張家口—宣化盆地?cái)嗔烟卣髋c活動(dòng)性研究①

周江林， 尤惠川， 唐方頭

(中國(guó)地震局地球物理研究所，北京 100081)

摘要：運(yùn)用地質(zhì)地貌調(diào)查、地球物理勘探和年代測(cè)定等方法，對(duì)張家口—宣化盆地的四條主要斷裂(張家口斷裂、萬(wàn)全斷裂、洗馬林—水泉斷裂和洋河斷裂)的空間展布特征和活動(dòng)性進(jìn)行分析和研究，獲得其活動(dòng)時(shí)代、活動(dòng)速率等參數(shù)。研究表明：上述斷裂第四紀(jì)期間持續(xù)活動(dòng)，以脆性變形為特征；總體上NW向斷裂以高角度的正(或逆)傾滑斷層為主，NE或NEE向的斷裂以高角度的正斷層為主；盆地內(nèi)活動(dòng)斷裂總體來(lái)說(shuō)活動(dòng)強(qiáng)烈，多處可見(jiàn)斷裂正斷運(yùn)動(dòng)及左旋走滑運(yùn)動(dòng)的地質(zhì)剖面，早更新世以來(lái)單條斷層的平均垂直活動(dòng)速率大于0.07～0.30 mm/a，總垂直活動(dòng)速率可能達(dá)到1.33 mm/a。

關(guān)鍵詞：張家口—宣化盆地； 活動(dòng)斷裂； 構(gòu)造變形； 活動(dòng)性

收稿日期：①2014-12-05

基金項(xiàng)目：河北省城市活斷層探測(cè)與地震危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目(冀發(fā)改投資[2007]1684號(hào))；地震行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)(200908001)

作者簡(jiǎn)介：周江林,男,碩士,主要從事地震地質(zhì)和活斷層調(diào)查研究。E-mail：zhou.jiang.lin@163.com。

中圖分類號(hào):TP642； P542.3文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼：A

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0844.2015.03.0702

Characteristics and Tectonic Activities of Faults

in Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua Basin

ZHOU Jiang-lin, YOU Hui-chuan, TANG Fang-tou

(InstituteofGeophysics,ChinaEarthquakeAdministration,Beijing100081,China)

Abstract：An active fault leads to disaster in the world, and within the general development of disasters, an active fault’s frequency and the damage it causes is based on the degree of the fault layer, and gradually intensifies. In recent years, earthquake prediction research and engineering construction developments have vigorously promoted the study of active faults. The Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua Basin, situated in the intersection of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault zone and the Shanxi seismic tectonic zone, is a typical Cenozoic extensional fault-depression basin. There are many active faults in this basin, which control the basin’s development and evolution. However, there is scant research on the active faults in the Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua Basin, and existingresearch is confined to a few areas. As such, a systematic analysis of this area's active faults, the identification of quantitative information regarding active faults, and a better understanding of the characteristics of this basin's long-term activity is important in theory and practice. Based on an analysis and reorganization of relevant information from detailed field investigations and shallow seismic exploration, this study describes the geometric characteristics and tectonic activities of the active faults in the Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua Basin. The faults for which there are research data include the Zhangjiakou, Wanquan, Ximalin-Shuiquan, and Yanghe faults. The results showed that: The Zhangjiakou fault strikes mainly to the northwest and east-west, dipping to the north, and extending over 70 km. As a major geological and geomorphologic boundary, the Zhangjiakou fault controls the geotectonic movement in this region, in which its southern side is characterized by Late Quaternary unconsolidated basin deposits, and its northern side by Mesozoic volcano debris and Pre-Mesozoic metamorphic rocks in the form of lower mountains and hills. The Zhangjiakou faults are mainly high-angle inverse strike-slip faults with some normal strike-slip faults. The activity of the central segment of the Zhangjiakou fault is stronger than that in other segments. Since the late Pleistocene, the average vertical slip rate along a single fault is over 0.07～0.30 mm/a, while the total vertical slip rate over the entire fault is as high as 1.33 mm/a. The Wanquan fault lies in the northwest of the Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua Basin, striking mainly northeast or north-northeast, dipping southeast, and extending over 15 km. It is a major geological and geomorphic margin, controlling the neotectonic movement in this region. On the southeast side of the Wanquan fault there are Late Quaternary unconsolidated deposits, forming a basin or deposition; but on the other side there is Mesozoic volcano debris, forming lower mountains and hills. The Wanquan fault is a normal fault with southeast-dipping at a medium-high-angle. This fault was active in the Quaternary. Since the middle-late time of the late Pleistocene, the average rate with vertical slip of a single fault has been about 0.03～0.3 mm/a, but the fault has multiple slipping surfaces, and a total large-rate with vertical slip is yet to be estimated. The Ximalin-Shuiquan fault is located in the southwest of the Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua Basin, and can be divided into four sections. The fault strikes mainly northwest, with high-angle inverse strike-slip fault or normal strike-slip fault characteristics. The latest active time of the Ximalin-Shuiquan fault is in the late Middle Pleistocene. The Yanghe fault is a subsurface fault, and its active time was in the Middle Pleistocene. The fault strikes mainly northwest, and controlled the Yanghe River's flow direction and terrace development. The fault strikes mainly northwest, with high-angle slip fault characteristics.

