shù)的增加,機(jī)器跳數(shù)和照射時(shí)間相應(yīng)增加,見表1。
表1 不同計(jì)劃PTV、機(jī)器跳數(shù)和照射時(shí)間的比較(±s)
表1 不同計(jì)劃PTV、機(jī)器跳數(shù)和照射時(shí)間的比較(±s)
注:PTV為計(jì)劃靶體積,V100%=100%處方劑量線包含的靶區(qū)體積,近似最大劑量D2%為2%靶區(qū)體積的最大受照劑量,近似最小劑量D98%、近似平均劑量D50%等類推;CI=conformal index,適形度指數(shù);HI=homogeneity index,均勻性指數(shù);MUs=monitor units,機(jī)器跳數(shù);*表示FF-IMRT VS. 2A-ARC差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;#表示FF-IMRT VS. 3A-AR差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;&表示FF-IMRT VS. 4A-AR差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;$表示2A-ARC VS. 3A-AR差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;£表示2A-ARC VS. 4A-AR差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;§表示3A-ARC VS. 4A-AR差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義
項(xiàng)目FF-IMRT2A-VMAT3A-VMAT4A-VMAT PTVV100%(%)95.0±0.095.0±0.095.0±0.095.0±0.0 D2%(Gy)49.1±0.149.1±0.249.0±0.348.6±0.3 D98%(Gy)45.5±0.145.5±0.145.5±0.145.5±0.1 D50%(Gy)47.3±0.047.5±0.147.4±0.247.3±0.2 CI0.92±0.020.93±0.000.94±0.000.94±0.00 HI0.08±0.000.08±0.000.07±0.010.07±0.01 MUs1850.3±227.8848.4±58.8*835.0±76.2#$910.8±43.3&£§Time(s)353.2±25.1136.2±3.6*211.2±3.5#$286.2±3.4&£§
2.2 骨盆骨髓受到劑量和體積評(píng)價(jià) 四個(gè)計(jì)劃均有效減低骨髓受照劑量;相對(duì)FF-IMRT計(jì)劃,隨著VMAT計(jì)劃弧數(shù)的增加,骨盆骨髓受照體積下降1%~2%。見表2。
2.3 直腸、小腸、膀胱受照劑量和體積評(píng)價(jià) IMRT計(jì)劃的直腸V45比3A-VMAT計(jì)劃高,比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;而VMAT計(jì)劃能有效減少小腸V45,隨著VMAT計(jì)劃弧數(shù)的增加,小腸V45略有降低(P<0.008);4A-VMAT比FF-IMRT和2A-VMAT降低了小腸V45,比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見表3。
表 2 不同計(jì)劃計(jì)劃骨盆骨髓劑量參數(shù)的比較(±s)
表 2 不同計(jì)劃計(jì)劃骨盆骨髓劑量參數(shù)的比較(±s)
注:V10為接受≥10 Gy體積占總體積的百分比,V20、V40類推
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表3 不同計(jì)劃直腸、小腸和膀胱劑量參數(shù)的比較(±s)
表3 不同計(jì)劃直腸、小腸和膀胱劑量參數(shù)的比較(±s)
注:V45為接受≥40 Gy體積占總體積的百分比或絕對(duì)體積,V40等類推;Dmean為平均劑量;近似最大劑量D2%為2%靶區(qū)體積的最大受照劑量;*表示FF-IMRT VS. 2A-ARC差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;#表示FF-IMRT VS. 3A-AR差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;&表示FF-IMRT VS. 4A-AR差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;$表示2A-ARC VS. 3A-AR差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;£表示2A-ARC VS. 4A-AR差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;§表示3A-ARC VS. 4A-AR差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義
危及器官FF-IMRT2A-VMAT3A-VMAT4A-VMAT直腸V45(%)42.4±11.848.1±13.147.7±12.6#47.4±12.5 D2%(Gy)47.5±0.648.0±0.547.8±0.447.7±0.4 Dmean(Gy)39.4±1.840.0±2.240.0±2.039.8±2.0小腸V40(%)19.7±5.119.3±5.319.2±5.319.3±5.5&£V45(cc)185.3±55.9174.7±53.5*173.8±51.7#$172.3±49.7&£§D2%(Gy)47.8±0.347.9±0.347.8±0.347.7±0.3 Dmean(Gy)27.5±1.927.0±1.926.9±1.827.2±1.9膀胱V45(%)49.4±14.247.8±13.747.6±14.145.4±15.5 D2%(Gy)47.6±0.447.5±0.247.3±0.347.2±0.3 Dmean(Gy)40.2±2.040.3±1.940.3±2.039.7±2.3
目前同步放化療是局部晚期宮頸癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方法,然而同步放化療比單純放療明顯增加了骨髓抑制不良反應(yīng)[12]。Kirwan等[13]分析19個(gè)宮頸癌臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)同步放化療明顯增加患者2級(jí)骨髓抑制的發(fā)生率。另一方面多個(gè)臨床研究表明,對(duì)于接受同步放療化的患者,骨盆骨髓受照劑量V10、V20、V40與骨髓抑制顯著正相關(guān),多個(gè)學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在宮頸癌同步放化療中,控制患者骨盆骨髓受照劑量V10≤90%,V20≤76%,V40≤40%,可能有效降低骨髓抑制發(fā)生率[8,14-15]。
近年來已有少量針對(duì)宮頸癌骨髓保護(hù)放療技術(shù)的研究,Brixey等[16]的回顧性研究表明未限定骨髓劑量的IMRT計(jì)劃相比三維適形計(jì)劃仍然能減低骨盆骨髓劑量。隨后多個(gè)研究針對(duì)宮頸癌患者骨髓進(jìn)行限量。Lujan等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)嚴(yán)格控制骨髓受照劑量的宮頸癌IMRT計(jì)劃比未限制骨髓受量的傳統(tǒng)IMRT計(jì)劃在各個(gè)劑量水平顯著減少骨盆骨髓受照劑量。
本研究的限制骨髓劑量的FF-IMRT放療計(jì)劃和三組VMAT計(jì)劃的骨髓受量均滿足上述研究建議的劑量限制,具有良好的骨髓保護(hù)作用,可以推測(cè)四組計(jì)劃均可能降低同步放化療宮頸癌患者的骨髓抑制不良反應(yīng),得到臨床獲益。