Key words： Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua Basin; active fault; structural deformation; activity

0引言

張家口—宣化盆地處于京、冀、晉、蒙四省市區(qū)交界處，該區(qū)域歷史上發(fā)生過(guò)多次破壞性地震[1]，如1625年懷安—天鎮(zhèn)6級(jí)地震和1998年張北6.2級(jí)地震[2-3]。盆地三面環(huán)山，地勢(shì)呈西北高、東南低。位于張家口—渤海地震構(gòu)造帶與山西地震構(gòu)造帶的交匯區(qū)，盆地構(gòu)造復(fù)雜，受NWW向張家口—渤海構(gòu)造帶和NNE向山西斷陷帶的復(fù)合作用[4-5]。

張家口—宣化盆地所在區(qū)域大地構(gòu)造屬華北地臺(tái)，古近紀(jì)時(shí)期，該區(qū)處于剝蝕環(huán)境，形成準(zhǔn)平原化地形。新近紀(jì)期間，斷裂活動(dòng)使早期準(zhǔn)平原分化、瓦解，形成一系列斷陷盆地，與周圍的隆起斷塊(山地)一起形成盆嶺構(gòu)造[6-7]。斷裂帶附近區(qū)域主要發(fā)育NWW向、NE向和NW向3組斷裂構(gòu)造，前2組斷裂第四紀(jì)活動(dòng)性較強(qiáng)。第四紀(jì)期間，形成張家口—宣化等山間盆地，第四系厚度可達(dá)240 m以上[8]。

張家口—宣化盆地為洋河流域較大的一個(gè)山間盆地，大體呈三角形，周圍由群山環(huán)抱, 洋河自西北向東南流經(jīng)盆地中央,并發(fā)育有二級(jí)堆積階地, 階地之上則為山前發(fā)育起來(lái)的洪積、沖積扇所連成的山麓傾斜平原[9]。三條不同方向延伸的山脈使盆地整體呈現(xiàn)“三角形”地貌景觀(圖1)。另外，古近紀(jì)和新近紀(jì)發(fā)育的兩級(jí)夷平面還說(shuō)明這種垂直升降運(yùn)動(dòng)具有間歇性抬升特點(diǎn)，使得地塊遭受河流切割，形成現(xiàn)代河谷和多級(jí)沖積、洪積階地[10-11]。

1盆地主要斷裂的展布

張家口—宣化盆地位于張家口—渤海活動(dòng)構(gòu)造帶和山西活動(dòng)構(gòu)造帶的交匯部位，受到兩條構(gòu)造帶的復(fù)合作用，表現(xiàn)出NWW向和NE向兩組斷裂的發(fā)育和改造，形成復(fù)雜的盆斷結(jié)構(gòu)。NWW向構(gòu)造占據(jù)更為主導(dǎo)的地位，而NE向構(gòu)造也依稀可辨[12]。

根據(jù)前人研究結(jié)果，經(jīng)高分辨率衛(wèi)星影像遙感解譯，區(qū)內(nèi)發(fā)育有四條主要斷裂帶(圖1)：北部是NWW向的張家口斷裂(F1)，西部為NE-NNE的萬(wàn)全斷裂(F2)，南部發(fā)育NW向的洗馬林—水泉斷裂(F4)，盆地內(nèi)部發(fā)育有洋河隱伏斷裂(F3)。盆地邊界主控?cái)嗔褳榍鹆旰蜕介g盆地的分界線。

F 1：張家口斷裂；F 2：萬(wàn)全斷裂；F 3：洋河斷裂；F 4：洗馬林—水泉斷裂；DZ1：地震勘探測(cè)線 圖1　張家口—宣化盆地衛(wèi)星影像及斷層分布圖 Fig.1　Satellite image of Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua Basin and its faults distribution

2斷裂特征與活動(dòng)性

2.1張家口斷裂(F1)

2.1.1斷裂概述及展布

張家口斷裂是華北地區(qū)著名的張家口—渤海地震構(gòu)造帶西部的一條主要斷裂[4-5]，為山西斷陷帶與燕山斷塊的構(gòu)造分界之一，是張家口—宣化盆地的北緣邊界主控?cái)嗔?，控制了張家口—宣化盆地的北部邊?圖1)。斷裂總體上呈NWW走向展布，長(zhǎng)達(dá)70 km，由NW向和近EW向2組多條次級(jí)高角度正(或逆)傾滑斷層組成。

2.1.2斷裂變形特征

地質(zhì)地貌調(diào)查在多個(gè)地方發(fā)現(xiàn)了清晰的張家口斷裂斷層剖面，規(guī)模較大，可見(jiàn)其晚更新世以來(lái)的活動(dòng)跡象，新地層錯(cuò)斷現(xiàn)象十分清楚，為高角度正(或逆)傾滑斷層。大多數(shù)段落表現(xiàn)為中生代火山-碎屑巖或太古代變質(zhì)巖與第四系的沖洪積物相接，并發(fā)育斷層破碎帶，寬1～10 m，地貌上構(gòu)成巨大的斷層崖。

在清水河以西的張家口市區(qū)西北山前，斷裂表現(xiàn)為侏羅紀(jì)山體與第四紀(jì)平地的截然相接，山地前緣發(fā)育一系列大型的左階斜列構(gòu)造透鏡體[圖3(a)]。在山前人工開(kāi)挖剖面上，揭露出一條產(chǎn)狀為75°/N∠45°的逆斷層，使北盤的侏羅紀(jì)砂巖逆沖于南盤的晚更新世黃土之上[圖3(b)]。侏羅系發(fā)生劈理化，內(nèi)部發(fā)育一條低角度逆掩斷層，主斷裂面附近兩盤地層相互混合，下盤黃土強(qiáng)烈片理化。需要指出的是，斷層的逆沖性質(zhì)和構(gòu)造透鏡體的斜列形式指示該段斷裂同時(shí)具有左旋走滑活動(dòng)屬性。此外，斷層剖面顯示兩盤黃土落差大于15 m，根據(jù)黃土的性狀及與鄰區(qū)資料對(duì)比，以50 ka B.P.估計(jì)其年齡，則該處斷裂的平均垂直滑動(dòng)速率大于0.30 mm/a。

①侏羅紀(jì)桔紅色砂巖;②侏羅紀(jì)紫色砂泥巖; ③晚更新世偶含小碎石黃土,夾砂礫石石層 圖3　清水河西張家口斷裂及其地質(zhì)剖面 Fig.3　Zhangjiakou fault in the west of Qingshuihe 　　　 River and its geological section