IMRT放療雖然比傳統(tǒng)放療技術(shù)具有更好的劑量分布,并減低骨髓受照劑量,但是顯著增加了計(jì)劃MUs和治療時(shí)間。VMAT放療是近年來出現(xiàn)的全新放療技術(shù),其最大的特點(diǎn)在于:具有IMRT相似的計(jì)劃劑量分布,與傳統(tǒng)放療相似的治療時(shí)間和MUs,彌補(bǔ)了IMRT技術(shù)照射時(shí)間長(zhǎng),MUs多的缺點(diǎn)[6]。
本課題中三組VMAT計(jì)劃和IMRT計(jì)劃具有相似的腫瘤靶區(qū)覆蓋率,適形度和均勻性,并且很好的保護(hù)了危及器官和,VMAT計(jì)劃隨著弧數(shù)的增加,略微減少部分小腸的受量,骨髓受量無差異,另一方面卻明顯增加照射時(shí)間,增加一條弧大約增加75 s的照射時(shí)間。計(jì)劃MUs也略有增加,3條弧的VMAT與2條弧VMAT的MUs差別較小,但是增加到4條弧,計(jì)劃MUs明顯增加。雖然如此,但是VMAT計(jì)劃仍然比IMRT計(jì)劃顯著減少M(fèi)Us。
綜上所述,VMAT計(jì)劃可達(dá)到IMRT相似的靶區(qū)覆蓋率和骨髓保護(hù)作用,并且顯著降低了治療機(jī)器跳數(shù)和治療時(shí)間。但是VMAT計(jì)劃弧數(shù)的增加沒有明顯改善靶區(qū)劑量分布,骨盆骨髓和其他危及器官的照射劑量,反而顯著增加了機(jī)器跳數(shù),照射時(shí)間和弧內(nèi)小野劑量產(chǎn)生的不確定度。綜合考慮到適形度和均勻性和骨盆骨髓放射受照劑量等各項(xiàng)指標(biāo),建議對(duì)宮頸癌骨髓保護(hù)根治性放射治療盡量選用2弧VMAT照射。
弧形照射野數(shù)目的多少與所使用的優(yōu)化算法和照射技術(shù)有關(guān),本研究結(jié)果是在筆者所使用的計(jì)劃系統(tǒng)的提供算法的基礎(chǔ)上提出的,設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)劃時(shí)還需對(duì)所使用的計(jì)劃系統(tǒng)反復(fù)試驗(yàn)比較來獲取經(jīng)驗(yàn)。同時(shí)本文僅針對(duì)骨髓保護(hù)放療技術(shù)進(jìn)行研究,該技術(shù)降低的患者骨髓受量與患者血液毒性反應(yīng)的聯(lián)系仍然需要長(zhǎng)期的前瞻性臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。
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Various Techniques of Bone Marrow-Sparing Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy in Cervical Cancer Treated with Definitive Radiotherapy/
LIN Bai-han, WU Li-li, ZHANG J i-yong.//Medical Innovation of China,2015,12(10):041-045
Objective: To compare static intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) technique with various arcs of volumetric-modulated arc radiation therapy (VMAT) techniques in patients with cervical cancer treated with definitive bone morrow-sparing whole pelvic radiotherapy, and to explore a better treatment management. Method:9 CT image sets of staged ⅡA-ⅢB cervical cancer patients, treated in Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, were included. Nine fixed-field IMRT (FF-IMRT) plans and two arcs, three arcs, four arcs VMAT plans (2AVMAT, 3A-VMAT, 4A-VMAT) were created and compared for each patient. Plans were evaluated on parameters of tumor target volume, pelvic bone marrow (PBM), other pelvic organs, plan MUs and delivery time. Result: Four groups of 2A-VMAT, 3A-VMAT, 4A-VMAT and IMRT plans provide equivalent tumor target volume coverage, conformity,homogeneity and sparing of PBM respected to V10,V20,V40. Three VMAT plans demonstrate the similar organs sparing. VMAT was slightly superior to FF-IMRT with the sparing of bowel. However, FF-IMRT showed better rectum sparing than that of 3A-VMAT. The monitor units of IMRT, 2A-VMAT, 3A-VMAT and 4A-VMAT were (1850.3±227.8)MU,(848.4±58.8)MU, (835.0±76.2)MU and (910.8±43.3)MU, respectively, while delivery time were (353.2±25.1)s, (136.2±3.6)s, (211.2±3.5)s and (286.2±3.4)s, respectively. There were significant differences of monitor units(MUs) and treatment time among four plans. IMRT plan had more MUs and treatment time than that of VMAT plans, and two arcs VMAT plan had the least MUs and treatment time. Conclusion: Considering the physical factors and biological effects during the cervical cancer definitive radiotherapy with pelvic bone marrow-sparing, 2 arcs VMAT plan would be the best choice for the treatment planning.
Cervical cancer; Bone marrow; Radiotherapy; Static intensity-modulated radiation therapy;Volumetric-modulated arc radiation therapy
10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2015.10.014
2014-12-04) (本文編輯:王宇)
①汕頭大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院 廣東 汕頭 515031
吳麗麗
First-author’s address: Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China