在梅家營(yíng)以北的山前沖溝西壁，發(fā)現(xiàn)了清晰的張家口斷裂構(gòu)造剖面[圖4(a)]：北側(cè)為侏羅紀(jì)灰白色、灰黃色泥巖構(gòu)成的山體；南側(cè)是沖洪積臺(tái)地，由白堊紀(jì)肉紅色礫巖基座和其上的晚更新世含礫黃土狀堆積組成；兩者之間為逆斷層，上部?jī)A角變緩，頂部被很薄的現(xiàn)代坡積物覆蓋。應(yīng)該指出，該處斷層具有最新活動(dòng)性，形成3～4 m高的沖溝裂點(diǎn)。此外，此處還發(fā)生了明顯的左旋位移。

①侏羅紀(jì)灰白色、灰黃色泥巖；②白堊紀(jì)肉紅色礫巖； ?、弁砀率篮[次生黃生 圖4　梅家營(yíng)北張家口斷裂及其地質(zhì)剖面 Fig.4　Zhangjiakou fault in the north of Meijiaying 　　　 Village and its geological section

本文前述認(rèn)為晚更新世中晚期以來(lái)單條斷層的平均垂直活動(dòng)速率大于0.30 mm/a。鑒于張家口斷裂可能有多個(gè)滑動(dòng)面，上述數(shù)據(jù)作為張家口斷裂垂直活動(dòng)速率估計(jì)是偏于保守的，更接近實(shí)際的估計(jì)有賴于今后進(jìn)一步的調(diào)查和研究。從宏觀的角度去估計(jì)張家口斷裂的垂直活動(dòng)速率。清水河沿岸跨越張家口斷裂，利用河流階地和鉆孔資料是研究該斷裂總垂直活動(dòng)速率的有效方法。清水河共發(fā)育4級(jí)階地，寬闊而連續(xù)的Ⅳ級(jí)階地拔河高度約100 m。斷裂附近的鉆孔資料表明，下降盤晚更新世以來(lái)的堆積厚度多在60 m以上。至此，可以估計(jì)張家口斷裂晚更新世以來(lái)的總垂直活動(dòng)速率為：≥(100+60) m/120 ka=1.33 mm/a。

2.2萬(wàn)全斷裂(F2)

2.2.1斷裂概述及展布

萬(wàn)全斷裂由北段和南段組成：北段北起萬(wàn)全鎮(zhèn)西，經(jīng)盆窯村、吳家莊至沙家莊村南，長(zhǎng)約5 km；南段自沙家莊村南向東錯(cuò)列2 km，經(jīng)張貴屯、趙家梁、瓦窯，止于鄒家莊南，長(zhǎng)約10 km(見(jiàn)圖1、圖2)。

萬(wàn)全斷裂控制了盆地的西北邊界，斷裂地質(zhì)地貌復(fù)雜，多處沖溝內(nèi)可見(jiàn)其新活動(dòng)特征[13]。斷裂依次穿過(guò)下白堊系青石砬組、中上白堊系洗馬林組、及上更新統(tǒng)山前沖洪積馬蘭黃土地層，走向NE 35°，傾向SE，傾角65°，多處斷層露頭表現(xiàn)為正斷層，最新活動(dòng)發(fā)生于晚更新世[14]。

萬(wàn)全斷裂西北面為冀北山地，斷裂東南為山前沖洪積扇及洋河河流堆積階地。整條斷裂地質(zhì)上表現(xiàn)為西北側(cè)中生代地層與東南側(cè)第四系沖洪積扇的正(或逆)斷層接觸，地貌上構(gòu)成低山丘陵與山間盆地的分界[15-16](圖5)。

圖5　萬(wàn)全斷裂西南段斷層陡坎地貌(鏡向西南) Fig.5　Scarp landscape of the southwest segment 　　　 of Wanquan fault (view to southwest)

2.2.2斷裂變形特征

在盆窯村北，褐色黃土狀含圓礫土層和礫石層之中發(fā)育多條斷層(圖6)。其中，主斷層產(chǎn)狀為35°/SE∠80°，最大垂直錯(cuò)距約6 m，顯示為正斷層。取上盤黃土狀土樣品，經(jīng)北京大學(xué)測(cè)定，其熱釋光年齡為(21.8±1.5)Ka B.P.。從地層顏色、巖性和構(gòu)造地貌位置及樣品年齡分析，該套地層應(yīng)屬中更新世晚期堆積。因此，該處斷層的最新活動(dòng)發(fā)生在中更新世晚期,其平均垂直活動(dòng)速率達(dá)0.043～0.05 mm/a。

①灰色礫石層；②褐色含礫黃土狀土；③鈣結(jié)核層； ④褐色黃土；④-2粗砂礫石與含砂礫黃土互層； ④-3褐色含礫黃土狀土；⑤:表部砂礫土；▲采樣點(diǎn) 圖6　盆窯村北萬(wàn)全斷裂及其地質(zhì)剖面 Fig.6　Wanquan fault in the north of Penyao 　　　 Village and its geological section

2.3洗馬林-水泉斷裂(F4)

2.3.1斷裂概述

洗馬林—水泉斷裂位于張家口—宣化盆地西南，走向320°，長(zhǎng)達(dá)50 km以上(圖2)。斷裂由一組NW走向的多段左行斜列斷裂組成：一段，北起洗馬林水庫(kù)，經(jīng)洗馬林鎮(zhèn)到兵民村南；二段，向東北錯(cuò)列約2 km，繼而由黑石堰經(jīng)高廟堡鄉(xiāng)、大張窯繼續(xù)向東南延伸至蘇家咀村東；三段，又向東北錯(cuò)列約1 km，由胡山莊經(jīng)蔣家梁至李受莊；四段又向東北錯(cuò)列由李受莊東北延伸到賈賢莊東南[17]。衛(wèi)星影像顯示(圖1)，它是一條樞紐斷層，控制著沿線地貌發(fā)育，或位錯(cuò)山盆地塊，或構(gòu)成山盆邊界，多出露地表，也隱伏地下，各種微地貌特征非常清楚。

2.3.2斷裂變形特征

野外調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，該斷裂的地質(zhì)地貌現(xiàn)象極為豐富，斷面清楚，滑動(dòng)構(gòu)造清晰，大幅度錯(cuò)斷了晚更新世黃土[圖7(a))]。在洗馬林村東北，存在由白堊系組成的斷層陡坎，陡坎斷續(xù)延伸，高度大于10 m，坡度較緩。在陡坎下的剖面上見(jiàn)白堊系與中、上更新統(tǒng)和全新統(tǒng)呈斷層接觸。從斷裂兩側(cè)的地貌差異和斷層剖面反映的情況看，洗馬林—水泉斷裂晚更新世至全新世有活動(dòng)，為晚更新世活動(dòng)斷裂，但活動(dòng)水平較弱，其平均垂直滑動(dòng)速率為0.1 mm/a左右。

圖7　賈賢莊北洗馬林—水泉斷裂及其地質(zhì)剖面 Fig.7　Ximalin-Shuiquan fault in the north of Jiaxianzhuang 　　　 Village and its geological section

在賈賢莊村北發(fā)現(xiàn)白堊紀(jì)砂礫巖逆沖到第四紀(jì)地層之上，斷層走向NW，傾向NE，傾角40°～48°[圖7(b)]。白堊紀(jì)礫巖中有多條次級(jí)斷裂，最新斷裂錯(cuò)斷白堊紀(jì)礫巖與第四紀(jì)地層，沿?cái)鄬悠扑閹幱邪咨珬l帶物質(zhì)填充，白堊紀(jì)礫巖定向排列，表層被第四紀(jì)坡積層覆蓋，由地層顏色、巖性、構(gòu)造位置等推斷此處斷裂最新活動(dòng)時(shí)代為晚更新世。

2.4洋河斷裂(F3)

洋河斷裂隱伏于盆地之下，斷層走向315°，長(zhǎng)達(dá)40 km以上,控制著洋河的流向和階地發(fā)育，斷層最新活動(dòng)時(shí)代推測(cè)為第四紀(jì)。斷裂衛(wèi)星影像顯示清楚(圖1)。

淺層地震勘探是洋河隱伏斷層探測(cè)的主要手段[18]，以縱波反射勘探為主。根據(jù)洋河斷裂區(qū)域以往地質(zhì)、地球物理探測(cè)等進(jìn)行綜合分析，判斷洋河斷裂可能的空間展布，共布設(shè)6條淺層地震勘探測(cè)線(圖1)。其探測(cè)剖面結(jié)果分析如下：

(1) DZ1測(cè)線在洋河南岸的中更新統(tǒng)以下發(fā)現(xiàn)有地層錯(cuò)斷的現(xiàn)象，斷層呈直立的產(chǎn)狀，上斷點(diǎn)的深度為150 m，推測(cè)其為洋河斷裂，性質(zhì)為走滑。DZ2測(cè)線在時(shí)間剖面和深度剖面上都有明顯的地層錯(cuò)斷現(xiàn)象；斷層向上穿過(guò)了Q2的底界，其上斷點(diǎn)在Q2地層之內(nèi)，斷層近乎直立，為走滑斷層。表明洋河斷裂在該段為中更新世活動(dòng)斷層，其上斷點(diǎn)到達(dá)中更新世地層，上斷點(diǎn)的深度為50 m。

圖8　DZ5測(cè)線時(shí)間剖面、時(shí)深轉(zhuǎn)換CDP 　　　深度剖面及斷層 Fig.8　Stacked time section and depth section by CDP 　　　 of line DZ5 and fault

(2) DZ5測(cè)線在洋河北岸剖面上發(fā)現(xiàn)了清晰的洋河斷裂的構(gòu)造形態(tài)，為北傾的陡斷層，傾角為83°。斷層向上延伸至中更新世地層，未斷錯(cuò)Q3底界，上斷點(diǎn)的深度約為180 m。斷層兩側(cè)中更新世及更早年代地層的深度有所差異，南高北低，斷層為走滑加正斷層性質(zhì)(圖8)。

3結(jié)論與認(rèn)識(shí)

張家口—宣化盆地是一個(gè)第三紀(jì)末到第四紀(jì)早期的強(qiáng)烈斷陷，盆地受NWW向和NE向兩組斷裂的發(fā)育和改造，共有四條主斷裂帶。

(1) 張家口斷裂是盆地北緣邊界的主控?cái)嗔眩蒒W-NWW向斷層構(gòu)成斷裂主體，大多具有北傾逆斷性質(zhì)；近EW斷層為前者的連接構(gòu)造，長(zhǎng)度較小，表現(xiàn)為正斷性質(zhì)。斷裂在晚更新世期間仍在活動(dòng)，主體段落的最新活動(dòng)時(shí)代可能持續(xù)到全新世。晚更新世中期以來(lái)單條斷層的平均垂直活動(dòng)速率大于0.07～0.30 mm/a。

(2) 萬(wàn)全斷裂是盆地西北緣一條重要的地質(zhì)地貌構(gòu)造分界線，控制著第四紀(jì)構(gòu)造演化和地貌發(fā)育。總體呈NNE走向展布，傾向SE，斷層露頭表現(xiàn)為中高角度正斷層，最新活動(dòng)時(shí)代為晚更新世晚期，平均垂直活動(dòng)速率達(dá)0.03～0.20 mm/a以上。

(3) 洗馬林—水泉斷裂位于盆地西南，由一組NW走向的多段左行斜列斷裂組成。斷裂有時(shí)表現(xiàn)出正斷屬性，有時(shí)具有逆沖性質(zhì)，斷層傾角都比較大。洗馬林-水泉斷裂為中更新世晚期活動(dòng)斷層，平均垂直滑動(dòng)速率為0.1 mm/a左右。

(4) 洋河斷裂隱伏于盆地之下，總體呈NW向展布，控制著洋河的流向和階地發(fā)育，為中更新世活動(dòng)的斷裂。推測(cè)該斷層主要為走滑性質(zhì)，有部分?jǐn)帱c(diǎn)為走滑加正斷，斷層呈近乎直立的產(chǎn)狀。

參考文獻(xiàn)(References)

[1]陳紹緒,張躍剛,喬子云,等.晉冀蒙交界地區(qū)主要斷裂的現(xiàn)今活動(dòng)[J].華北地震科學(xué),2003,21(2):16-22.

CHEN Shao-xu,ZHANG Yue-gang,QIAO Zi-yun,et al.The Current Activity of Main Faults in the Joint Area of Shangxi,Hebei and Inner Mongolia[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,2003,21(2):16-22.(in Chinese)

[2]蔡華昌,張四昌,張振江,等.張北地震區(qū)的斷裂構(gòu)造特征[J].華北地震科學(xué),2002,20(2):1-9.

CAI Hua-chang,ZHANG Si-chang,ZHANG Zhen-jiang,et al.The Tectonic Feature of the Faults in Zhangbei Earthquake Region[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,2002,20(2):1-9.(in Chinese)

[3]蔡華昌,張四昌,劉钖大,等.河北張北地震區(qū)活動(dòng)斷裂的探測(cè)與研究[J].山西地震,2003,23(2):23-28.

CAI Hua-chang,ZHANG Si-chang,LIU Yang-da,et al.The Detection and the Study of the Active Faults in Zhangbei Earthquake Area[J].Earthquake Research in Shanxi,2003，23(2):23-28. (in Chinese)

[4]高戰(zhàn)武,徐杰,宋長(zhǎng)青,等.張家口—蓬萊斷裂帶的分段特征[J].華北地震科學(xué),2001,19(1):35-42.

GAO Zhan-wu,XU Jie,SONG Chang-qing,et al.The Segmental Character of Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,2001,19(1):35-42.(in Chinese)

[5]徐杰,宋長(zhǎng)青,楚全芝.張家口—蓬萊斷裂帶地震構(gòu)造特征的初步探討[J].地震地質(zhì),1998,20(2):146-154.

XU Jie,SONG-Changqing,CHU Quan-zhi.Prelminary Study on the Seismotectonic Characters of the Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault Zone[J].Seismology and Geology,1998,20(2):146-154.(in Chinese)

[6]施興,彭朝暉,宮進(jìn)忠,等.冀西北地區(qū)北西向構(gòu)造的地球物理證據(jù)及地質(zhì)意義[J].物探與化探,2006,30(2):111-114.

SHI Xing,PENG Zhao-hui,GONG Jin-zhong,et al.Geophysical Evidence and Geological Significance of the NW-Trending Tectonics in Northwest Hebei[J].Geophysical & Geochemical Exploration,2006,30(2):111-114.(in Chinese)

[7]郭良遷,薄萬(wàn)舉,楊國(guó)華.華北地區(qū)斷裂帶的現(xiàn)代變形特征[J].大地測(cè)量與地球動(dòng)力學(xué)，2003,23(2):29-36.

GUO Liang-qian,BO Wang-ju,YANG Guo-hua.Characteristics of Current Deformation of Fault Belts in North China[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2003,23(2):29-36.(in Chinese)

[8]陳望和,倪明云.河北第四紀(jì)地質(zhì)[M].北京:地質(zhì)出版社,1987.

CHEN Wang-he, NI Ming-yun.Quaternary Geology of Hebei Province[M].Beijing:Geological Press, 1987. (in Chinese)

[9]董國(guó)潤(rùn),白宜真,李洪,等.張家口盆地火山沉積旋回與演化[J].河北地質(zhì)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),1991,14(4):344-350.

DONG Guo-run,BAI Yi-zhen,LI Hong,et al.The Volcao-Sedimentary Cycles and Its Evolution in the Zhangjiakou Basin[J].Journal of Hebei College of Geology,1991,14(4):344-350.(in Chinese)

[10]杜晨曉,謝富仁,史保平.隱伏和出露地表斷層近斷層地表運(yùn)動(dòng)特征的研究進(jìn)展[J].震災(zāi)防御技術(shù),2008,3(2):172-181.

DU Chen-xiao,XIE Fu-ren,SHI Bao-ping.The Recent Progress on Strong Ground Motion near Buried and Surface Earthquake Faults[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,2008,3(2):172-181.(in Chinese)

[11]Okada Y.Surface Deformation due to Shear and Tensile Faults on a Half-Space[J].Bulletin of The Seismological Society of America,1985,75(4):1135-1154．

[12]尤惠川,邵翠茹,周江林,等.張家口斷裂發(fā)現(xiàn)第四紀(jì)晚期活動(dòng)證據(jù)[J].震災(zāi)防御技術(shù),2008,3(4):474-477.

YOU Hui-chuang,SHAO Cui-ru,ZHOU Jian-lin,et al.Some Active Evidences in Late Quaternary of Zhangjiakou Fault[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,2008,3(4):474-477.(in Chinese)

[13]方仲景,段瑞濤,鄭炳華,等.河北省懷安盆地北緣斷裂活動(dòng)性研究[J].華北地震科學(xué),1994,12(4):25-33.

FANG Zhong-jing,DUAN Rui-tao,ZHENG Bing-hua,et al.Research on Activity of the Northern Margin Fault of the Huaian Basin in Hebei Province[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,1994,12(4):25-33.(in Chinese)

[14]周江林,尤惠川,周月玲,等.萬(wàn)全斷裂的幾何結(jié)構(gòu)和活動(dòng)特征[J].震災(zāi)防御技術(shù),2012,7(4):348-356.

ZHOU Jian-lin,YOU Hui-chuang,ZHOU Yue-ling,et al.Geometric Structure and Tectonic Activities of Wanquan Fault,Hebei Province[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,2012,7(4):348-356.(in Chinese)

[15]袁道陽(yáng),梁明劍,雷中生,等.蘭州馬銜山北緣斷裂中段晚第四紀(jì)活動(dòng)的新證據(jù)[J].地震工程學(xué)報(bào),2013,35(1):145-153.

YUAN Dao-yang, LIANG Ming-jian, LEI Zhong-sheng,et al. New Evidence for Late Quaternary Activity in the Middle Segment of the Northern Margin Fault of Maxian Shan in Lanzhou[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,2013,35(1):145-153.(in Chinese)

[16]梁明劍,李大虎,郭紅梅,等.成都盆地南緣第四紀(jì)構(gòu)造變形及地貌響應(yīng)特征[J].地震工程學(xué)報(bào),2014,36(1):98-106.

LIANG Ming-jian, LI Da-hu, GUO-Hong-mei, et al. Quaternary Tectonic Deformation and Geomorphologic Response Characteristics in the Southern Margin of Chengdu Basin[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,2014,36(1):98-106.(in Chinese)

[17]冉勇康,王景缽,彭斯震,等.河北宣化盆地南緣斷裂的古地震遺跡[J].地震地質(zhì),1995,17(1):44-46.

RAN Yong-kang,WANG Jing-bo,PENG Shi-zheng,et al.Palaeoearthquake Traces along the Southern Boundary Fault of Xuanhua Basin,Heibei Provence[J].Seismology and Geology,1995,17(1):44-46.(in Chinese)

[18]冉志杰,李皓,呂國(guó)軍,等.夏墊斷裂夏墊段淺部構(gòu)造特征地震探測(cè)[J].地震工程學(xué)報(bào),2013,35(3):656-663.

RAN Zhi-jie,LI Hao,LV Guo-jun,et al.Seismic Detecting for the Shallow Tectonic Features of the Xiadian Fault[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,2013,35(3):656-663.(in Chinese)